SAT Vocab Question Bank

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Question ID 5c38a6d5
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Words in Context Hard
ID: 5c38a6d5
In studying the use of external stimuli to reduce the itching sensation caused by an allergic histamine
response, Louise Ward and colleagues found that while harmless applications of vibration or warming
can provide a temporary distraction, such ______ stimuli actually offer less relief than a stimulus that
seems less benign, like a mild electric shock.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. deceptive
B. innocuous
C. novel
D. impractical
ID: 5c38a6d5 Answer

Correct Answer: B
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of Ward and colleagues’ findings.
As used in this context, “innocuous” means mild or unharmful. The text describes the vibration and warming that Ward
and colleagues used to alleviate itching as “harmless applications” and goes on to contrast these applications with
another stimulus that actually offers more relief even though it seems to be stronger and “less benign.” This context
conveys the idea that vibration and warming were innocuous stimuli.
Choice A is incorrect because the text focuses on a distinction between harmless stimuli and those that seem to be
less benign. Nothing in the text suggests that any of the treatments are “deceptive,” or misleading; indeed, even the less
effective ones are described as offering some relief. Choice C is incorrect because the text focuses on the amount of
relief from itching offered by harmless stimuli and those that seem to be less benign. The text doesn’t suggest that any
of these stimuli are “novel,” or original and new; heat, vibration, and electricity aren’t new inventions. Choice D is
incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense to describe an application of vibration or warming as “impractical,” or not
suitable for use. The text indicates that these harmless applications are useful in that they offer at least some
temporary relief.
Question Difficulty: Hard
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Question ID 4165e701
ID: 4165e701
Given that the conditions in binary star systems should make planetary formation nearly impossible, it’s
not surprising that the existence of planets in such systems has lacked ______ explanation. Roman
Rafikov and Kedron Silsbee shed light on the subject when they used modeling to determine a complex
set of factors that could support planets’ development.
A. a discernible
B. a straightforward
C. an inconclusive
D. an unbiased
ID: 4165e701 Answer

Correct Answer: B
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s description of efforts to explain the
existence of planets in binary star systems. As used in this context, describing an explanation as “a straightforward”
one would mean that the explanation is direct and uncomplicated. The text asserts that since it should be “nearly
impossible” for planets to form in binary star systems, it’s “not surprising” that there isn’t a straightforward explanation
for the existence of planets in such systems; the fact that one potential approach involves “complex” factors offers
further contextual support for this idea.
Choice A is incorrect because it would not make sense in context to say that there isn’t “a discernible” explanation—
meaning an explanation capable of being perceived—for the existence of planets in binary star systems. The text
discusses just such an explanation offered by Roman Rafikov and Kedron Silsbee, which indicates that their
explanation can be discerned. Choice C is incorrect because the text emphasizes how difficult it is to explain the
existence of planets in binary star systems, suggesting that the situation isn’t marked by the lack of “an inconclusive”
explanation—an explanation that does not resolve the issue—but rather that if any explanations have been offered,
they’ve likely been inconclusive ones. Choice D is incorrect because nothing in the text suggests that there is a lack of
“an unbiased,” or impartial and unprejudiced, explanation for the existence of planets in binary star systems. The text
indicates that it’s difficult to explain the existence of planets in such systems and it describes one attempt to do so, but
there is no evidence that explanations from Roman Rafikov and Kedron Silsbee or others are biased.
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Question ID 123cf5db
ID: 123cf5db
The work of Kiowa painter T.C. Cannon derives its power in part from the tension among his ______
influences: classic European portraiture, with its realistic treatment of faces; the American pop art
movement, with its vivid colors; and flatstyle, the intertribal painting style that rejects the effect of depth
typically achieved through shading and perspective.
A. complementary
B. unknown
C. disparate
D. interchangeable
ID: 123cf5db Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the artistic styles that have
influenced Cannon’s work. As used in this context, “disparate” means distinct or dissimilar. The text indicates that a
tension exists among the styles that have influenced Cannon’s work and goes on to describe how those styles differ:
classic European portraiture favors realism, American pop art uses vivid colors, and intertribal flatstyle rejects the use
of shading and perspective to achieve depth. This context suggests that the styles that have influenced Cannon’s work
are disparate.
Choice A is incorrect because the text indicates that there is a tension among the influences on Cannon’s artwork, so it
wouldn’t make sense to say that the influences are “complementary,” or that they complete one another or make up for
one another’s deficiencies. Choice B is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense to characterize Cannon’s influences
as “unknown,” or not familiar; it’s clear that the influences are known because the text goes on to list them. Choice D is
incorrect because the text indicates that there is a tension among the influences on Cannon’s work, not that they are
“interchangeable,” or capable of being used in one another’s place.
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Question ID a84b11c2
ID: a84b11c2
Some scientists have suggested that mammals in the Mesozoic era were not a very ______ group, but
paleontologist Zhe-Xi Luo’s research suggests that early mammals living in the shadow of dinosaurs
weren’t all ground-dwelling insectivores. Fossils of various plant-eating mammals have been found in
China, including species like Vilevolodon diplomylos, which Luo says could glide like a flying squirrel.
A. predatory
B. obscure
C. diverse
D. localized
ID: a84b11c2 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the kinds of mammals alive
during the Mesozoic era. As used in this context, “diverse” means to have a significant amount of variety. The text
indicates that some scientists have suggested that Mesozoic mammals can’t be characterized in a certain way, then
contrasts the view put forward by those scientists with Luo’s research, which shows that Mesozoic mammals “weren’t
all ground-dwelling insectivores” and instead were “various.” This context suggests that some scientists have viewed
Mesozoic mammals as being all alike, or not a very diverse group.
