ĐẠI HỌC FPT CẦN THƠ

Object-Oriented Programming

Lession 3
2
Objectives

Explain about Explain about OOP

Explain Explain classes and objects

Define and describe Define and describe methods

Explain about Explain about the access modifiers

Define and describe Define and describe inheritance

Explain about Explain about method overriding

Explain about Explain about polymorphism and abstraction

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

 Objectives

◆ Discuss more new features in OOP :

▪ Properties, Auto-implemented properties
▪ Static class and Extension Method

▪ Anonymous Type and Default contructor

▪ Readonly members and Default interface methods

▪ Using declarations

▪ Expression-bodied members
▪ Record type

▪ Object Initialize
▪ Read-only auto-properties and Init-Only Properties

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong 3

4
Object-Oriented Programming(OOP)

Programming languages are based on two fundamental concepts: data

and ways to manipulate data. This approach had several drawbacks such
as lack of re-use and lack of maintainability

To overcome these difficulties, OOP was introduced, which focused on

data rather than the ways to manipulate data

The object-oriented approach defines objects as entities having a defined

set of values and a defined set of operations that can be performed on
these values

Abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance are the core

principles of object-oriented programming

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

5

OOP Paradigm

Procedure-Oriented Program
Class A
{
data1
data1
data2 Modifiers Function1 ()
Function1 (data1)
Function2 ()
Function2 (data1) }
Function3 (data2)

Function4 (data2)
Class B
{
data2
Object = Data + Methods
Modifiers Function3 ()

Basic Concepts Function4()

- Encapsulation Particular }
- Inheritance methods:
- Polymorphism Constructors

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

6
Object-Oriented Programming

OOP is a powerful concept that solves many problems found in software

development. OOP is not the holy grail of programming but it can help
in writing code that is easy to read, easy to maintain, easy to update,
and easy to expand

An object can inherit the properties of another object using the concept
of inheritance. Hence, we can say that object-oriented programming is
organized around data and the operations that are permitted on the
data

When we do object-oriented programming, we start with identifying the

entities we need to operate on, how they relate to each other, and how
they interact. This is a process called data modeling and the result of
this is a set of classes that generalize the identified entities

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

7

Classes and Objects

◆ A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created.

Basically, a class combines the fields and methods(member function which
defines actions) into a single unit

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

8

Classes and Objects

◆ An object is an instance of the class and represents a real-life entity. To

initialize an object in C#, we use a new keyword followed by the name of the
class that the object will be based on

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

9

Member Visibility

◆ There are five access specifiers: private, public, protected, internal, and
protected internal. By default, the members are private to the class

▪ public: The type or member can be accessed by any other code in the same assembly or
another assembly that references it

▪ private: The type or member can be accessed only by code in the same class or struct

▪ protected: The type or member can be accessed only by code in the same class, or in a class
that is derived from that class

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

 Member Visibility

▪ internal: The type or member can be accessed by any

code in the same assembly, but not from another
assembly
▪ protected internal: The type or member can be
accessed by any code in the assembly in which it's
declared, or from within a derived class in another
assembly
▪ private protected: The type or member can be accessed
only within its declaring assembly, by code in the same
class or in a type that is derived from that class

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong 10

 OOP-Encapsulation

◆ Encapsulation is defined as binding data and code that

manipulates it together in a single unit
◆ Data is privately bound within a class without direct

access from the outside of the class

◆ All objects that need to read or modify the data of an

object should do it through the public methods that a

class provides
◆ This characteristic is called data hiding and makes code

less error-prone by defining a limited number of entry

points to an object’s data

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong 11

12

OOP-Encapsulation

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

13
Read-only auto properties
& Init-Only properties

◆ When we write a property only with "get", it automatically becomes a Read Only
property or we can use Init-Only properties

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

14

OOP-Inheritance

◆ Inheritance is a mechanism through which a class can inherit the properties

and functionalities of another class
◆ Other classes can inherit these functionalities and data of the parent class as
well as extending or modifying them and adding additional functionalities and
properties.
◆ There are three types of inheritance supported in C#:

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

15

OOP-Inheritance

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

16

OOP-Polymorphism

◆ Ability allows many versions of a method based on overloading and overriding

methods techniques

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

17

virtual : provide a default implementation.

Can be overridden if necessary

abstract: sub-classes MUST override

Besides virtual and abstract, C# provide new

keyword that applies to methods. What does
that mean?

