DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

BSc. (Hons.) Physics

Category-I

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 1 (DSC-1) Mathematical Physics I

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE

COURSE

Credit distribution of the course

Course title & Eligibility Pre-requisite
Credits Practical/
Code Lecture Tutorial criteria of the course
Practice
Class XII pass Physics and
Mathematical with Physics and Mathematics
4 3 0 1
Physics I Mathematics as syllabus of
main subjects class XII

Learning Objectives
The emphasis of the course is on applications in solving problems of interest to physicists.
The course will teach the students to model a physics problem mathematically and then solve
those numerically using computational methods. The course will expose the students to
fundamental computational physics skills enabling them to solve a wide range of physics
problems. The skills developed during course will prepare them not only for doing
fundamental and applied research but also for a wide variety of careers.

Learning Outcomes
After completing this course, student will be able to,
• Draw and interpret graphs of various elementary functions and their combinations.
• Understand the vector quantities as entities with Cartesian components which satisfy
appropriate rules of transformation under rotation of the axes.
• Use index notation to write the product of vectors in compact form easily applicable
in computational work.
• Solve first and second order differential equations and apply these to physics
problems.
• Understand the functions of more than one variable and concept of partial derivatives.
• Understand the concept of scalar field, vector field, gradient of scalar field and
divergence and curl of vector fields.
• Perform line, surface and volume integration and apply Green’s, Stokes’ and Gauss’s
theorems to compute these integrals and apply these to physics problems
• Understand the properties of discrete and continuous distribution functions.

In the laboratory course, the students will learn to,

• Prepare algorithms and flowcharts for solving a problem.
• Design, code and test simple programs in Python/C++ to solve various problems.

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 • Perform various operations of 1-d and 2-d arrays.
• Visualize data and functions graphically using Matplotlib/Gnuplot

SYLLABUS OF DSC – 1

THEORY COMPONENT

Unit 1 (18
Hours)
Functions: Plotting elementary functions and their combinations, Interpreting graphs of
functions using the concepts of calculus, Taylor’s series expansion for elementary
functions.
Ordinary Differential E quations: First order differential equations of degree one and
those reducible to this form, Exact and Inexact equations, Integrating Factor, Applications
to physics problems
Higher order linear homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients,
Wronskian and linearly independent functions. Non-homogeneous second order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, complimentary function, particular integral
and general solution, Determination of particular integral using method of undetermined
coefficients and method of variation of parameters, Cauchy-Euler equation, Initial value
problems. Applications to physics problems

Unit 2 (12
Hours)
Vector Algebra: Transformation of Cartesian components of vectors under rotation of the
axes, Introduction to index notation and summation convention. Product of vectors - scalar
and vector product of two, three and four vectors in index notation using 𝛿𝑖𝑖 and 𝜀𝑖𝑖𝑖 (as
symbols only – no rigorous proof of properties). Invariance of scalar product under rotation
transformation.
Vector D ifferential C alculus: Functions of more than one variable, Partial derivatives,
chain rule for partial derivatives. Scalar and vector fields, concept of directional derivative,
the vector differential operator 𝛻�⃗, gradient of a scalar field and its geometrical
interpretation. Divergence and curl of a vector field and their physical interpretation.
Laplacian operator. Vector identities.

Unit 3 (15
Hours)
Vector I ntegral C alculus: Integrals of vector-valued functions of single scalar variable.
Multiple integrals, Jacobian, Notion of infinitesimal line, surface and volume elements.
Line, surface and volume integrals of vector fields. Flux of a vector field. Gauss divergence
theorem, Green’s and Stokes’ Theorems (no proofs) and their applications
Probability D istributions: Discrete and continuous random variables, Probability
distribution functions, Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distributions, Mean and variance of
these distributions.

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PRACTICAL COMPONENT (30
Hours)

The aim of this lab is not just to teach computer programming and numerical analysis but to
emphasize its role in solving problems in Physics. The course will consist of practical
sessions and lectures on the related theoretical aspects of the laboratory. Assessment is to
be done not only on the programming but also on the basis of formulating the problem.
• Every student must perform at least 6 programs covering each unit.
• The list of recommended programs is suggestive only. Students should be encouraged to
do more practice. Emphasis should be given to assess student’s ability to formulate a
physics problem as mathematical one and solve by computational methods.
• The implementation can be either in Python or C++. Accordingly, the instructor can
choose section A or B respectively from Unit 1 and 2. The list of programs is common
for both sections. If C++ is used, then for all plotting programs, Gnuplot has to be used.