Choice A is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense to say that some scientists have suggested that Mesozoic
mammals weren’t very “predatory,” or that they didn’t prey on other animals, since the text establishes a contrast
between what some scientists have suggested and Luo’s research showing that Mesozoic mammals “weren’t all
ground-dwelling insectivores.” This context suggests that some scientists have regarded Mesozoic mammals as all
being insectivores, or animals that prey on insects, not that some scientists have suggested that Mesozoic mammals
didn’t prey on other animals. Choice B is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense to say that some scientists have
suggested that Mesozoic mammals weren’t very “obscure,” or concealed or not well known, since the text establishes a
contrast between what some scientists have suggested and Luo’s research showing that Mesozoic mammals were a
varied group. There’s no contrast between saying that the mammals weren’t concealed or well known and the
mammals being varied. Choice D is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense to say that some scientists have
suggested that Mesozoic mammals weren’t very “localized,” or confined to a particular area, since the text establishes
a contrast between what some scientists have suggested and Luo’s research showing that Mesozoic mammals were a
varied group. There’s no contrast between saying that the mammals weren’t localized and the mammals being varied.
Although the text mentions mammal fossils found in China, nothing in the discussion of Luo’s research addresses the
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Although the text mentions mammal fossils found in China, nothing in the discussion of Luo’s research addresses the
limits of Mesozoic mammal habitats.
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Question ID f2e39001
ID: f2e39001
Scholarly discussions of gender in Shakespeare’s comedies often celebrate the rebellion of the
playwright’s characters against the rigid expectations ______ by Elizabethan society. Most of the
comedies end in marriage, with characters returning to their socially dictated gender roles after
previously defying them, but there are some notable exceptions.
A. interjected
B. committed
C. illustrated
D. prescribed
ID: f2e39001 Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of gender roles in Shakespeare’s
comedies. As used in this context, “prescribed” would mean laid down as rules. The text indicates that the characters
in the comedies often defy gender roles that are “socially dictated” (even if most characters do return to those roles
eventually) and that scholars have been very interested in these acts of defiance. This context indicates that what the
characters are rebelling against are standards of behavior prescribed by the society of the time.
Choice A is incorrect because saying that expectations about gender were “interjected,” or suddenly inserted between
other things, wouldn’t make sense in context. There’s no suggestion in the text that the issue of gender roles was
inserted between other things or was an interruption in a larger discussion. Choice B is incorrect because the text
indicates that Shakespeare depicts characters rebelling against expectations about gender that have been “socially
dictated,” not expectations that society has “committed,” or carried out, entrusted, or promised. Choice C is incorrect
because the text indicates that Shakespeare depicts characters rebelling against expectations about gender that have
been “socially dictated,” not expectations that have been “illustrated,” or clarified with examples. Although it’s possible
for expectations about gender roles to be illustrated, there’s nothing in the text to indicate that characters in
Shakespeare’s comedies rebel against illustrations of gender expectations.
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Question ID bf0c8b48
ID: bf0c8b48
The following text is adapted from George Eliot’s 1871–72 novel Middlemarch.
[Mr. Brooke] had travelled in his younger years, and was held in this part of the country to have
contracted a too rambling habit of mind. Mr. Brooke’s conclusions were as difficult to predict as the
weather.
As used in the text, what does the word “contracted” most nearly mean?
A. Restricted
B. Described
C. Developed
D. Settled
ID: bf0c8b48 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer because as used in the text, “contracted” most nearly means developed. The text explains
that Mr. Brooke has a “too rambling habit of mind,” which the text likens to a disease, saying he is thought to have
contracted it. To contract a disease means to acquire or develop a disease. In other words, the text indicates that Mr.
Brooke is believed to have acquired, or developed, the habit of mind described in the text.
Choice A is incorrect. Although “contracted” can mean limited or restricted in some contexts, here Mr. Brooke is said to
draw unpredictable conclusions, suggesting that he exhibits this “too rambling habit of mind,” not that it has been
somehow limited or restricted. Choice B is incorrect. Although the text describes Mr. Brooke’s habit of mind, nothing
suggests that those are his descriptions or, indeed, that he described his habit of mind at all. Choice D is incorrect
because settled means calmed or mitigated, but here Mr. Brooke is said to draw unpredictable conclusions, suggesting
that he exhibits this “too rambling habit of mind,” not that it has been somehow calmed or mitigated.
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Question ID e3d3d5f1
ID: e3d3d5f1
Critics have asserted that fine art and fashion rarely ______ in a world where artists create timeless
works for exhibition and designers periodically produce new styles for the public to buy.
Luiseño/Shoshone-Bannock beadwork artist and designer Jamie Okuma challenges this view: her work
can be seen in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and purchased through her online boutique.
A. prevail
B. succumb
C. diverge
D. intersect
ID: e3d3d5f1 Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion about the relationship between
fine art and fashion. As used in this context, “intersect” means to connect or overlap. The text indicates that Jamie
Okuma challenges the position held by critics because her work can be seen at an art museum and can be bought by
the public from her online boutique. The text also presents the critics’ view as being influenced by a perception that fine
artists create works that are “timeless” and meant for exhibition, whereas fashion designers periodically produce new
styles that are meant for purchase. This context suggests that the critics believe that fine art and fashion tend not to
overlap—in other words, that they rarely intersect.
Choice A is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense in context to say that critics contend that fine art and fashion
rarely “prevail,” or prove to be triumphant or widespread. The text indicates that Okuma is an example of an artist who
demonstrates that it’s possible to make fine art that is also available to the public as fashion. Choice B is incorrect
because it wouldn’t make sense in context to say that fine art and fashion rarely “succumb,” or surrender. The text
establishes that unlike what critics believe, Okuma creates works that are in art museums and available for the public
to purchase, suggesting that critics believe fine art and fashion rarely overlap, not that they rarely succumb. Choice C is
incorrect because saying that critics believe that fine art and fashion rarely “diverge,” or disagree or move in different
directions, wouldn’t make sense in context. The text presents Okuma’s work as both fine art and fashion, thereby
undermining what the critics assert. This suggests that the critics believe that fine art and fashion rarely intersect
rather than that the two rarely diverge.
