Scribd
Upload
30 views

HTML Tutorial

Uploaded by

ben munjaru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
30 views

HTML Tutorial

Uploaded by

ben munjaru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 47

HTML

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language on Web to
develop web pages. HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0" was the first standard
HTML specification which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a major version of HTML and it was
published in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but currently we are having HTML-5
version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this version was published in 2012.
Why to Learn HTML?
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings,
paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between researchers. Now,
HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available in HTML language.
HTML is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software Engineer specially
when they are working in Web Development Domain. I will list down some of the key advantages of
learning HTML:
 Create Web site - You can create a website or customize an existing web template if you know HTML
well.
 Become a web designer - If you want to start a carrer as a professional web designer, HTML and CSS
designing is a must skill.
 Understand web - If you want to optimize your website, to boost its speed and performance, it is
good to know HTML to yield best results.
 Learn other languages - Once you understands the basic of HTML then other related technologies like
javascript, php, or angular are become easier to understand.

Hello World using HTML.


Just to give you a little excitement about HTML, I'm going to give you a small conventional HTML Hello
World program, You can try it using Demo link.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Hello World!</p>
</body>
</html>
Applications of HTML
As mentioned before, HTML is one of the most widely used language over the web. I'm going to list few
of them here:
 Web pages development - HTML is used to create pages which are rendered over the web. Almost
every page of web is having html tags in it to render its details in browser.
 Internet Navigation - HTML provides tags which are used to navigate from one page to another and
is heavily used in internet navigation.
 Responsive UI - HTML pages now-a-days works well on all platform, mobile, tabs, desktop or laptops
owing to responsive design strategy.
 Offline support HTML pages once loaded can be made available offline on the machine without any
need of internet.
 Game development- HTML5 has native support for rich experience and is now useful in gaming
developent arena as well.

Prerequisites
Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic working knowledge with Windows or Linux
operating system, additionally you must be familiar with −

 Experience with any text editor like notepad, notepad++, or Edit plus etc.
 How to create directories and files on your computer.
 How to navigate through different directories.
 How to type content in a file and save them on a computer.
 Understanding about images in different formats like JPEG, PNG format.

Basic HTML Document


In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the content. These
tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most of the tags have their
corresponding closing tags. For example, <html> has its closing tag </html> and <body> tag has its
closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses the following tags −

Sr.No Tag & Description

1 <!DOCTYPE...>
This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

2 <html>
This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of document header which is
represented by <head>...</head> and document body which is represented by <body>...</body> tags.

3 <head>
This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags like <title>, <link> etc.

4 <title>
The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title.

5 <body>
This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.

k <h1>m
This tag represents the heading.

To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand how they behave, while formatting a
textual document. Learning HTML is simple as users have to learn the usage of different tags in order to
format the text or images to make a beautiful webpage.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends to use lowercase tags starting from HTML 4.

HTML Document Structure


A typical HTML document will have the following structure −
<html>
<head>
Document header related tags
</head>
<body>
Document body related tags
</body>
</html>

We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters, but for now let's see what is
document declaration tag.

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version of the HTML
used in the document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the following declaration −
<!DOCTYPE html>

There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML document depending on what
version of HTML is being used. We will see more details on this while discussing <!DOCTYPE...> tag along
with other HTML tags.

HTML - Basic Tags


Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also has six
levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>. While displaying
any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that heading.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –

This is heading 1
This is heading 2
This is heading 3
This is heading 4
This is heading 5
This is heading 6

Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of text should
go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the example −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –

Here is a first paragraph of text.


Here is a second paragraph of text.
Here is a third paragraph of text.

Line Break Tag


Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line. This tag is an
example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to
go in between them.

The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit this space, older
browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward slash character and
just use <br> it is not valid in XHTML.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment ontime.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
Hello
You delivered your assignment on time.
Thanks
Mahnaz

Centering Content
You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>

<title>Centring Content Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<p>This text is not in the center.</p>

<center>

<p>This text is in the center.</p>

</center>

</body>

</html>

This will produce following result –


This text is not in the center.
This text is in the center.

Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a line from
the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line accordingly.
For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example below −

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –

This is paragraph one and should be on top

This is paragraph two and should be at bottom


Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags,
as there is nothing to go in between them.

The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you omit this space,
older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while if you miss the forward slash
character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML
Preserve Formatting
Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML document. In
these cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>.

Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the formatting of the
source document.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –

function testFunction( strText ){

alert (strText)

}
Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags
Nonbreaking Spaces
Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a browser to split the
"12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines −
An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."