Basics of scientific computing (Mandatory):

(a) Binary and decimal arithmetic, Floating point numbers, single and double precision
arithmetic, underflow and overflow, numerical errors of elementary floating point
operations, round off and truncation errors with examples.
(b) Introduction to Algorithms and Flow charts. Branching with examples of conditional
statements, for and while loops.

Unit 1

Section A:
Basic Elements of Python: The Python interpreter, the print statement, comments, Python
as simple calculator, objects and expressions, variables (numeric, character and sequence
types) and assignments, mathematical operators. Strings, Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries,
type conversions, input statement, list methods. List mutability, Formatting in the print
statement.
Control S tructures: Conditional operations, if, if-else, if-elif-else, while and for loops,
indentation, break and continue, List comprehension. Simple programs for practice like
solving quadratic equations, temperature conversion etc.
Functions: Inbuilt functions, user-defined functions, local and global variables, passing
functions, modules, importing modules, math module, making new modules. Writing
functions to perform simple operations like finding largest of three numbers, listing prime
numbers, etc., Generating pseudo random numbers.

OR

Section B:
Introduction to C++: Basic idea of Compilers. Structured programming. Idea of Headers,
Data Types, Enumerated Data, Conversion and casting, constants and variables,
Mathematical, Relational, Logical and Bit wise Operators. Precedence of Operators,
Expressions and Statements, Scope and Visibility of Data, block, Local and Global
variables, Auto, static and External variables. Input and output statements. I/O

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 manipulations, iostream and cmath header files, using namespace.
Control Statements: The if-statement, if-else statement, Nested if Structure, If - Else if –
else block, Ternary operator, Goto statement, switch statement, Unconditional and
Conditional looping, While loop, Do-while loop, For loop, nested loops, break and continue
statements. Simple programs for practice like solving quadratic equations, temperature
conversion etc.
Functions: Inbuilt functions. User-defined functions, function declaration, function
definition, function prototype, void functions and function arguments, return statement.
Local and global variables. The main function. Passing parameter by value and by
reference. Inline functions. Function overloading. Writing functions to perform simple
operations like finding largest of three numbers, listing prime numbers etc., Generating
pseudo random numbers.

Recommended List of Programs (At least Two)

(a) Make a function that takes a number N as input and returns the value of factorial of N.
Use this function to print the number of ways a set of m red and n blue balls can be
arranged.
(b) Generate random numbers (integers and floats) in a given range and calculate area and
volume of regular shapes with random dimensions.
(c) Generate data for coordinates of a projectile and plot the trajectory. Determine the
range, maximum height and time of flight for a projectile motion.

Unit 2

Section A:

NumPy Fundamentals: Importing Numpy, Difference between List and NumPy array,
Adding, removing and sorting elements, creating arrays using ones(), zeros(), random(),
arange(), linspace(). Basic array operations (sum, max, min, mean, variance), 2-d arrays,
matrix operations, reshaping and transposing arrays, savetxt() and loadtxt().
Plotting with Matplotlib: matplotlib.pyplot functions, Plotting of functions given in closed
form as well as in the form of discrete data and making histograms.

OR

Section B:

Arrays: Array definition, passing arrays to functions, Finding sum, maximum, minimum,
mean and variance of given array. 2-d arrays, matrix operations (sum, product, transpose
etc). Saving data generated by a C++ program in a file.
Gnuplot: Introduction to Gnuplot. Visualization of discrete data and plotting functions
given in closed form and data for graphical visualization. Plotting data from the output file
created by a C++ program, making histogram.

Recommended List of Programs (At least Three)

(a) To plot the displacement-time and velocity-time graph for the un-damped, under-damped

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 critically damped and over-damped oscillator using matplotlib (or Gnuplot) using given
formulae.
(b) To compute the left, right and central approximations for derivative of a function given in
closed form. Plot both the function and derivative on the same graph. Plot (using
matplotlib/Gnuplot) the error as a function of step size on a log-log graph, study the
behaviour of the plot as step size decreases and hence discuss the effect of round off
error.
(c) To generate array of N random numbers drawn from a given distribution (uniform,
binomial, poisson and gaussian) and plot them using matplotlib/Gnuplot for increasing N
to verify the distribution. Verify the central limit theorem.
(d) To implement the transformation of physical observables under Galilean, Lorentz and
Rotation transformation

Unit 3

Recommended List of Programs (At least one)

(a) To find value of π and to integrate a given function using acceptance-rejection method.
(b) To perform linear fitting of data using the inbuilt function scipy.stats.linregress in Python
or using Gnuplot. Plot the data points and the fitted line on the same graph.

