AR6017

URBAN HOUSING
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS

R – 2017

B.ARCH. DEGREE PROGRAMME

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AEGR Annual Exponential Growth Rate

AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation of Urban Transformation
BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency Building Materials and Technology
BMTPC Promotion Council
BRTS Bus Rapid Transit System
CAA Constitution Amendment Act
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CDP City Development Plan
CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp
CMP Comprehensive Mobility Plan
CoE Centres of Excellence
CPWD Central Public Works Department
CSR Child Sex Ratio
DAY-NULM Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana—National Urban Livelihoods Mission
DDA Delhi Development Authority
DPC District Planning Committee
DRF Disaster Relief Fund
ECB External Commercial Borrowing
ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code
EIUS Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums
FAR Floor Area Ratio
FC Finance Commission
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FFC Fourteenth Finance Commission
FSI Floor Space Index
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Green House Gas
GoI Government of India
GPRS General Packet Radio Services
GPS Global Positioning System
GRIHA Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
GW Giga Watts
HPEC High-Powered Expert Committee
HRIDAY Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana
HSMI Human Settlement Management Institute
IIT Indian Institute of Technologies
IMC Indore Municipal Corporation
INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
IT Information Technology
JnNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas
MLD Million Litres per Day
MML Model Municipal Law
MoEF&CC Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
MoHUPA Ministry of Housing and Urban PovertAlleviation
MoUD Ministry of Urban Development
MPC Metropolitan Planning Committee
MRTS Mass Rapid Transit System
MSDE Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
NCAER National Council of Applied Economic Research
NCR National Capital Region
NDMA National Disaster Management Authority
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NHB National Housing Bank
NIIF National Investment and Infrastructure Fund
NIUA National Institute of Urban Affairs
NMSH National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
NMT Non-Motorized Transport
NSDP National Slum Development Programme
NSSO National Sample Survey Organization
NTS National Training Strategy
NUHHP National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy
NULM National Urban Livelihood Mission
OSRT Off-Site Real Time Monitoring System
PMAY Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
PPP Public Private Partnership
RAY Rajiv Awas Yojana
REIT Real Estate Investment Trust
SAPCC State Action Plan on Climate Change
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SUHAP Sustainable Urban Habitat Action Plan
TDR Transferable Development Right
TOD Transit Oriented Development
TPS Town Planning Scheme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
URIF Urban Reform Incentive Fund
UT Urban Transport
SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING AND HOUSING ISSUES- INDIAN CONTEXT

1.1. Housing and its importance in Architecture and its relationship with neighborhood
and city planning
1.2. Housing demand and supply
1.3. National Housing Policy
1.4. Housing agencies and their role in housing development
1.5. Impact of traditional life style
1.6. Rural Housing, Public, private sector housing.

UNIT II SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

2.1. Social economic factors influencing housing affordability
2.2. A. Equity in housing development sites and services/
2.2. B. Slum up gradation community participation
2.3. A. Rajiv Awas Yojana,
2.3. B. Crime prevention,
2.3. C. Health principles in Housing.

UNIT III HOUSING STANDARDS

3.1. UD PFI – guide lines, standard and regulations
3.2. DCR
3.3. Performance standards for housing.

UNIT IV SITE PLANNING AND HOUSING DESIGN

4.1 Site Planning -Selection of site for housing, consideration of physical
characteristics of site, site Location factors, orientation, climate, topography – Landscaping.
 4.2 Housing Design-Traditional housing, row housing, cluster housing – apartments
and high-rise housing relating to Indian situations – case studies in India – integration all types
of services, parking, incorporation of green sustainable practices –prefabrication in housing.

UNIT V HOUSING PROCESS

5.1. Various stages and tasks in project development

5.2. Community participation and housing management

5.3. Environmental aspects and national calamities and disaster mitigation.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING AND HOUSING ISSUES
- INDIAN CONTEXT .

