International University, Vietnam National University – HCMC

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
Name: Phạm Võ Hoàng Nguyên
ID: CHCEIU23051
Class: Chemistry Laboratory_S2_2023-24_G14
Date of experiment: 05/04/2024
Pre-Lab for Experiment 4 – Chemical Equilibrium
I/ PURPOSES
1.1 General purposes
The aim of the experiment is Using Le Chatelier's Principle to describe system changes,
investigate how introducing stresses affects chemical systems in equilibrium.
1.2 Applications
Theory and practice
A chemical reaction that is reversible is one when the reactants create products, which then
combine to return the reactants. The concentrations of the reactants and products will eventually
achieve an equilibrium in reversible processes. In a chemical equation, a double arrow pointing
in both directions indicates a reversible reaction.
Reversible reaction: A + B ⇌ C + D
A reverse reaction at equilibrium can be affected by concentration, temperature, or pressure. The
Le Charlier’s principle is that until equilibrium is restored, the reaction mixture’s composition
will change.
II/ METHODS
2.1. ACID/BASE EQUILIBRIA
Equilibrium system: 2CrO42-(aq) +2H+ ↔Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)
Firstly, prepare three test tubes #1, #2 and #3 and put in each tube 10 drops of 0.5M potassium
chromate K2CrO4. Next, add 5 drops concentrated sulfuric acid H 2SO4 for each test tube #2 and
#3 and observe the color of test tube #1. Subsequently, follow the phenomenon and observe the
color of test tube #2 and #3, then make the comparison with test tube #1. Lastly, add 10 drops
6M sodium hydroxide NaOH into the test tube #3 and continue to observe the color, make
comparison with test tube #2.
2.2. EQUILIBRIA OF ACID/BASE INDICATORS
Equilibrium system: H(MV)(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + MV-(aq)
Firstly, add 2 drops methyl violet into a test tube with a dropper. Then add 20mL distilled water
and divide equally into two new test tubes #1 and #2. For the test tube #1, make the color
observation. For test tube #2, add 6M hydrogen chloride HCl, follow and record the color
change. Subsequently, continue to drop 6M sodium hydrogen NaOH into test tube #2 and record
the color change. Finally, test tube #2 is dropped 6M hydrogen chloride HCl and then record the
color modification.
Notification: add enough solution until no significant change
2.3. EQUILIBRIA OF PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Equilibrium system: Ca2+(aq) + C2O42-(aq) ⇌ CaC2O4(s)
Firstly, prepare two test tubes containing 5mL 0.1M calcium chloride CaCl2. For the test tube #1,
add 1mL 0.1M sodium oxalate Na2C2O4 then observe the color. For test tube #2, add 1mL oxalic
acid H2C2O4 and observe the color then make the comparison with test tube #1. After that, add 10
drops 6M hydrogen chloride HCl into test tube #2 then follow the color change. Lastly, put 10
drops 6M ammonium hydroxide NH4OH and follow the color change.
2.4. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON EQUILIBRIA
Equilibrium System: Co(H2O)62+(aq) + 4Cl−(aq) ⇌ (CoCl4)2− (aq) + 6H2O(l)
Firstly, prepare a test tube containing 3mL 0.1M cobalt (II) chlorine CoCl2 then add conc.
Hydrogen chloride HCl drop-by-drop. If the solution turns purple violet, stop adding.
Subsequently, divide the initial test tube into three equal test tubes. Put test tube #1, #2, #3 to
room temperature, warm which in hot water and cool which in ice bath respectively. Make
observation of three test tubes and compare the result of test tube #2 and #3 with this of test tube
#1, in order that. Continue to put test tube #2 to the cool area and put test tube #3 to hot water
bath. Lastly, observe both two phenomenon and compare again those with test tube #1.
Notification: if the color of solution change to deep blude when pour the conc. Hydrogen
chloride HCl, redo the experience as there are too much chlorine ion Cl- added. Additionally,
dispose cobalt ion Co2+ to the toxic container.
III/ SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. Potassium chromate K2CrO4
2. _ Potential threats: potassium chromate K2CrO4 is considered a toxic substance that can
be harmful if ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. potassium chromate K 2CrO4
can cause health problems including skin irritation, kidney damage and cancer.
_ Prevention: when experiencing, always wear protective clothing such as gloves, footwear,
glasses. Additionally, comply with laboratory regulations.
_Accident solution: perform first aid steps as quickly as possible, such as removing the victim

from the dangerous place. Soak and rinse the burn with clean, cold water several times to reduce

the acid concentration on the skin.

3. Sulfuric acid H2SO4

_ Potential threats:
_ Prevention:
_Accident solution:
4. Sodium hydroxide NaOH
_ Potential threats:
_ Prevention:
_Accident solution:
5. Methyl violet
_ Potential threats:
_ Prevention:
_Accident solution:
6. Calcium chloride CaCl2
_ Potential threats:
_ Prevention:
_Accident solution:
7. Sodium oxalate Na2C2O4

8. Oxalic acid H2C2O4

_ Potential threats:
_ Prevention:
_Accident solution:
9. Cobalt (II) chlorine CoCl2
_ Potential threats:
_ Prevention:
_Accident solution:
10. Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH
_ Potential threats:
_ Prevention:
_Accident solution:
IV/ SUGGESTIED QUESTION
1.What are the objectives of today's lab work?
The aim of the experiment is Using Le Chatelier's Principle to describe system changes,
investigate how introducing stresses affects chemical systems in equilibrium.
2. What is chemical equilibrium in a reversible chemical reaction? And when the equilibrium
state of a chemical reaction can be obtained?
Chemical equilibrium is the state in which there is no significant change in the amounts of
reactants and products during a reversible chemical process.When the rate of a chemical reaction
moving forward equals the rate of the reverse reaction moving forward, an equilibrium state for a
reversible chemical process is reached.
3. Please define dynamic equilibrium and static equilibrium
Bodies in static equilibrium are at rest, whereas those in dynamic equilibrium are moving
(rectilinear motion) at a constant speed.
4. Please describe factors that can disturb a reversible reaction at its equilibrium state?
A reverse reaction at equilibrium can be affected by concentration, temperature, or pressure
5. What is Le Chatelier's Principle about?
The Le Charlier’s principle is that until equilibrium is restored, the reaction mixture’s
composition will change.
6. Please write the Equilibrium equation
the Equilibrium equation: aA + bB⇌ cC + dD
7. Please fill out the following table
K value Reaction favors (reactants / products) Reaction lies to (left / center/ right)

K << 1
K~1
K >> 1
8. Please predict the outcome of today lab work and fill out the following table
System
System name Description of conditions Predicted outcome
No.
Initial solution yellow
1 Acid/base equilibria + Conc. Hydrogen chloride HCl Dark yellow/ Orange
+ 6N sodium hydroxide NaOH Yellow
None (control) Purple
Equilibria of acid/base 6M HCl Yellow-green
2
indicators 6M NaOH No
6M HCl No
None (control)
0.01M FeCl3
0.01M KSCN
3 Complex ion formation 6M NaOH
Cold
Hot
0.1M AgNO3
Test tube 1:
White precipitate
0.1M Na2C2O4
Test tube 2:
Grey precipitate
Equilibria of precipitation + 0.1M H2C2O4
4
reactions Test tube 2:
White precipitate
+ 6M HCl
Test tube 2: + 6M ammonium
White precipitate
hydroxide NH4OH
Nothing changed (control) Violet
5
Temperature effects on Hot water bath
Blue
equilibria
Ice-water bath red