References (for Laboratory Work):

1) Documentation at the Python home page (https://docs.python.org/3/) and the tutorials
there (https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/).
2) Documentation of NumPy and Matplotlib : https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/
and https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/
3) Schaum's Outline of Programming with C++, J. Hubbard, 2000, McGraw-Hill
Education.
4) C++ How to Program, Paul J. Deitel and Harvey Deitel, Pearson (2016).
5) Computational Physics, Darren Walker, 1st Edn., Scientific International Pvt. Ltd
(2015).
6) Elementary Numerical Analysis, K. E. Atkinson, 3rd Edn., 2007, Wiley India Edition.
7) An Introduction to Computational Physics, T. Pang, Cambridge University Press
(2010).
8) Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S. S. Sastry, 5th Edn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
9) Applied numerical analysis, Cutis F. Gerald and P. O. Wheatley, Pearson Education,
India (2007).

Essential/Recommended Readings

REFERENCES FOR THEORY COMPONENT

1) An introduction to ordinary differential equations, E.A. Coddington, 2009, PHI

learning.
2) Differential Equations, George F. Simmons, 2007, McGraw Hill.
3) Mathematical methods for Scientists and Engineers, D.A. McQuarrie, 2003, Viva Book.
4) Advanced Engineering Mathematics, D.G. Zill and W.S. Wright, 5 Ed., 2012, Jones and
Bartlett Learning.

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 5) Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig, 2008, Wiley India.
6) Probability and Statistics, Murray R Spiegel, John J Schiller and R Alu Srinivasan,
2018, McGraw Hill Education Private Limited.
7) Essential Mathematical Methods, K.F.Riley and M.P.Hobson, 2011, Cambridge Univ.
Press.
8) Vector Analysis and Cartesian Tensors, D.E. Bourne and P.C. Kendall, 3 Ed. , 2017,
CRC Press.
9) Vector Analysis, Murray Spiegel, 2 Ed., 2017, Schaum’s outlines series.
10) John E. Freund’s Mathematical Statistics with Applications, I. Miller and M. Miller, 7th
Ed., 2003, Pearson Education, Asia.

.Suggestive readings:
1) Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G.B. Arfken, H.J. Weber, F.E. Harris, 7 Ed.,
2013, Elsevier.
2) Introduction to Electrodynamics, Chapter 1, David J. Griffiths, 4 Ed., 2017, Cambridge
University Press.
3) The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume II, Feynman, Leighton and Sands, 2008,
Narosa Publishing House.
4) Introduction to Vector Analysis, Davis and Snider, 6 Ed., 1990, McGraw Hill.
5) Differential Equations, R. Bronson and G.B. Costa, Schaum’s outline series.
6) Mathematical Physics, A.K. Ghatak, I.C. Goyal and S.J. Chua, Laxmi Publications
Private Limited (2017)
7) Mathematical Tools for Physics, James Nearing, 2010, Dover Publications.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 2 (DSC - 2) MECHANICS

Credit distribution, Eligibility and Prerequisites of the Course

Credit distribution of the course

Course title Pre-requisite of
Credits Practical/ Eligibility criteria
& Code Lecture Tutorial the course
Practice
Class XII pass Physics and
Mechanics
with Physics and Mathematics
4 3 0 1
Mathematics as syllabus of class
DSC – 2
main subjects XII

Learning Objectives
This course reviews the concepts of mechanics learnt at school from a more advanced
perspective and goes on to build new concepts. It begins with Newton’s Laws of Motion
and ends with the Fictitious Forces and Special Theory of Relativity. The students will
learn the collisions in the centre of mass frame, rotational motion and central forces. They
will be able to apply the concepts learnt to several real world problems. In the laboratory
part of the course, the students will learn to use various instruments, estimate the error for

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 every experiment performed and report the result of experiment along with the uncertainty
in the result up to correct significant figures.