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

18

OOP-Interface

◆ An interface contains definitions for a group of related functionalities that a

non-abstract class or a struct must implement
◆ An interface cannot be instantiated but can only be inherited by classes or
other interfaces
◆ An interface may not declare instance data such as fields, auto-implemented
properties, or property-like events. Interface names begin with a capital “I”

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

19

OOP-Interface

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

20

Interface Inheritance

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

21

Default Interface Methods

◆ C# allows to add a method with their implementation to the interface without
breaking the existing implementation of the interface, such type of methods is
known as default interface methods(virtual extension methods)

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

22
The is and as Operators

The is operator is used to check if the run-time type of an object is compatible

with the given type or not whereas as operator is used to perform conversion
between compatible reference types or Nullable types

The is operator returns true if the given object is of the same type whereas as
operator returns the object when they are compatible with the given type

The is operator returns false if the given object is not of the same type
whereas as operator return null if the conversion is not possible

The is operator is used for only reference, boxing, and unboxing conversions
whereas as operator is used only for nullable, reference and boxing
conversions

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

23
The is and as Operators

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

24

Static Constructor

◆ Prevent static field to be reset

◆ A given class (or structure) may
define only a single static constructor
◆ A static constructor executes exactly
one time, regardless of how many
objects of the type are created
◆ A static constructor does not take an
access modifier and cannot take any
parameters
◆ The static constructor executes
before any instance-level
constructors

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

25
Static Class

Classes that cannot be instantiated or inherited are known as

classes and the static keyword is used before the class name
that consists of static data members and static methods

They can only contain static members

It is not possible to create an
They cannot be instantiated or inherited
instance of a static class using the and cannot contain instance
new keyword. The main features constructors. However, the developer
can create static constructors to
of static classes are as follows: initialize the static members

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

26

Static Class

No instance created

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

27

Extension Method

◆ Extension methods allow you to extend an existing type with new

functionality without directly modifying those types
◆ Extension methods are static methods that have to be declared in a static
class
◆ We can declare an extension method by specifying the first parameter with
the this keyword
◆ The first parameter in this method identifies the type of objects in which the
method can be called
◆ The object that we use to invoke the method is automatically passed as the
first parameter

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

28

Extension Method

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

29

Expression-bodied Members

◆ Expression body definitions let you provide a member's implementation in a

very concise, readable form
◆ We can use an expression body definition whenever the logic for any
supported member, such as a method or property, consists of a single
expression
◆ An expression body definition has the following general syntax:

member => expression;

◆ Members can be: Method, Read-only property, Property, Constructor,

Finalizer and Indexer

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

30

Expression-bodied Members

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

31

Anonymous Type

◆ Is basically a class with no name and is not explicitly defined in code

◆ Uses object initializers to initialize properties and fields. Since it has no name,
we need to declare an implicitly typed variable to refer to it
◆ Anonymous types are class types that derive directly from object, and that
cannot be cast to any type except object

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

32

Object Initialize

◆ Object initializers let we assign values to any accessible fields or properties of

an object at creation time without having to invoke a constructor followed by
lines of assignment statements
◆ The object initializer syntax enables you to specify arguments for a constructor
or omit the arguments
class Customer {
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
}

Customer c = new Customer(); Can be combined with any

c.Name = "Jack"; constructor call
c.Age = 20;

var c = new Customer(){ Name = "Jack", Age = 20};

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

33
Readonly member and const keyword

In a field declaration, readonly indicates that assignment to the field can

only occur as part of the declaration or in a constructor in the same class

A readonly field can't be assigned after the constructor exits

A const field can only be initialized at the declaration of the field(a

compile-time constant)

A readonly field can be assigned multiple times in the field declaration

and in any constructor(a run-time constants)

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

34
Readonly member and const keyword

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

35

Record type

◆ Records type is a new reference type that we can create instead of classes or
structs
◆ Records are distinct from classes in that record types use value-based equality
◆ We define a record by declaring a type with the record keyword

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

36

Record type

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

37

Using Declarations

◆ With the using declaration, the objects are disposed automatically. Its scope is
automatically defined from the object’s declaration statement to the end of the
current code block

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong

 Summary

◆ Explain about OOP

◆ Explain classes and objects
◆ Define and describe methods
◆ Explain about the access modifiers
◆ Explain method overriding
◆ Define and describe inheritance
◆ Explain about polymorphism
◆ Explain about abstraction

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong 38

 Summary

◆ Discuss more new features in OOP :

▪ Properties, Auto-implemented properties
▪ Static class and Extension Method

▪ Anonymous Type and Default contructor

▪ Readonly members and Default interface methods

▪ Using declarations

▪ Expression-bodied members
▪ Record type

▪ Object Initialize
▪ Read-only auto-properties and Init-Only Properties

Lession 3: Object-Oriented Programming - Huong Hoang Luong 39

ĐẠI HỌC FPT CẦN THƠ