In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a nonbreaking space
entity &nbsp; instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men" in a paragraph,
you should use something similar to the following code −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie "12&nbsp;Angry&nbsp;Men."</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –

An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."


HTML - Elements
An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a
closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown below with few tags −

Start Tag Content End Tag

<p> This is paragraph content. </p>

<h1> This is heading content. </h1>

<div> This is division content. </div>

<br />

So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are some HTML
elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements. These are
known as void elements.

HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents should be
built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document.

HTML Tag vs. Element


An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with
a closing tag.

For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same paragraph
but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.

Nested HTML Elements

It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element −

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nested Elements Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
<p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
This will display the following result –
This is italic heading
This is underlined paragraph
HTML - Attributes
We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph tag <p> and other
tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML tags can also have attributes,
which are extra bits of information.
An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the element's
opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts − a name and a value
 The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the example
carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the alignment of paragraph
on the page.
 The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within quotations.
The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left, center and right.
Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Align Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p align = "left">This is left aligned</p>
<p align = "center">This is center aligned</p>
<p align = "right">This is right aligned</p>
</body>
</html>

This will display the following result −


This is left aligned
This is center aligned
This is right aligned
Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not all) are −
 Id
 Title
 Class
 Style
The Id Attribute
The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an HTML page. There
are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element −
 If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify just that element
and its content.
 If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you can use the id
attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name.
We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to distinguish between
two paragraph elements as shown below.
Example
<p id = "html">This para explains what is HTML</p>
<p id = "css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>

The title Attribute


The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title attribute is similar as
explained for id attribute −
The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often displayed
as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is loading.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>The title Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3 title = "Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
Titled Heading Tag Example

Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that whatever title you
used in your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor.
The class Attribute
The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the class of element.
You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS).
So for now you can avoid it.
The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example −
class = "className1 className2 className3"

The style Attribute


The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the element.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>The style Attribute</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style = "font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
Some text...
At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much about CSS.
Here, you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they can be used while formatting
content.
Internationalization Attributes
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most (although not all) XHTML
elements.
 dir
 lang
 xml:lang

The dir Attribute


The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser about the direction in which the text should flow.
The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table that follows −

Value Meaning

ltr Left to right (the default value)

rtl Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir = "rtl">
<head>
<title>Display Directions</title>
</head>
<body>
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be presented within the
entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the text's direction for just the content of that
tag.
The lang Attribute
The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this attribute was
kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML. This attribute has been
replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang = "en">
<head>
<title>English Language Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This page is using English Language
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


This page is using English Language
Generic Attributes
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags.

Attribute Options Function

align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags

valign top, middle, bottom Vertically aligns tags within an HTML element.

bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, RGB values Places a background color behind an element

background URL Places a background image behind an element

id User Defined Names an element for use with Cascading Style Sheets.

class User Defined Classifies an element for use with Cascading Style Sheets.

width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or table cells.

height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or table cells.

title User Defined "Pop-up" title of the elements.

We will see related examples as we will proceed to study other HTML tags. For a complete list of HTML
Tags and related attributes please check reference to HTML Tags List.

Bold Text
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
The following word uses a bold typeface.
Italic Text
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses an <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −


The following word uses an italicized typeface.
Underlined Text
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses an <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −
The following word uses an underlined typeface.

Strike Text
Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with strikethrough, which is a thin
line through the text as shown below −
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strike Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


The following word uses a strikethrough typeface.
Monospaced Font
The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts are known
as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example, the letter
'm' is wider than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each letter has the same width.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


The following word uses a monospaced typeface.
Superscript Text
The content of a <sup>...</sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used is the same size as
the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height above the other characters.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Superscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


The following word uses a superscript typeface.
The content of a <sub>...</sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is the same as the
characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the other characters.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


The following word uses a subscript typeface.
Inserted Text
Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Inserted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
I want to drink cola wine

Deleted Text
Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Deleted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −


I want to drink cola wine
Larger Text
The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of the text
surrounding it as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Larger Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −


The following word uses a big typeface.
Smaller Text
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the rest of the text
surrounding it as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −


The following word uses a small typeface.

Grouping Content
The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create sections or
subsections of a page.
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to indicate that
all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might then attach a style to this
<div> element so that they appear using a special set of style rules.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Div Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id = "menu" align = "middle" >
<a href = "/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a href = "/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href = "/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>
<div id = "content" align = "left" >
<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


Content Articles
Actual content goes here.....
The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if you
have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could use the
<span> element as follows.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style = "color:green">span tag</span>
and the <span style = "color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −


This is the example of span tag and the div tag along with CSS
These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a page.