CONTENT:
1.1. Housing and its importance in Architecture and its relationship with neighborhood
and city planning
1.2. Housing demand and supply
1.3. National Housing Policy
1.4. Housing agencies and their role in housing development
1.5. Impact of traditional life style
1.6. Rural Housing, Public, private sector housing.
ASPECT:
1. HOUSING AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN ARCHITECTURE AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORHOOD AND CITY PLANNING.

1.1. INTRODUCTION:
 Food, clothing and shelter (housing) are the primary requirements of life.
 The availability of these necessities in sufficient quantity and quality increases the
physical efficiency and productivity of the people.
 So housing is an important component of human resource development.

In India, the problem of housing is acute. There is a wide gap between the demand and supply
of houses. This gap is responsible for growth of slums in cities where crores of people live in
most unhygienic and unhealthy conditions.

1.2. MEANING OF HOUSING:

 Generally speaking, housing may be defined as an architectural unit for
accommodation in order to protect the occupants from the forces of nature. But in
wider meaning housing covers all the ancillary services and community facilities which
are essential to human well being.
  In addition to the physical structure, it includes water supply, sanitation, and disposal of
water, recreation and other basic amenities of life.
 Thus housing can be defined as a component architectural structure within a total
system consisting of various settlement variables.
1.3. DISTINCTION BETWEEN HOUSE AND HOME:
Literally speaking house and home seems to be same in sense and meaning but a distinction
between the two is must.
 House being narrower term, may represent only an architectural structure for
accommodation.
 Home being wider term, includes the family relationships and bonds of affection which
are nurtured within this architectural structure.
1.4. DEFINITIONS:
 Housing – It is physical unit which consumes land, provides shelter, demand for
provision of physical Services and social facilities.
 Dwelling unit – living quarters consisting of contiguous rooms intended for convenient,
long term occupancy by one family and providing complete, independent facilities for
living, eating, cooking, sleeping and sanitation.
 No. house hold – individuals in a single dwelling unit
 Housing need – It is the necessity of the society. Every human being has the need to
have a comfortable space for living. But the affordability of a person will vary according
to his economic status. This is called as demand.
 Housing demand – it is the will and affordability of the person in terms of cost.
 Subsidy –a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an
industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or
competitive.
 Cross subsidy – the use of profits from on activity to cover losses from another. The
profit from HIG development can be used for LIG housing development.
 Housing resources -Land , Finance ,Labor ,Technology, Materials
 Net housing area/Net area: actual area of the accommodation – the actual living
quarters.
 Net housing density: The average density of population per unit of housing area
including local roads and excluding open spaces
  Gross area: Total area including buildup area and open area
 Gross density: The average density of population per unit area of the whole residential
zone
1.5. ROLE OF HOUSING:
 Housing is closely associated to the process of overall socio-economic development.
 It provides shelter and raises the quality of life.
 It generates conditions which are congenial to the achievement of social objectives such
as health, sanitation and education.
 It provides employment opportunities to the rural and urban people.
 Moreover it helps to improve urban rural equality by narrowing down the difference in
the standard of living. Thus housing performs multiple functions including many social
needs of the household.

1.6. SOCIO-CULTURAL VARIABLES IN HOUSING:

 The socio-cultural factors decide the quality and quantity of housing in India.
 The caste divide in Indian rural society mainly affects the distribution of houses and also
the quality of housing. In Indian villages, the division on caste basis has given rise to
division of housing.
 Generally houses of upper castes are situated in better areas while houses of lower
castes especially scheduled castes and some backward classes are situated in periphery
of the village. These peripheral regions are mostly low lying areas and unhygienic.
 Kinship and family structure are other variables which affect the quality and quantity of
housing. For example, there is shift from joint family system to nuclear families.
 This tendency puts pressure on the available land for housing. In Punjab and Haryana
this pressure is visible.
 In Rajasthan where dispersed settlement pattern exists, this pressure may not be felt so
far.
 The household size is also important variable of housing quality and quantity. Urban
families are small in comparison to rural area. The land is more costly in urban areas. So
urban houses are small in size as compared to village houses.
 The occupational pattern and tradition also affect the housing layout.
 Generally, housing structure in rural areas use locally available building material,
technology and man power except well to do rural families. In urban areas, building
materials used are of industrial origin and durable.