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students will be able to,
• Learn the Galilean invariance of Newton’s laws of motion.
• Understand translational and rotational dynamics of a system of particles.
• Apply Kepler’s laws to describe the motion of planets and satellite in circular orbit.
• Understand Einstein’s postulates of special relativity.
• Apply Lorentz transformations to describe simultaneity, time dilation and length
contraction
• Use various instruments for measurements and perform experiments related to rotational
dynamics, elastic properties, fluid dynamics, acceleration due to gravity, collisions, etc.
• Use propagation of errors to estimate uncertainty in the outcome of an experiment and
perform the statistical analysis of the random errors in the observations.

SYLLABUS OF DSC- 2

THEORY COMPONENT

Unit 1: (14 Hours)

Fundamentals of Dynamics: Inertial and Non-inertial frames, Newton's Laws of Motion
and their invariance under Galilean transformations. Momentum of variable mass system:
motion of rocket. Dynamics of a system of particles. Principle of conservation of
momentum. Impulse. Determination of Centre of Mass of discrete and continuous objects
having cylindrical and spherical symmetry. Differential analysis of a static vertically
hanging massive rope
Work and Energy: Work and Kinetic Energy Theorem. Conservative forces and examples
(Gravitational and electrostatic), non-conservative forces and examples (velocity dependent
forces e.g. frictional force, magnetic force), Potential Energy. Energy diagram. Stable,
unstable and neutral equilibrium. Force as gradient of the potential energy. Work done by
non-conservative forces.
Collisions: Elastic and inelastic collisions between two spherical bodies. Kinematics of 2
→ 2 scattering in centre of mass and laboratory frames.

Unit 2: (12 Hours)

Rotational Dynamics: Angular momentum of a particle and system of particles. Torque.
Principle of conservation of angular momentum. Rotation about a fixed axis. Determination
of moment of inertia of symmetric rigid bodies (rectangular, cylindrical and spherical)
using parallel and perpendicular axes theorems. Kinetic energy of rotation. Motion
involving both translation and rotation.
Non-Inertial Systems: Non-inertial frames and fictitious forces. Uniformly rotating frame.
Centrifugal force. Coriolis force and its applications.

Unit 3: (7 Hours)
Central Force Mo tion: Central forces, Law of conservation of angular momentum for
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 central forces, Two-body problem and its reduction to equivalent one-body problem and its
solution. Concept of effective potential energy and stability of orbits for central potentials
of the form krn for n = 2 and -1 using energy diagram, discussion on trajectories for n=-2.
Solution of the Kepler Problem, Kepler’s Laws for planetary motion, orbit for artificial
satellites

Unit 4: (12 Hours)

Relativity: Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity, Lorentz Transformations,
simultaneity, length contraction, time dilation, proper length and proper time, life time of a
relativistic particle (for example muon decay time and decay length). Space-like, time-like
and light-like separated events, relativistic transformation of velocity and acceleration,
variation of mass with velocity, mass-energy equivalence, transformation of energy and
momentum.

PRACTICAL COMPONENT (30 Hours)

Introductory Concepts and related activities (Mandatory)

• Use of Basic Instruments

Determination of least count and use of instruments like meter scale, vernier callipers,
screw gauge and travelling microscope for measuring lengths.

• Errors
(a) Types of errors in measurements (instrumental limitations, systematic errors and
random errors), accuracy and precision of observations, significant figures.
(b) Introduction to error estimation, propagation of errors and reporting of results along
with uncertainties with correct number of significant figures.
(c) Statistical analysis of random errors, need for making multiple observations, standard
error in the mean as estimate of the error.

• Graph Plotting
Pictorial visualisation of relation between two physical quantities, Points to be kept in mind
while plotting a graph manually.

• Data Analysis
Principle of least square fitting (LSF) and its application in plotting linear relations,
estimation of LSF values of slope, intercept and uncertainties in slope and intercept.

Mandatory Activities
• Determine the least count of meter scale, vernier callipers, screw gauge and travelling
microscope, use these instruments to measure the length of various objects multiple
time, find the mean and report the result along with the uncertainty up to appropriate
number of significant digits.
• Take multiple observations of the quantities like length, radius etc. for some spherical,
cylindrical and cubic objects, find mean of these observations and use them to

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 determine the surface area and volume of these objects. Estimate the uncertainties in the
outcome using law of propagation of errors. Report the result to appropriate number of
significant figures.
• Given a data (x, y) corresponding to quantities x and y related by a relation y = f(x) that
can be linearised, plot the data points (manually) with appropriate choice of scale,
perform least square fitting to determine the slope and intercept of the LSF line and use
them to determine some unknown quantity in the relation. Determine the uncertainties
in slope and intercept and use these to estimate the uncertainty in the value of unknown
quantity.

