1. Project Definition?

What are the characteristics of a

Project?
- A project is a temporary effort to create a unique
product, service, or result. The definition of a project can
vary, but in general, a project is considered temporary in
nature, has a defined beginning and end in time, and is
designed to accomplish a specific goal or set of goals [1].
According to the Project Management Institute (PMI), a
project is a pool of human and non-human resources in a
temporary undertaking to achieve a specific purpose, with
tasks that are initiated to achieve specific objectives
against available resources [4].

Projects are unique in that they are not routine operations

but are specifically designed to achieve a singular goal.
Some projects are engineered to resolve problems
quickly, while others require extended timelines to
produce outcomes [6]. The term "project definition" refers
to the work that a project manager, sponsor, and
stakeholders undertake to determine the goals and needs
of a project, which are then recorded in a project charter
or project definition document [8].
- The following are some of the important characteristics
of a project:
Unique: Every project is slightly different and unique, and
has a clear and distinct piece of work [2].

Temporary: Projects are temporary activities with a

definite beginning and ending date [5].

Objective: Projects have a clear objective and are started

with some specific goal such as time, budget, quality, and
quantity [3].

Defined Purpose: Projects have a single definable

purpose, end item, or result specified in terms of cost,
schedule, and performance requirements [4].

Temporary Teams and Opportunities: The opportunities

and teams of a project are also temporary and only exist
for the duration of the project [5].

Unique Outcomes: Projects and their outcomes are unique

[7].
Tangible or Intangible Results: Projects are temporary
endeavors with a starting and ending deadline and are
made to create tangible or intangible results [10].

2. Which are the reasons for failure or success of the

Project implementation ?
- There are several reasons that contribute to the success
or failure of a project implementation:

Reasons for failure:

Poor planning and lack of clear goals and objectives [2]

Insufficient resources, such as budget, manpower, and
time [8]
Inadequate communication and collaboration among team
members [9]
Resistance to change and lack of buy-in from stakeholders
[10]
Inadequate risk management and lack of contingency
planning [7]
Reasons for success:
Effective planning and clear goals and objectives [2]
Sufficient resources, such as budget, manpower, and time
[8]
Good communication and collaboration among team
members [9]
Support and buy-in from stakeholders [10]
Effective risk management and contingency planning [7]

3. Project Management Definition ?

- Project management is the application of knowledge,
skills, tools, and techniques to a variety of activities to
achieve specific project objectives. The definition of
project management is widely recognized as the use of
specific knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to deliver
something of value to people, as described by the Project
Management Institute (PMI) [8]. The purpose of project
management is to plan and organize a company's
resources to complete a specific task, event, or duty. This
can involve the use of processes, methods, skills,
knowledge, and experience to ensure the successful
completion of projects within a set timeframe and budget
[5]. Project management can be defined as a collection of
proven techniques for proposing, planning, implementing,
managing, and evaluating projects, combined with the art
of managing people [9].

4. Which are the core components of Project Management

?
- The core components of Project Management are the
elements that are critical for ensuring a successful project
outcome. The following components are commonly listed
as being the core components of Project Management:

Goals [1]: When starting a project, it's essential to identify

objectives and determine the specific results you hope to
achieve by completing the project.

Scope [2, 3, 4]: The scope refers to the definition of the

project and its objectives. It includes project
requirements, the vision behind it, measurable goals,
outcomes, and deliverables.

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) [3]: The Work

Breakdown Structure is a hierarchical representation of
the project and its components. It helps to identify the
individual tasks and activities required to achieve the
project's objectives.

Schedule [3]: The schedule outlines the timeline for

completing the project, including the start and end dates
for each task and activity.

Budget [3]: The budget outlines the financial resources

required to complete the project, including costs for labor,
materials, and equipment.

Quality [3]: Quality management involves setting

standards for project performance and ensuring that those
standards are met throughout the project.

Human Resources Plan [3]: The Human Resources Plan

outlines the staffing requirements for the project,
including the roles and responsibilities of each team
member.
Stakeholder List [3]: The Stakeholder List includes all the
individuals and organizations that have an interest in the
project and its outcomes.

Communication [3, 5]. Effective communication is

critical for project success, and it includes both internal
and external communication with project stakeholders.

Risk Register [3]: The Risk Register identifies potential

risks and uncertainties that could impact the project and
outlines strategies for managing those risks.

Procurement Plan [3]. The Procurement Plan outlines the

1. Which are the steps in managing a project ?

- The steps in managing a project are widely discussed
in various sources. A common framework of steps
used in project management are:
- Project initiation [1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9].
- Project planning [1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].
- Project execution [1, 3, 5, 9].
- Project monitoring and control [1, 3, 5, 9].
- Project closure [1, 3, 5].
 - It's important to note that these steps may vary
depending on the specific project management
approach or framework used. The Project
Management Institute (PMI) defines five phases of
project management including: conception and
initiation, project planning, project execution,
performance/monitoring, and project close [5].
Additionally, Project Central operates its

6. Which are the factors for a successful project ?

- There is no single formula for a successful project, but
several factors have been identified as critical to project
success by multiple sources:

Experienced project managers and professional project

team leaders [1].
Clearly defined and widely understood project goals [3].
Competent and experienced project teams [3].
Top management support [3].
Careful planning [4].
Effective communication [4, 10].
Attention to detail [4].
Good risk management [4].
Strong project closure [4].
A well-conceived plan with proper implementation [6].
Involved stakeholders [6].
Clear and clearly articulated goals [9].
Comprehensive, long-term, and detailed planning [9].
Early definition of deliverable quality criteria [9].
Active executive support with a focus on project results
[9].
Note that some sources also emphasize the importance of
measuring the success of a project after it's finished in
order to improve future project strategies [2].
Additionally, the goals and purpose of a project should be
considered in order to provide a rallying point for the
team [5].