HTML - Phrase Tags


The phrase tags have been desicolgned for specific purposes, though they are displayed in a similar way
as other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>, and <tt>, you have seen in previous chapter. This chapter will take
you through all the important phrase tags, so let's start seeing them one by one.
Emphasized Text
Anything that appears within <em>...</em> element is displayed as emphasized text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Emphasized Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses an <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


The following word uses an emphasized typeface.
Marked Text
Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark> element, is displayed as marked with yellow ink.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Marked Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with yellow</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
The following word has been marked with yellow
Strong Text
Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong> element is displayed as important text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strong Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


The following word uses a strong typeface.
Text Abbreviation
You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags. If present, the title
attribute must contain this full description and nothing else.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Abbreviation</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>My best friend's name is <abbr title = "Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


My best friend's name is Abhy.
Acronym Element
The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between <acronym> and </acronym> tags is
an acronym. At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the
<acronym> element.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Acronym Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
This chapter covers marking up text in XHTML.
Text Direction
The <bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to override the current text
direction.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Direction Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text will go left to right.</p>
<p><bdo dir = "rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


This text will go left to right.
This text will go right to left
Special Terms
The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that you are introducing
a special term. It's usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a paragraph.
Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term. Most recent browsers
render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Special Terms Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


The following word is a special term.
Quoting Text
When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in
between <blockquote>...</blockquote> tags.
Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of the surrounding
text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Blockquote Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>
<blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML,following on
from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.</blockquote>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:
XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from earlier work on HTML 4.01,
HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.
Short Quotations
The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote within a sentence.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Double Quote Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


Amit is in Spain, “I think I am wrong”.
Text Citations
If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening <cite> tag and
closing </cite> tag
As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered in italicized text
by default.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Citations Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for HTML</cite>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
This HTML tutorial is derived from W3 Standard for HTML.
Computer Code
Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside <code>...</code> tags. Usually
the content of the <code> element is presented in a monospaced font, just like the code in most
programming books.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Computer Code Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
Regular text. This is code. Regular text.
Keyboard Text
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text, you can use
the <kbd>...</kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this example.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Keyboard Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


Regular text. This is inside kbd element Regular text.
Programming Variables
This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and <code> elements to indicate that the
content of that element is a variable.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Variable Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
document.write("user-name")
Program Output
The <samp>...</samp> element indicates sample output from a program, and script etc. Again, it is mainly
used when documenting programming or coding concepts.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Program Output Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World!</samp></p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


Result produced by the program is Hello World!
Address Text
The <address>...</address> element is used to contain any address.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Address Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<address>388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad</address>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad

HTML - Meta Tags

HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a document in a variety of ways.
The META elements can be used to include name/value pairs describing properties of the HTML
document, such as author, expiry date, a list of keywords, document author etc.
The <meta> tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is an empty element and so does
not have a closing tag but it carries information within its attributes.
Sr.No Attribute & Description

1 Name
Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords, description, author,
revised, generator etc.

2 Content
Specifies the property's value.

3 Scheme
Specifies a scheme to interpret the property's value (as declared in the content attribute).

4 http-equiv
Used for http response message headers. For example, http-equiv can be used to refresh the
page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type, expires, refresh and set-cookie.

You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what information you want to keep in
your document but in general, meta tags do not impact physical appearance of the document so from
appearance point of view, it does not matter if you include them or not.
Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents
You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags inside the header of the document which
is represented by <head> and </head> tags. A meta tag can have following attributes in addition to core
attributes −

Specifying Keywords
You can use <meta> tag to specify important keywords related to the document and later these keywords
are used by the search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.
Example
Following is an example, where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as important keywords about
the document.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


Hello HTML5!
Document Description
You can use <meta> tag to give a short description about the document. This again can be used by various
search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Document Revision Date


You can use <meta> tag to give information about when last time the document was updated. This
information can be used by various web browsers while refreshing your webpage.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "revised" content = "Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Document Refreshing
A <meta> tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page will keep refreshing
automatically.
Example
If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the following syntax.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "revised" content = "Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv = "refresh" content = "5" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Page Redirection
You can use <meta> tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You can also specify a duration if you
want to redirect the page after a certain number of seconds.
Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want to
redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "revised" content = "Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv = "refresh" content = "5; url = http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Setting Cookies
Cookies are data, stored in small text files on your computer and it is exchanged between web browser
and web server to keep track of various information based on your web application need.
You can use <meta> tag to store cookies on client side and later this information can be used by the Web
Server to track a site visitor.
Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want to
redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta http-equiv = "cookie" content = "userid = xyz; expires = Wednesday, 08-Aug-15 23:59:59 GMT;" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session cookie and will be
deleted when the user exits the browser.
Note − You can check PHP and Cookies tutorial for a complete detail on Cookies.
Setting Author Name
You can set an author name in a web page using meta tag. See an example below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "author" content = "Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Specify Character Set