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Question ID bfad2097
ID: bfad2097
Investigating whether shared false visual memories—specific but inaccurate and widely held
recollections of images such as product logos—are caused by people’s previous ______ incorrect
renditions of the images, researchers Deepasri Prasad and Wilma Bainbridge found that, in fact, such
memories are often not explained by familiarity with erroneous versions of the images.
A. compliance with
B. exposure to
C. criteria for
D. forfeiture of
ID: bfad2097 Answer

Correct Answer: B
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. "Exposure to" means "having contact with." It makes sense that Prasad and Bainbridge
were investigating whether seeing false versions of images was a cause of false visual memories. Notice how
"exposure to incorrect renditions" matches the idea of "familiarity with erroneous versions," which appears later in the
sentence.
Choice A is incorrect. "Compliance with" means "going along with a command or directive." False versions of images
can’t give commands or directives, so this doesn’t apply. Choice C is incorrect. "Criteria" means "standards by which to
judge something." It’s not clear how people would come to have standards for the wrong version of an image in the first
place, let alone how those standards would cause them to falsely remember the correct version. In other words, this
choice would result in a confusing, unclear sentence. Choice D is incorrect. "Forfeiture of" means "a giving up of
something." It wouldn’t make sense to say that false memories of an image might be caused by giving up the wrong
version of the image.
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Question ID deb55365
ID: deb55365
While most animals are incapable of passing somatic mutations—genetic alterations that arise in an
organism’s nonreproductive cells—on to their offspring, elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) presents an
intriguing ______: in a 2022 study, researchers found that elkhorn coral produced offspring that inherited
somatic mutations from a parent.
A. hypothesis
B. affinity
C. anomaly
D. corroboration
ID: deb55365 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. An "anomaly" is something that deviates from norms or expectations. In this case, the
elkhorn coral is an anomaly because it can pass on somatic mutations, whereas most other animals can’t.
Choice A is incorrect. A "hypothesis" is "a theory about something," but no theories are provided about elkhorn coral in
this text, just facts. Choice B is incorrect. "Affinity" represents "an inclination or liking toward something." As genetic
mutations tend to occur without any conscious effort, you can’t really have an inclination toward passing on somatic
mutations. Choice D is incorrect. "Corroboration" means "evidence to support or prove something." Because elkhorn
coral do the opposite of what most animals do, they do not provide corroboration of the theory that somatic mutations
can’t be passed onto offspring. Rather, they show the opposite.
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Question ID 76d87f54
ID: 76d87f54
Economist Marco Castillo and colleagues showed that nuisance costs—the time and effort people must
spend to make donations—reduce charitable giving. Charities can mitigate this effect by compensating
donors for nuisance costs, but those costs, though variable, are largely ______ donation size, so charities
that compensate donors will likely favor attracting a few large donors over many small donors.
A. supplemental to
B. predictive of
C. independent of
D. subsumed in
ID: 76d87f54 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. We’re told that charities that pay donors back for nuisance costs will attract a few large
donors instead of many small donors. This suggests that nuisance costs are not linked to donation size.
Choice A is incorrect. This doesn’t fit the logic of the text. If nuisance costs are supplemental to (meaning in addition
to) donation size, that wouldn’t result in charities that compensate donors for those costs attracting a few large donors
over many small donors. Choice B is incorrect. This doesn’t fit the logic of the text. If nuisance costs can predict
donation size, that wouldn’t necessarily result in charities that compensate donors for those costs attracting a few
large donors over many small donors. Choice D is incorrect. This doesn’t fit the logic of the text. If nuisance costs are
subsumed in (meaning included in) donation size, that wouldn’t result in charities that compensate donors for those
costs attracting a few large donors over many small donors.
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Question ID eceefa95
ID: eceefa95
The province of Xoconochco was situated on the Pacific coast, hundreds of kilometers southeast of
Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. Because Xoconochco’s location within the empire was so
______, cacao and other trade goods produced there could reach the capital only after a long overland
journey.
A. unobtrusive
B. concealed
C. approximate
D. peripheral
ID: eceefa95 Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the location of the province of
Xoconochco within the Aztec Empire. As used in this context, “peripheral” means situated toward the outer bounds
rather than the center. The text indicates that Xoconochco was located on a coast, hundreds of kilometers away from
the capital of the Aztec Empire. The text also states that trade between the province and the capital required “a long
overland journey.” This context suggests that Xoconochco was situated toward an edge of the empire’s territory rather
than near its center.
Choice A is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense in context to refer to Xoconochco’s location within the Aztec
Empire as “unobtrusive,” or not blatant or undesirably prominent; it’s not clear how a province’s physical location would
or wouldn’t be blatant. Instead of focusing on how noticeable Xoconochco’s location was, the text emphasizes the
province’s distance from the capital of the empire, pointing out that because of this distance trade between the two
required “a long overland journey.” Choice B is incorrect because the text indicates that the province of Xoconochco
was located on a coast far from the capital of the Aztec Empire, not that it was “concealed,” or kept out of sight or
hidden from view. Nothing in the text suggests that Xoconochco was actually hidden such that people couldn’t see it,
and being hidden wouldn’t necessarily result in trade between the province and the capital requiring “a long overland
journey.” Choice C is incorrect because to say that Xoconochco’s location within the Aztec Empire was “approximate”
would mean that the location either wasn’t precisely correct or was close to some other location. Neither of these
meanings would make sense in context because the text indicates that Xoconochco’s location is known and that it was
far from the empire’s capital, so there’s no reason to characterize the location as either not precisely correct or close to
another location.
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Question ID dd415de8
ID: dd415de8
Seminole/Muscogee director Sterlin Harjo ______ television’s tendency to situate Native characters in the
distant past: this rejection is evident in his series Reservation Dogs, which revolves around teenagers
who dress in contemporary styles and whose dialogue is laced with current slang.