Every student must perform at least 4 experiments from the following list.
1) To study the random errors in observations. It is advisable to keep observables of the
order of least count of the instruments.
2) To determine the moment of inertia of a symmetric as well as asymmetric flywheel
3) To determine coefficient of viscosity of water by Capillary Flow Method (Poiseuille’s
method).
4) To determine g and velocity for a freely falling body using Digital Timing Technique.
5) To determine the Young's Modulus of a Wire by Optical Lever Method.
6) To determine the vertical distance between two given points using sextant.
7) To determine the coefficients of sliding and rolling friction experienced by a trolley on
an inclined plane.
8) To verify the law of conservation of linear momentum in collisions on air track.

Suggested additional activities:

1) Virtual lab collision experiments on two dimensional elastic and inelastic collisions (for
example available on following suggested links
a) https://archive.cnx.org/specials/2c7acb3c-2fbd-11e5-b2d9-e7f92291703c/collision-
lab/#sim-advanced-sim)
b) https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/collision-lab
2) Amrita Virtual Mechanics Lab: https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=74

References (for Laboratory Work):

1) Advanced Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H. T. Worshnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
2) Engineering Practical Physics, S. Panigrahi and B. Mallick, 2015, Cengage Learning
India Pvt. Ltd.
3) Practical Physics, G. L. Squires, 2015, 4/e, Cambridge University Press.
4) A Text Book of Practical Physics, Vol I, Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11/e, 2011, Kitab
Mahal.
5) An introduction to Error Analysis: The study of uncertainties in Physical
Measurements, J.
R. Taylor, 1997, University Science Books

Essential readings:

FOR THEORY COMPONENT

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 1) An Introduction to Mechanics (2/e), Daniel Kleppner and Robert Kolenkow, 2014,
Cambridge University Press.
2) Mechanics Berkeley Physics Course, Vol. 1, 2/e: Charles Kittel, et. al., 2017, McGraw
Hill Education
3) Classical Mechanics by Peter Dourmashkin, 2013, John Wiley and Sons.
4) Theory and Problems of Theoretical Mechanics, Murray R. Spiegel, 1977, McGraw
Hill Education.
5) Introduction to Classical Mechanics With Problems and Solutions, David Morin, 2008,
Cambridge University Press.
6) Fundamentals of Physics, Resnick, Halliday and Walker 10/e, 2013, Wiley.
7) Introduction to Special Relativity, Robert Resnick, 2007, Wiley.

Suggestive Link:
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Classical_Mechanics/classical_Mechanics_(Dourm
ash kin)/

Suggestive readings:
1) Feynman Lectures, Vol. 1, R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, M. Sands, 2008, Pearson
Education.
2) University Physics, H. D. Young, R. A. Freedman, 14/e, 2015, Pearson Education.
3) Classical Mechanics, H. Goldstein, C. P. Poole, J. L. Safko, 3/e, 2002, Pearson
Education.
4) Newtonian Mechanics, A.P. French, 2017, Viva Books.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE– 3 (DSC – 3) WAVES AND

OSCILLATIONS

Credit distribution, Eligibility and Pre-requisites of the Course

Credit distribution of the course

Course title Eligibility Pre-requisite of
Credits Practical/
& Code Lecture Tutorial criteria the course
Practice
Waves and Class XII pass Physics and
Oscillations with Physics and Mathematics
4 2 0 2
Mathematics as syllabus of class
DSC – 3 main subjects XII

Learning Objectives
This course reviews the concepts of waves and oscillations learnt at school from a more
advanced perspective and goes on to build new concepts. It begins with explaining ideas of
free oscillations and superposition of harmonic motion leading to physics of damped and
forced oscillations. The course will also introduce students to coupled oscillators, normal

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 modes of oscillations and free vibrations of stretched strings. Concurrently, in the
laboratory component of the course students will perform experiments that expose them to
different aspects of real oscillatory systems.