You can use <meta> tag to specify character set used within the webpage.
Example
By default, Web servers and Web browsers use ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) encoding to process Web pages.
Following is an example to set UTF-8 encoding −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "author" content = "Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset = UTF-8" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

To serve the static page with traditional Chinese characters, the webpage must contain a <meta> tag to
set Big5 encoding −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "author" content = "Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset = Big5" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML - Comments

Comment is a piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is a good practice to add comments
into your HTML code, especially in complex documents, to indicate sections of a document, and any other
notes to anyone looking at the code. Comments help you and others understand your code and increases
code readability.
HTML comments are placed in between <!-- ... --> tags. So, any content placed with-in <!-- ... --> tags will
be treated as comment and will be completely ignored by the browser.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head> <!-- Document Header Starts -->
<title>This is document title</title>
</head> <!-- Document Header Ends -->
<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result without displaying the content given as a part of comments –
Document content goes here.....
Valid vs Invalid Comments
Comments do not nest which means a comment cannot be put inside another comment. Second the
double-dash sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment except as part of the closing --> tag. You
must also make sure that there are no spaces in the start-of comment string.
Example
Here, the given comment is a valid comment and will be wiped off by the browser.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Valid Comment Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- This is valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


Document content goes here.....
But, following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the browser. This is because there is a
space between the left angle bracket and the exclamation mark.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Invalid Comment Example</title>
</head>
<body>
< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
Document content goes here.....

Multiline Comments
So far we have seen single line comments, but HTML supports multi-line comments as well.
You can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag <!-- and ending tag --> placed before the first
line and end of the last line as shown in the given example below.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Multiline Comments</title>
</head>
<body>
<!--
This is a multiline comment and it can
span through as many as lines you like.
-->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


Document content goes here.....
Conditional Comments
Conditional comments only work in Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows but they are ignored by other
browsers. They are supported from Explorer 5 onwards, and you can use them to give conditional
instructions to different versions of IE.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Conditional Comments</title>
<!--[if IE 6]>
Special instructions for IE 6 here
<![endif]-->
</head>
<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

You will come across a situation where you will need to apply a different style sheet based on different
versions of Internet Explorer, in such situation conditional comments will be helpful.
Using Comment Tag
There are few browsers that support <comment> tag to comment a part of HTML code.
Note − The <comment> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Comment Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is <comment>not</comment> Internet Explorer.</p>
</body>
</html>

If you are using IE, then it will produce following result –


This is Internet Explorer.
But if you are not using IE, then it will produce following result –
This is Internet Explorer.
Commenting Script Code
Though you will learn JavaScript with HTML, in a separate tutorial, but here you must make a note that if
you are using Java Script or VB Script in your HTML code then it is recommended to put that script code
inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers can work properly.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Commenting Script Code</title>
<script>
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello , World!</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


Hello World!
Hello, World!

Commenting Style Sheets


Though you will learn using style sheets with HTML in a separate tutorial, but here you must make a note
that if you are using Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in your HTML code then it is recommended to put that
style sheet code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers can work properly.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Commenting Style Sheets</title>
<style>
<!--
.example {
border:1px solid #4a7d49;
}
//-->
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class = "example">Hello , World!</div>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −


Hello , World!
HTML – Images
Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in simple way on your
web page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use images in your web pages.
Insert Image
You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple syntax to use this tag.
<img src = "Image URL" ... attributes-list/>
The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that, it can contain only list of attributes and it has no closing tag.
Example
To try following example, let's keep our HTML file test.htm and image file test.png in the same directory
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


Simple Image Insert

You can use PNG, JPEG or GIF image file based on your comfort but make sure you specify correct image
file name in src attribute. Image name is always case sensitive.
The alt attribute is a mandatory attribute which specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image
cannot be displayed.
Set Image Location
Usually we keep all the images in a separate directory. So let's keep HTML file test.htm in our home
directory and create a subdirectory images inside the home directory where we will keep our image
test.png.
Example
Assuming our image location is "image/test.png", try the following example −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
Simple Image Insert

Set Image Width/Height


You can set image width and height based on your requirement using width and height attributes. You
can specify width and height of the image in terms of either pixels or percentage of its actual size.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Width and Height</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image width and height</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" width = "150" height = "100"/>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