A. repudiates
B. proclaims
C. foretells
D. recants
ID: dd415de8 Answer

Correct Answer: A
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of Sterlin Harjo’s approach to
representing Native characters on television. As used in this context, “repudiates” means rejects or refuses to have
anything to do with. The text indicates that television shows tend to depict Native characters as living long ago, but that
Harjo’s series Reservation Dogs focuses on Native teenagers in the present day, representing a “rejection” of the typical
approach to depicting Native characters. This context thus indicates that Harjo repudiates television’s general tendency
regarding Native characters.
Choice B is incorrect because the text describes Harjo’s “rejection” of the typical approach to representing Native
characters on television, so it wouldn’t make sense to say that Harjo “proclaims,” or declares or affirms, television’s
general tendency regarding Native characters. Harjo is described as refusing to follow the pattern of depicting Native
characters in the distant past, not as proclaiming that pattern. Choice C is incorrect because the text describes
television’s tendency to represent Native characters in the distant past as something that is already occurring, not as
something that Harjo “foretells,” or predicts will happen in the future. The text is focused on Harjo’s “rejection” of this
pattern, not on any predictions he may have about it. Choice D is incorrect because saying that Harjo “recants”
something would mean that he withdraws a previously held belief, and it wouldn’t make sense to say that Harjo recants
television’s tendency to represent Native characters as living in the past. No beliefs previously held by Harjo are
mentioned. Additionally, a tendency isn’t a belief and thus isn’t something that can be recanted.
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Question ID c6da512f
ID: c6da512f
While scholars believe many Mesoamerican cities influenced each other, direct evidence of such
influence is difficult to ascertain. However, recent excavations in a sector of Tikal (Guatemala)
unearthed a citadel that shows ______ Teotihuacán (Mexico) architecture—including a near replica of a
famed Teotihuacán temple—providing tangible evidence of outside influence in portions of Tikal.
A. refinements of
B. precursors of
C. commonalities with
D. animosities toward
ID: c6da512f Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of architectural influences
among Mesoamerican cities. In this context, “commonalities with” means similarities to or shared attributes with. The
text indicates that a recently discovered citadel in Tikal includes a close imitation of a famous temple in Teotihuacán
(another Mesoamerican city) and other evidence of Teotihuacán influence, which suggests that the citadel possesses
features that resemble architectural features found in Teotihuacán. This context thus indicates that the Tikal citadel
shows commonalities with Teotihuacán architecture.
Choice A is incorrect because there’s nothing in the text that suggests that the Tikal citadel shows “refinements of,” or
improvements on, Teotihuacán architecture. Although the text suggests that the architecture of Teotihuacán influenced
the architecture of the Tikal citadel, and although it’s possible that later architectural designs could make
improvements on earlier designs, the text doesn’t discuss whether, in imitating Teotihuacán architecture, the Tikal
citadel’s builders improved on it. Choice B is incorrect because describing the citadel in Tikal as showing “precursors
of” Teotihuacán architecture—or features that preceded and foreshadowed those of Teotihuacán architecture—would
imply the opposite of what the text suggests about the relationship between the architecture found in Tikal and
Teotihuacán. The text claims that the discovery of similarities between the Tikal citadel and the architecture of
Teotihuacán, including a replica of a temple in Teotihuacán, provides evidence of outside influences on Tikal
architecture. If the Tikal citadel was influenced by Teotihuacán architecture, then the Teotihuacán architecture must
predate the citadel, not the other way around. In this context, therefore, it wouldn’t make sense to say that the Tikal
citadel shows precursors of Teotihuacán architecture. Choice D is incorrect because the text discusses how the citadel
in Tikal indicates the influence of Teotihuacán architecture, which implies that the makers of the Tikal citadel likely
admired aspects of Teotihuacán architecture enough to imitate it. Thus, there’s no reason to think that the Tikal citadel
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admired aspects of Teotihuacán architecture enough to imitate it. Thus, there’s no reason to think that the Tikal citadel
provides evidence of the Tikal people’s “animosities toward,” or feelings of strong dislike or hostility toward,
Teotihuacán architecture.
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Question ID f6e632fb
ID: f6e632fb
Researcher Haesung Jung led a 2020 study showing that individual acts of kindness can ______
prosocial behavior across a larger group. Jung and her team found that bystanders who witness a
helpful act become more likely to offer help to someone else, and in doing so, can inspire still others to
act.
A. require
B. remember
C. foster
D. discourage
ID: f6e632fb Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of Jung and her team’s study of
acts of kindness. In this context, “foster” means encourage or promote the development of. The text indicates that
Jung and her team found that seeing a helpful (or prosocial) act makes a bystander more likely to help someone else,
which can in turn inspire additional people to help others. That is, the team showed that single acts of kindness can
foster additional prosocial acts across a group.
Choice A is incorrect because nothing in the text suggests that Jung and her team found that single acts of kindness
“require,” or depend on or make obligatory, broader prosocial (or helpful) behavior across a group. There’s no
suggestion in the text that individual acts of kindness can only occur if other prosocial acts have already occurred, and
the text indicates only that an act of kindness can inspire additional helpful acts, not that it necessarily will do so.
Choice B is incorrect because the text focuses on a possible direct effect of individual acts of kindness, or single
helpful actions, and it wouldn’t make sense to suggest that actions can “remember,” or hold a memory of, something.
Choice D is incorrect because the text doesn’t indicate that Jung and her team found that single acts of kindness can
“discourage,” or hinder, prosocial (or helpful) behavior across a group. On the contrary, the text states that Jung and her
team found that seeing a helpful act makes a bystander more likely to help someone else, which can in turn inspire
even more people to help others.
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Question ID 2e5a7736
ID: 2e5a7736
As an undergraduate researcher in anthropology, Jennifer C. Chen contributed to a groundbreaking
study challenging the accepted view that among prehistoric peoples, female participation in hunting
was ______. The research team’s review of data from late Pleistocene and early Holocene burials in the
Americas revealed that, in fact, as many as half of the hunters in those populations were female.