Learning Outcomes
On successful completion of this course, the students will have the skill and knowledge to,
• Understand simple harmonic motion
• Understand superposition of N collinear harmonic oscillations
• Understand superposition of two perpendicular harmonic oscillations
• Understand free, damped and forced oscillations
• Understand coupled oscillators and normal modes of oscillations
• Understand travelling and standing waves, stretched strings

SYLLABUS OF DSC – 3

THEORY COMPONENT

Unit 1: Simple Harmonic Motion (12

Hours)
Differential equation of simple harmonic oscillator, its solution and characteristics, energy
in simple harmonic motion, linearity and superposition principle, rotating vector
representation of simple harmonic oscillation, motion of simple and compound pendulum
(Bar and Kater’s pendulum), loaded spring.
Superposition of N collinear harmonic oscillations with (1) equal phase differences and (2)
equal frequency differences, Beats
Superposition of two perpendicular harmonic oscillations: Graphical and Analytical
Methods. Lissajous Figures with equal and unequal frequencies, effect of variation of phase

Unit 2: Damped and Forced Oscillations (8

Hours)
Damped Oscillations: Equation of motion, dead beat motion, critically damped system,
lightly damped system: relaxation time, logarithmic decrement, quality factor
Forced Oscillations: Equation of motion, complete solution, steady state solution,
resonance, sharpness of resonance, power dissipation, quality factor

Unit 3: Coupled Oscillations (6

Hours)
Coupled oscillators, normal coordinates and normal modes, energy relation and energy
transfer, di-atomic molecules, representation of a general solution as a linear sum of normal
modes, normal modes of N coupled oscillators.

Unit 4: Wave Motion (4

Hours)
One dimensional plane wave, classical wave equation, standing wave on a stretched string
(both ends fixed), normal modes. Travelling wave solution
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PRACTICAL COMPONENT (60 Hours)

Every student must perform at least 5 experiments

1) Experiments using bar pendulum:
a) Estimate limits on angular displacement for SHM by measuring the time period
at different angular displacements and compare it with the expected value of
time period for SHM.
b) Determine the value of g using bar pendulum.
c) To study damped oscillations using bar pendulum
d) Study the effect of area of the damper on damped oscillations. Plot amplitude as
a function of time and determine the damping coefficient and Q factor for
different dampers.
2) To determine the value of acceleration due to gravity using Kater's pendulum for both
the cases (a) T_1≈T_2 and (b) T_1≠T_2 and discuss the relative merits of both cases by
estimation of error in the two cases.
3) Understand the applications of CRO by measuring voltage and time period of a periodic
waveform using CRO. And study the superposition of two perpendicular simple
harmonic oscillations using CRO (Lissajous figures)
4) Experiments with spring and mass system
a) To calculate g, spring constant and mass of a spring using static and dynamic
methods.
b) To calculate spring constant of series and parallel combination of two springs.
5) To study normal modes and beats in coupled pendulums or coupled springs.
6) To determine the frequency of an electrically maintained tuning fork by Melde’s
experiment and to verify λ2 – T Law.
7) To determine the current amplitude and phase response of a driven series LCR circuit
with driving frequency and resistance. Draw resonance curves and find quality factor
for low and high damping.

References (For Laboratory Work):

1) Advanced Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H. T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
2) Engineering Practical Physics, S. Panigrahi and B. Mallick, 2015, Cengage Learning
India Pvt. Ltd.
3) Practical Physics, G. L. Squires, 2015, 4/e, Cambridge University Press.
4) A Text Book of Practical Physics, Vol I and II, Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11/e, 2011,
Kitab Mahal.
5) An Introduction to Error Analysis: The study of uncertainties in Physical
Measurements,
J. R. Taylor, 1997, University Science Books List of experiments

Essential Readings:

FOR THEORY COMPONENT

1) Vibrations and Waves by A. P. French. (CBS Pub. and Dist., 1987)

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 2) The Physics of Waves and Oscillations by N.K. Bajaj (Tata McGraw-Hill, 1988)
3) Fundamentals of Waves and Oscillations By K. Uno Ingard (Cambridge University
Press, 1988)
4) An Introduction to Mechanics by Daniel Kleppner, Robert J. Kolenkow (McGraw-Hill,
1973)
5) Waves: BERKELEY PHYSICS COURSE by Franks Crawford (Tata McGrawHill,
2007).
6) Classical Mechanics by Peter Dourmashkin, John Wiley and Sons
7) https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Classical_Mechanics/classical_Mechanics_(Dou
r mashkin)

Suggestive Readings:
1) Fundamentals of Physics, Resnick, Halliday and Walker 10/e, 2013, Wiley.
2) Feynman Lectures, Vol. 1, R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, M. Sands, 2008, Pearson
Education.
3) University Physics, H. D. Young, R. A. Freedman, 14/e, 2015, Pearson Education.

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