1.7. MAGNITUDE OF THE HOUSING PROBLEM:

The magnitude of the problem of housing in India is quite wide. The problem has both
quantitative and qualitative dimensions. According to 1991 census, the housing shortage was
18.5 million dwelling units, out of which 13.7 million for rural areas and 4.8 million for urban
areas 41.6. % was living in pucca houses, 30.9% was living in semi-pucca houses and 27.5% was
living in kutcha houses.

THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS THE SHORTAGE OF HOUSING IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS:

The table indicates that rural housing shortage increased from 3.4 million in 1961 to 20.6
million in 2001. Urban housing shortage increased from 0.9 million units to 10.4 million units
during the same period. Thus total shortages of housing increased from 4.3 million to 31.0
million dwelling units. The rate of housing construction in the country is around 3 houses per
thousand populations per year as against the required rate of 5 houses per thousand
populations.

According to 2012 housing shortage report was estimated at a whopping 20 million households
in 2012. Out of those living in obsolescence, close to 90 percent belong to the Economically
Weaker Sections (EWS) who were in dire need of a new house, or even a house. The Lower
Income Segments (LIG) and Middle-Income Segments (MIG) constituted the remaining
households who lacked livable ‘affordable’ housing spaces in urban centers.
1.8. QUALITATIVE ASPECT OF HOUSING PROBLEM
Qualitatively speaking the state of housing in India is miserable. About 80% houses in rural
areas do not have basic amenities like safe drinking water, bathroom, toilets etc.

Ninth Five year Plan has recorded the interstate variation in housing shortage. There is a large
concentration in a few States.

For example: Bihar accounted for one third of the housing scarcity followed by Andhra Pradesh,
Assam, U.P. and West Bengal. In 2000, about 48.7 million people were living in urban slums in
unhealthy conditions.

According to Ninth Five-Year Plan, 18.77 million houses are kutcha houses. They are thatched
houses made of mud, straw and bamboos. These are unable to face natural disaster like cyclone
and flood etc.

1.9. QUANTITATIVE ASPECT OF HOUSING PROBLEM:

Quantitatively speaking, there is acute shortage of housing in rural and urban areas in India.
Presently, there is shortage of 310 lakh houses in India. Out of which 206 lakh houses are in
rural area and 104 lakh houses in urban areas.

1.10. IMPORTANCE OF HOUSING:

 Housing, besides being a very basic requirement for the urban people, also holds the
key to accelerate the speed of the development of the nation.
 Investment in housing industry like any other industry has a multiplier effect on income
and employment, which in turn leads to the overall development of the economy.
  It is estimated that overall employment generation in our economy due to the
additional investment in housing as well as construction industry is eight times the
direct employment.
 Housing provides employment to a cross section of people, which importantly includes
the weaker sections of the society.
 Housing also provides opportunities for home based economic activities. At the same
time, adequate housing also decides the health status of the occupants.
 Therefore, on account of health, income and employment considerations, housing is a
very important tool for removing poverty, generation of employment and improving the
health status of people.
 Magnitude of housing requirements is linked to pattern of growth, settlement status
and overall shelter quality.
 Cities and towns, which are growing at faster rate, need to develop and deliver a faster
and greater supply of housing.
 Growth of slums in India has been at least three times higher than the growth of urban
population, leading to sizeable number of urban populations living in the slums.
 Therefore, housing activities are to be planned according to the growth pattern of
different settlement/ cities. The people themselves with their own resources construct
majority of the houses in India.
 Therefore, the main role of the government at all levels is not to seek to build houses
itself but to act as a catalyst and make appropriate investments and create conditions
where the poor people may gain and secure good housing and remove the existing
difficulties in the housing system.
 In order to remove these problems National Housing Policy was framed and it has
certain well-defined aims.