A. inevitable
B. satisfactory
C. negligible
D. commonplace
ID: 2e5a7736 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the study of female
participation in hunting among prehistoric peoples. In this context, “negligible” means not significant enough to be
worth considering. The text says that the study challenged the accepted view of female participation in hunting among
prehistoric peoples. The text goes on to say that the researchers found that “in fact, as many as half” the hunters in the
groups studied were female. The phrase “in fact” establishes a contrast indicating that the finding that as many as half
the hunters were female differs from the accepted view. This context suggests, then, that the accepted view is that
female participation in hunting was negligible.
Choice A is incorrect because the text indicates that the study challenged the accepted view by showing that as many
as half of hunters among prehistoric peoples were female, which suggests that the accepted view is that female
participation was low, not that female participation was “inevitable,” or unavoidable. Nothing in the text suggests that
the accepted view is that prehistoric peoples could not avoid female participation in hunting. Choice B is incorrect
because nothing in the text suggests that the accepted view of female participation in hunting among prehistoric
peoples is that such participation was “satisfactory,” or sufficient to meet a requirement or demand. There is no
information in the text about any demands or requirements regarding female participation in hunting, let alone any
information about how much female participation in hunting would be enough to satisfy those demands or
requirements. Instead, the text indicates that the study challenged the accepted view by showing that as many as half
the hunters in the groups studied were female, suggesting that the accepted view is that female participation in hunting
was low. Choice D is incorrect because the text indicates that the study challenged the accepted view by showing that
as many as half of hunters among the prehistoric peoples studied were female, which suggests that the accepted view
is that female participation was low, not that female participation was “commonplace,” or ordinary or unremarkable.
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is that female participation was low, not that female participation was “commonplace,” or ordinary or unremarkable.
Although the study under discussion suggests that female participation may have been commonplace, that study is
presented as challenging the accepted view, not as reinforcing the accepted view.
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Question ID 0fd6f290
ID: 0fd6f290
New and interesting research conducted by Suleiman A. Al-Sweedan and Moath Alhaj is inspired by their
observation that though there have been many studies of the effect of high altitude on blood chemistry,
there is a ______ studies of the effect on blood chemistry of living in locations below sea level, such as
the California towns of Salton City and Seeley.
A. quarrel about
B. paucity of
C. profusion of
D. verisimilitude in
ID: 0fd6f290 Answer

Correct Answer: B
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer because it most logically and precisely completes the text’s discussion of studies of
altitude’s effect on blood chemistry. In this context, “paucity of” means lack of. In describing the inspiration behind Al-
Sweedan and Alhaj’s research, the text uses the word “though” to suggest a contrasting relationship between two types
of studies: those examining the effect on blood chemistry of living at a high altitude and those examining the effect on
blood chemistry of living in locations below sea level. This contrasting relationship and the text’s use of the word
“many” provide context suggesting that there are few, if any, examples of the second type of study, whereas there are
numerous examples of the first type.
Choice A is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense in context for there to be a “quarrel about,” or open disagreement
about, studies of the effect on blood chemistry of living in locations below sea level. The text’s use of the words
“though” and “many” suggests a contrasting relationship in terms of amount between two types of studies: those
examining the effect on blood chemistry of living at a high altitude and those examining the effect on blood chemistry
of living in locations below sea level. There’s nothing in the text to suggest that the contrast between the two types of
studies involves the extent to which researchers broadly agree or disagree about the contents of either type. Choice C
is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense in context for there to be a “profusion of,” or great abundance of, studies of
the effect on blood chemistry of living in locations below sea level. The text’s use of the words “though” and “many”
suggests a contrasting relationship in terms of amount between two types of studies: those examining the effect on
blood chemistry of living at a high altitude and those examining the effect on blood chemistry of living in locations
below sea level. Rather than logically completing this contrast, “profusion of” would indicate that the two types of
studies are similar in terms of amount, with many examples existing of both types. Choice D is incorrect because it
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
wouldn’t make sense in context for there to be a “verisimilitude in,” or appearance of truth in, studies of the effect on
blood chemistry of living in locations below sea level. The text’s use of the words “though” and “many” suggests a
contrasting relationship in terms of amount between two types of studies: those examining the effect on blood
chemistry of living at a high altitude and those examining the effect on blood chemistry of living in locations below sea
level. There’s nothing in the text to suggest that the contrast between the two types of studies involves the extent to
which either type of study presents an appearance of truth.
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
Question ID 79543afc
ID: 79543afc
It is by no means ______ to recognize the influence of Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch on Ali Banisadr’s
paintings; indeed, Banisadr himself cites Bosch as an inspiration. However, some scholars have
suggested that the ancient Mesopotamian poem Epic of Gilgamesh may have had a far greater impact
on Banisadr’s work.
A. substantial
B. satisfying
C. unimportant
D. appropriate
ID: 79543afc Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the sentence about the influences on Banisadr’s work.
In context, “It is by no means” followed by “unimportant” conveys how it is relevant to recognize Bosch’s influence on
Banisadr. The text points out that the artist himself cites Bosch as an inspiration, and then goes on to claim that The
Epic of Gilgamesh has had a more significant influence than Bosch.
Choice A is incorrect because “substantial,” which means weighty or meaningful, incorrectly suggests that it wouldn’t
be meaningful to acknowledge Bosch’s influence on Banisadr. The phrase “indeed, Banisadr himself cites Bosch as an
inspiration” doesn’t support this suggestion. Choice B is incorrect because “satisfying,” which means pleasing,
incorrectly suggests that it wouldn’t be pleasing to acknowledge Bosch’s influence on Banisadr. The phrase “indeed,
Banisadr himself cites Bosch as an inspiration” doesn’t support this suggestion. Choice D is incorrect because
“appropriate,” which means suitable, incorrectly suggests that it wouldn’t be proper to acknowledge Bosch’s influence
on Banisadr. The phrase “indeed, Banisadr himself cites Bosch as an inspiration” doesn’t support this suggestion.