Setting image width and height

Set Image Border


By default, image will have a border around it, you can specify border thickness in terms of pixels using
border attribute. A thickness of 0 means, no border around the picture.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Border</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image Border</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" border = "3"/>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


Setting image Border
Set Image Alignment
By default, image will align at the left side of the page, but you can use align attribute to set it in the center
or right.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Alignment</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image Alignment</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" border = "3" align = "right"/>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


Setting image Alignment

HTML – Tables
The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc. into rows
and columns of cells. The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to
create table rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells. The elements under <td> are regular and left
aligned by default
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –

Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2


Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2
Here, the border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border across all the cells. If you do
not need a border, then you can use border = "0".
Table Heading
Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag, which is used to
represent actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table heading as shown below, otherwise
you can use <th> element in any row. Headings, which are defined in <th> tag are centered and bold by
default.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Header</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –

Name Salary
Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000

Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes


There are two attributes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust the white space
in your table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines space between table cells, while cellpadding
represents the distance between cell borders and the content within a cell.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" cellpadding = "5" cellspacing = "5">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
Name Salary

Ramesh Raman 5000

Shabbir Hussein 7000

Colspan and Rowspan Attributes


You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single column. Similar way you will
use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Colspan/Rowspan</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1

Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using one of the following two ways −
 bgcolor attribute − You can set background color for whole table or just for one cell.
 background attribute − You can set background image for whole table or just for one cell.
You can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute.
Note − The bgcolor, background, and bordercolor attributes deprecated in HTML5. Do not use these
attributes.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" bgcolor = "yellow">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3


Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1
Here is an example of using background attribute. Here we will use an image available in /images
directory.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" background = "/images/test.png">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result. Here background image did not apply to table's header.

Table Height and Width


You can set a table width and height using width and height attributes. You can specify table width or
height in terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen area.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Width/Height</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" width = "400" height = "150">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –

Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2


Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2

Table Caption
The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the top of the table.
This tag is deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Caption</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>
<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –

This is the caption


row 1, column 1 row 1, column 2
row 2, column 1 row 2, column 2

Table Header, Body, and Footer


Tables can be divided into three portions − a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are rather
similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for every page, while
the body is the main content holder of the table.
The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are −
 <thead> − to create a separate table header.
 <tbody> − to indicate the main body of the table.
 <tfoot> − to create a separate table footer.
A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of data. But it is
notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −


This is the head of the table
This is the foot of the table
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4

Nested Tables
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags inside table
data tag <td>.
Example
Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Name Salary
Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000

HTML - Lists

HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain one or more
list elements. Lists may contain −
 <ul> − An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
 <ol> − An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items.
 <dl> − A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in a
dictionary.
HTML Unordered Lists
An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list is created
by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –

 Beetroot
 Ginger
 Potato
 Radish

The type Attribute


You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default, it is a disc.
Following are the possible options −
<ul type = "square">
<ul type = "disc">
<ul type = "circle">

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "square">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type = "square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


 Beetroot
 Ginger
 Potato
 Radishn
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "disc"> −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type = "disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


 Beetroot
 Ginger
 Potato
 Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "circle"> −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type = "circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


o Beetroot
o Ginger
o Potato
o Radish
HTML Ordered Lists
If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML ordered list will
be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at one and is incremented by one for
each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
1. Beetroot
2. Ginger
3. Potato
4. Radish

The type Attribute


You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default, it is a number.
Following are the possible options −
<ol type = "1"> - Default-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "A"> - Upper-Case Letters.
<ol type = "a"> - Lower-Case Letters.

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "1">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
1. Beetroot
2. Ginger
3. Potato
4. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "I">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –
I. Beetroot
II. Ginger
III. Potato
IV. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


i. Beetroot
ii. Ginger
iii. Potato
iv. Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "A" >
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


A. Beetroot
B. Ginger
C. Potato
D. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "a">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


a. Beetroot
b. Ginger
c. Potato
d. Radish

The start Attribute


You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you need. Following
are the possible options −
<ol type = "1" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with 4.
<ol type = "I" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type = "i" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type = "a" start = "4"> - Letters starts with d.
<ol type = "A" start = "4"> - Letters starts with D.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i" start = "4" >
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "i" start = "4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result –


iv. Beetroot
v. Ginger
vi. Potato
vii. Radish

HTML Definition Lists


HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are listed like in a
dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list of terms, or other
name/value list. Definition List makes use of following three tags.
 <dl> − Defines the start of the list
 <dt> − A term
 <dd> − Term definition
 </dl> − Defines the end of the list

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −


HTML
This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP
This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

You might also like