7. Which are the laws in Project management ?

- Laws of Project Management

. No major project is ever installed on time, within

budget, with the
same staff that started it. Yours will not be the first.

. Projects progress quickly until they become 90%

complete. Then they
remain at 90% complete forever.

. One advantage of fuzzy project objectives is that they let

you avoid the
embarrassment of estimating the corresponding costs and
durations.

. When things are goïng well, something will go wrong.

When things
cant get any worse, they will. When things appear to be
going better,
you have overlooked something.

. lf project content is allowed to change freely, the rate of

change will
exceed the rate of progress.
. No system is ever completely debugged: attempts to
debug a system
inevitably introduce new bugs that are even harder to find.

. A carelessly planned project will take three times longer

to complete
than expected; a carefully planned project will take only
twice as long.

8. Which are requirements ,roles,responsibilities of a

Project Manager ?
The roles and responsibilities of a Project Manager vary
depending on the industry and organization, but some
common tasks include:

Planning the project: A Project Manager is responsible for

defining the main objectives of the project, its purpose,
and its scope. [5].

Assembling a team: Project Managers must create a team

and ensure that all members are working towards a shared
goal. [2].
Setting deadlines and monitoring project progress: Project
Managers must ensure that the project is completed on
time and within budget. They must monitor progress and
make adjustments as necessary. [10].

Problem solving: Project Managers must identify and

solve problems that arise during the course of a project.
[5].

Managing resources: Project Managers are responsible for

allocating resources, including people, materials, and
equipment, effectively. They must ensure that the project
is completed on budget. [7].

Communicating with stakeholders: Project Managers

must maintain effective communication with clients and
other stakeholders, keeping them up-to-date with project
progress. [1].

Evaluating project performance: Project Managers must

evaluate the performance of the project team and the
project itself to identify areas for improvement. [5].
In terms of requirements, a bachelor's degree is typically
required for a Project Manager, along with relevant
project management experience. Some organizations may
prefer a degree in engineering, construction management,
or architecture. [6].

Additionally, Project Managers may benefit from having

a variety of skills, including scheduling, project
management, and problem-solving skills. [3]. Project
Managers should also be familiar with requirements
management processes, such as planning and gathering
requirements. [9].

9. What is difference between the project plan and the

project management plan?
The difference between the project plan and the project
management plan is that the project plan is a visionary
document that outlines the vision for successfully
completing the project, while the project management
plan is executed to achieve that vision and provides the
system to be used to complete the project successfully [1].
The project plan gives the overarching view of the
project, including the project risks, budget, organization,
scope, goals, and objectives, and project schedule,
whereas the project management plan defines and
develops the systems to be used to complete the project,
including the monitoring and controlling of the project, as
well as its execution and closure [2, 3]. The project
management plan includes the definition of the approach
the project team will take to deliver the intended outcome
and includes baselines, subsidiary management plans, and
other planning documents [6].

10. Definition, significance anf purpose of research

project proposal
A research project proposal is a written description of a
research plan that outlines the specific areas of research,
the purpose, scope, methodology, overall organization,
and limitations of the study. The main purpose of a
research project proposal is to convince the reader of its
value and to prove that the project has a solid plan and
will be successful. The proposal should clearly state the
significance of the study, including what new insights or
information it will yield and how it will benefit the target
population, to demonstrate why the research is important
and needs to be conducted. The proposal should also
include the key value proposition of the project, which
sells its value to internal and external stakeholders and is
meant to grab their attention and get them excited about
the project [1, 2, 3, 5].

A research proposal also helps in developing a research

idea into a valid and scientific research project, providing
a general outline of the elements of a research proposal
[4]. Writing the significance of the study is an important
part of the research project proposal and can be achieved
by following a few simple steps, such as using the
research problem as a starting point and considering who
will benefit from the outcome of the research [10]

11.What is a basic and applied research project ( Should

you highlight the content) ?

Basic research is a type of research that seeks to

expand knowledge and understanding in a field of
study, motivated by curiosity and the desire to explore
the unknown. The goal of basic research is to advance
knowledge, and it focuses on a scholarly audience [3].
Applied research, on the other hand, is a type of
research that seeks to find practical solutions to
existing problems. This type of research is solution-
driven and involves the practical application of
scientific methods to everyday problems [8]. The goal
of applied research is to create innovative solutions
and improve existing knowledge in a way that
addresses specific problems [6].
In summary, basic research focuses on advancing
knowledge, while applied research focuses on finding
solutions to practical problems.