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
Question ID 267f8986
ID: 267f8986
For her 2021 art installation Anthem, Wu Tsang joined forces with singer and composer Beverly Glenn-
Copeland to produce a piece that critics found truly ______: they praised Tsang for creatively
transforming a museum rotunda into a dynamic exhibit by projecting filmed images of Glenn-Copeland
onto a massive 84-foot curtain and filling the space with the sounds of his and other voices singing.
A. restrained
B. inventive
C. inexplicable
D. mystifying
ID: 267f8986 Answer

Correct Answer: B
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the art installation Anthem. In
this context, “inventive” means characterized by invention and creativity. The text explains that critics’ responses to the
installation involved praise for Tsang’s creative transformation of a space into a dynamic exhibit with huge images and
lots of sound. This context conveys that the critics found the piece particularly creative.
Choice A is incorrect because the text indicates that critics praised the installation for being dynamic and including
huge images and lots of sound, and it wouldn’t make sense to describe such an exhibit as “restrained,” or limited and
not extravagant or showy. Choice C is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense to say that critics found the installation
“inexplicable,” or incapable of being explained or interpreted, since the critics were able to explain their praise for the
installation’s transformation of a space with huge images and lots of sound. Choice D is incorrect because the text
focuses on the idea that critics praised Tsang for creatively transforming a space into a dynamic exhibit, not that they
found the installation “mystifying,” or bewildering and hard to understand. Nothing in the text suggests that the critics
couldn’t understand the piece.
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
Question ID e8e987a7
ID: e8e987a7
Some economic historians ______ that late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century households in the
United States experienced an economy of scale when it came to food purchases—they assumed that
large households spent less on food per person than did small households. Economist Trevon Logan
showed, however, that a close look at the available data disproves this supposition.
A. surmised
B. contrived
C. questioned
D. regretted
ID: e8e987a7 Answer

Correct Answer: A
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of late nineteenth- and early
twentieth-century household food purchases. In this context, “surmised” means formed an idea or assumption with
little evidence. The text explains that certain economic historians “assumed” that large and small households spent
different amounts on food per person, but that another economist found this supposition to be false based on evidence
from available data. This context suggests that the economic historians made an incorrect assumption without enough
consideration of evidence.
Choice B is incorrect. In this context, “contrived” would mean brought about or created through trickery. Nothing in the
text suggests that the economic historians were deliberately trying to trick people with a claim about food purchasing
behaviors in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century households; the text simply suggests that they made an
assumption about those behaviors that another historian believes isn’t supported by the available data. Choice C is
incorrect because the text indicates that it’s Logan and not the economic historians who “questioned,” or doubted, the
assumption that large and small households in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries spent different
amounts on food per person; the economic historians are the ones who made that assumption to begin with. Choice D
is incorrect because nothing in the text suggests that some economic historians “regretted,” or felt sad or remorseful
about, the food purchasing behaviors of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century households. The text focuses on
the idea that the economic historians made an assumption about those behaviors that may not be supported by
available data, not on the historians’ emotional response to what households did in the past.
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
Question ID 702a74f4
ID: 702a74f4
According to a US tax policy expert, state taxes are ______ other factors when considering an interstate
move. Even significant differences in state taxation have almost no effect on most people’s decisions,
while differences in employment opportunities, housing availability, and climate are strong influences.
A. consistent with
B. representative of
C. overshadowed by
D. irrelevant to
ID: 702a74f4 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the factors that influence
peoples’ decisions to move to a different state. As used in this context, “overshadowed by” means to be surpassed by
or caused to seem less important than other factors affecting a move. The text indicates that, according to a US tax
policy expert, when people think about an interstate move, state taxes have little effect on their decisions, while
employment opportunities, housing availability, and climate have a very strong effect. This context suggests that
people consider these other factors to be more important than state taxes.
Choice A is incorrect because the text indicates that state taxes aren’t as important a consideration as other factors
when people are thinking of moving to another state. The context doesn’t suggest that state taxes are “consistent with,”
or in agreement with these other factors. Choice B is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense in context to say that
state taxes are “representative of,” or typical of, other factors. Taxes aren’t an example of employment opportunities,
housing availability, and climate, which are the other factors listed in the text. Choice D is incorrect because it wouldn’t
make sense in context to say that state taxes are “irrelevant to,” or unconnected or unimportant to other factors. State
taxes are irrelevant to peoples’ decisions, not to other factors. In other words, although the text suggests that state
taxes may be irrelevant to people considering a move to another state, the other factors mentioned in the text, such as
employment opportunities, are unable to have an opinion about state taxes. Furthermore, the text indicates that
significant differences in state taxes have almost no effect on peoples’ choices to move, but they aren’t completely
unimportant.
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
Question ID 7f66ae7e
ID: 7f66ae7e
Within baleen whale species, some individuals develop an accessory spleen—a seemingly functionless
formation of splenetic tissue outside the normal spleen. Given the formation’s greater prevalence
among whales known to make deeper dives, some researchers hypothesize that its role isn’t ______;
rather, the accessory spleen may actively support diving mechanisms.
A. replicable
B. predetermined
C. operative
D. latent
ID: 7f66ae7e Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of baleen whale accessory
spleens. In this context, “latent” means dormant or functionless. The text sets up a contrast between the idea that
baleen whale accessory spleens appear not to have a function and the research indicating that the accessory spleen
may actually have a role in supporting the whales’ diving mechanisms. This context therefore conveys the idea that the
assumption that baleen whale accessory spleens are latent may be incorrect.
Choice A is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense to say that the role of the accessory spleen is “replicable,” or
capable of being reproduced. The text indicates that the role of the accessory spleen seems to have no function, but
some researchers think it does have a role; the text doesn’t address whether the role of the accessory spleen could or
couldn’t be reproduced. Choice B is incorrect because suggesting that the role of the accessory spleen is
“predetermined,” or decided in advance, wouldn’t make sense in context. Although the researchers may agree that the
role of the accessory spleen or any other organ hasn’t been determined in advance, the text focuses on the idea that
the accessory spleen was thought to have been functionless but may in fact serve an active role for baleen whales.
Choice C is incorrect because it’s the opposite of what the context of the text is conveying. The second sentence of the
text indicates that baleen whale accessory spleens may not be useless, not that they aren’t “operative,” or functional.
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
Question ID 826c2a7e
ID: 826c2a7e
Close analysis of the painting Girl with a Flute, long attributed to the seventeenth-century Dutch painter
Johannes Vermeer, has revealed subtle deviations from the artist’s signature techniques. These
variations suggest that the work may be that of a student under Vermeer’s tutelage—potentially ______
our understanding of Vermeer as a solitary artist.
A. negating
B. prefiguring
C. entrenching
D. substantiating
ID: 826c2a7e Answer

Correct Answer: A
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. "Negating" means "reversing" or "making invalid." Proving that Vermeer worked with
students would reverse the view of him as a solitary artist.
Choice B is incorrect. "Prefiguring" means "being an early indicator of." There already existed views of Vermeer as a
solitary painter, so a new painting would not be an early indicator of those views. Rather, a painting proving that
Vermeer had a student would contradict those earlier views. Choice C is incorrect. "Entrenching" means "solidifying." A
painting proving that Vermeer had a student would not solidify views of him as solitary, but would rather contradict
those views. Choice D is incorrect. "Substantiating" means "supporting with proof." A painting proving that Vermeer had
a student would not support views of him as solitary, but would rather contradict those views.
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
Question ID 0c0e9872
ID: 0c0e9872
The following text is adapted from Oscar Wilde’s 1895 play The Importance of Being Earnest.
CECILY: Have we got to part?
ALGERNON: I am afraid so. It’s a very painful parting.
CECILY: It is always painful to part from people whom one has known for a very brief space of time.
The absence of old friends one can endure with equanimity. But even a momentary separation from
anyone to whom one has just been introduced is almost unbearable.
As used in the text, what does the word “endure” most nearly mean?
A. Regret
B. Persist
C. Tolerate
D. Encourage
ID: 0c0e9872 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer because as used in the text, “endure” most nearly means tolerate. In the text, Cecily and
Algernon discuss parting, or saying goodbye. Cecily remarks on the deep pain of saying goodbye to people whom one
has only known briefly and then comments on the equanimity, or calm steadiness, one experiences when separated
from old friends. The text sets up an ironic contrast: one can easily tolerate, or put up with, the absence of close
friends, but even a very short separation from a new acquaintance is unbearable.
Choice A is incorrect. Nothing in the text suggests that Cecily associates regret, or a feeling of sorrow, with the
absence of old friends. Rather, the text sets up an ironic contrast between the feeling of calm steadiness one feels
when separated from old friends and the unbearable pain of being separated from new acquaintances. Choice B is
incorrect. Although in some contexts “endure” can mean persist, or proceed stubbornly, it doesn’t have that meaning in
this context because what is being endured is the absence of old friends. Whereas one can persist despite the absence
of someone else, one can’t persist the absence itself. Choice D is incorrect because the text doesn’t convey that Cecily
encourages, or urges, old friends to be absent. Although it may be that Cecily prefers new acquaintances to friends she
has known for a long time, the text focuses on her feelings as a result of others’ absences, not on her treatment of
others.
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
Question ID 12bece85
ID: 12bece85
Rejecting the premise that the literary magazine Ebony and Topaz (1927) should present a unified vision
of Black American identity, editor Charles S. Johnson fostered his contributors’ diverse perspectives by
promoting their authorial autonomy. Johnson’s self-effacement diverged from the editorial stances of
W.E.B. Du Bois and Alain Locke, whose decisions for their publications were more ______.
A. proficient
B. dogmatic
C. ambiguous
D. unpretentious
ID: 12bece85 Answer

Correct Answer: B
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. A person who is "dogmatic" believes strongly that their principles and opinions are true.
Because Du Bois and Locke are implied to have one "unified vision" of Black American identity that they prioritize over
the "diverse perspectives" of different writers, they can be described as dogmatic.
Choice A is incorrect. "Proficient" means "skilled." Du Bois and Locke are contrasted with Johnson, but nothing in the
text suggests that Johnson was not skilled at making editorial decisions. Based on the text, the three editors just have
different styles; they’re not necessarily more or less skilled. Choice C is incorrect. "Ambiguous" means "unclear" or
"open to multiple interpretations." However, it’s actually Johnson who encouraged multiple interpretations ("diverse
perspectives"). Since Du Bois and Locke are said to "diverge" from Johnson, we can assume that the views they
published were not ambiguous, but instead clear and firm (a "unified vision"). Choice D is incorrect. "Unpretentious"
means "not trying to impress others with greater skill or importance than is actually possessed." Du Bois and Locke are
contrasted with Johnson, but nothing in the text suggests that Johnson is pretentious (trying to impress others).
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
Question ID 651e7f7c
ID: 651e7f7c
The güiro, a musical instrument traditionally made from a dried and hollowed gourd, is thought to have
originated with the Taíno people of Puerto Rico. Players use a wooden stick to scrape along ridges cut
into the side of the gourd, creating sounds that are highly ______: the sounds produced by güiros can
differ based on the distance between the ridges, the types of strokes the player uses, and the thickness
of the gourd.
A. overlooked
B. powerful
C. routine
D. variable
ID: 651e7f7c Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the sounds made by güiros. In
this context, “variable” means able to change. The text begins by explaining that güiros are instruments made out of
hollowed gourds with ridges cut into their sides and that players scrape the ridges with wooden sticks to produce
sounds. The text goes on to say that güiros’ sounds can change depending on gourd thickness, the distance between
ridges, and the types of strokes the player uses, thus supporting the idea that the sounds created by these instruments
are variable.
Choice A is incorrect because “overlooked” means not being seen or noticed, and there is nothing in the text to suggest
that the sounds produced by güiros are overlooked or not noticed. Choice B is incorrect because in this context,
“powerful” would mean having a great ability to produce an effect. While it’s possible that the sounds produced by
güiros have a strong effect on listeners, the text doesn’t discuss this aspect of their sounds. Choice C is incorrect
because “routine” means usual and unvarying, and there is nothing in the text to suggest that the sounds produced by
güiros are unvarying. In fact, the text describes how the sounds produced by güiros can differ based on several
factors.
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
Question ID 2ee50bdd
ID: 2ee50bdd
Whether the reign of a French monarch such as Hugh Capet or Henry I was historically consequential or
relatively uneventful, its trajectory was shaped by questions of legitimacy and therefore cannot be
understood without a corollary understanding of the factors that allowed the monarch to ______ his right
to hold the throne.
A. disengage
B. annotate
C. buttress
D. reciprocate
ID: 2ee50bdd Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the legitimacy of the reigns of
French monarchs such as Hugh Capet and Henry I. As used in this context, “buttress” means to strengthen or defend.
The text indicates that regardless of whether a French monarch’s reign was significant or uneventful, each monarch
faced questions about his right to the throne. The text goes on to say that in order to understand the path of a French
monarch’s reign, it’s important to understand what contributed to the monarch’s ability to “hold the throne.” This context
suggests that French monarchs such as Hugh Capet and Henry I had to buttress, or defend, their right to be monarch.
Choice A is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense in context to discuss factors that enabled a monarch to
“disengage,” or withdraw his right to the French throne. The text focuses on an examination of people who reigned as
French monarchs, not on people who didn’t choose to rule. Choice B is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense in
context to discuss factors that enabled a monarch to “annotate,” or add notes to or explain, his right to the French
throne. Nothing in the text suggests that the monarchs were writing notes about their right to the throne; instead, faced
with questions about the legitimacy of their reign, the monarchs defended their right. Choice D is incorrect. Saying that
a monarch who is faced with questions about the legitimacy of his reign was able to “reciprocate” his right to the
French throne would mean that he either returned his right to the throne or that he responded in kind to the challenge.
Neither of these meanings would make sense in context because the text focuses on people who did reign as French
monarchs and defended their right to do so.
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
Question ID f7455dfd
ID: f7455dfd
Some foraging models predict that the distance bees travel when foraging will decline as floral density
increases, but biologists Shalene Jha and Claire Kremen showed that bees’ behavior is inconsistent with
this prediction if flowers in dense patches are ______: bees will forage beyond patches of low species
richness to acquire multiple resource types.
A. depleted
B. homogeneous
C. immature
D. dispersed
ID: f7455dfd Answer

Correct Answer: B
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of Jha and Kremen’s finding
about bees’ foraging behavior. In this context, “homogeneous” means uniform or of the same kind. The text indicates
that some models predict that the distance that bees travel when they’re foraging declines as the density of flowers
increases. The text goes on to say, however, that Jha and Kremen identified a circumstance in which bees don’t behave
this way. Specifically, if bees encounter “patches of low species richness”—that is, patches in which the flowers are
largely from the same species—they’ll travel beyond those patches to get varied food resources. This context thus
suggests that bees don’t behave as some models predict if the dense patches of flowers the bees encounter are
homogeneous.
Choice A is incorrect because the text indicates that Jha and Kremen found that bees will behave differently than some
models predict if the bees encounter flower patches that are not rich in species, not if the flowers are “depleted,” or
emptied or reduced in quality or quantity. Although it could be true that bees are likely to leave depleted patches in
search of more resources, the text doesn’t indicate that Jha and Kremen investigated that possibility. Choice C is
incorrect because there’s no information in the text suggesting that bees will not behave as some models predict if
flowers in patches are “immature,” or not fully developed. Instead, the text indicates that Jha and Kremen found that
bees will behave contrary to some models’ predictions if the flower patches are not rich in species. Choice D is
incorrect because the text indicates that bees’ behavior will be inconsistent with the predictions of some models if the
flower patches that the bees encounter are of low species richness, not if the flowers are in patches that are
“dispersed,” or widely scattered. Although the text does describe bees as leaving patches that are not rich in species to
forage elsewhere, there’s no suggestion that Jha and Kremen found that the distance between dense flower patches
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
affects whether the bees behave as some models predict.
18/2/2024, 10:17 AM
Question ID d53bcf3b
ID: d53bcf3b
The author’s claim about the relationship between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens is ______, as it fails
to account for several recent archaeological discoveries. To be convincing, his argument would need to
address recent finds of additional hominid fossils, such as the latest Denisovan specimens and Homo
longi.
A. disorienting
B. tenuous
C. nuanced
D. unoriginal
ID: d53bcf3b Answer

Correct Answer: B
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the author’s claim about the
relationship between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. As used in this context, “tenuous” means lacking substance.
The end of the first sentence states that the author’s claim didn’t consider certain key pieces of evidence—“recent
archaeological discoveries”—and is therefore weak.
Choice A is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense in context to refer to the author’s claim as “disorienting,” or
confusing. The text suggests that the author’s claim is insubstantial, not that it’s difficult to grasp. Choice C is incorrect
because referring to the claim as “nuanced,” or subtle, wouldn’t make sense in context. According to the text, the claim
is incomplete because it didn’t consider certain key information about recent archaeological finds; it doesn’t suggest
that what’s in the claim lacks precision. Choice D is incorrect because saying that the claim is “unoriginal,” or imitative,
wouldn’t make sense in context. The text faults the claim because it doesn’t consider certain key information about
recent archaeological finds; it doesn’t suggest that the author’s claim lacks originality.

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