1.11. IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURE IN HOUSING

QUALITY
 Pursuing the longevity, well-being and future health of the individuals and society
 A well-designed space can make the inhabitant enjoy where they live, take pride in their
surroundings, build sense of community and inspire them to strive for more.
 In simple words:
Housing quality refers to the physical condition of a person’s home as well as the quality
of the social and physical environment in which the home is located.

HOUSING QUALITY INDICATORS:

 1. Location

2. Infrastructure

3. Design

4. Aesthetics

5. Materials and Construction techniques

6. Sustainability

7. Concept

8. Hyginity

QUANTITY
 House more people but sub-standard life, cheap construction, isolated spaces.
 Promote crime activity, vast empty spaces like no man’s land, no outlet to improve their
living situations.
The role of good architect/ architecture in housing has the capacity to greatly improve or
decline the quality of life for the citizens and reflects on society as a whole. With time architects
involved in housing design began to realize that good buildings can improve the quality of life,
both physical and emotional.

 CURRENT INDIAN HOUSING QUANTITY-STATE WISE LISTED BELOW

 Fig: State wise status of housing quantity

1.12. RELATIONSHIP OF HOUSING IN NEIGHBORHOOD AND CITY PLANNING

NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL

 The housing plays an important role in neighborhood planning. As the household are the
key user the entire setting up of the surrounding should be planned for the ease and
comfortable living of them.
 Location of school, daily market, commercial area etc., will be planned accordingly to
the housing units planning.
 Open spaces, social spaces or community spaces will also be planned/ designed
accordingly to the housing unit/ residential neighborhood.

CITY PLANNING LEVEL

Generally, city planning mostly concentration on transportation networking and development

guidelines.

 The relationship of residential neighborhood with the surrounding land use proposed
plays an major role.
 One can’t propose a huge highway or industrial area next to tan residential area.
 The connectivity between the residential area and CBD, Commercial hubs will be
considered.
 Proposal of availability of other services and amenities for the well being of the
community/ society is taken care.
  Whenever the master plan is done for any city, more care and importance will be given
for residential areas. It can be of any type of residential settlement.

2. HOUSING DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Supply and demand is a framework we use to explain and predict the equilibrium cost and
quantity of housing.

 Housing demand: Refers to Required housing unit based on populations

 Housing Supply: Refers to Possible number of houses to provide the needy.
Notable key drivers which affect demand and supply:
1. Rapid urbanization 2.Growth in population 3.Rise in the number of nuclear families
4. Easy availability of finance 5.Repatriation of NRIs and HNIs 6.Rise in disposable income
The effect of demand and supply-side subsidies on the housing market can be analysed through
supply and demand graphs.

This analysis illustrates that in the presence of an inelastic supply curve that prevents supply
from responding to price rises, both subsidies are at best ineffective, and at worst a hand-out to
developers.

1. Demand-side subsidies 2. Supply-side subsidies

When housing providers are unable to respond to price rises by supplying more housing (e.g.
due to a limited supply of well-connected land), the supply curve S rises upwards steeply.

This is referred to as an inelastic supply response to price rises. When a demand-side subsidy
acts to shift the demand curve from D1 to D2, the housing market equilibrium moves from
point A to point B.

The main effect of the demand-side subsidy is therefore an increase in price rather than an
increase in the quantity of housing delivered.

The price rise translates into increased profits for housing suppliers.

When a supply-side subsidy acts to reduce the price at which subsidised suppliers are willing to
provide a certain quantity of housing, this shifts the supply curve downwards from S1 to S2.

The housing market equilibrium moves from A to B, resulting in a decrease in price and increase
in quantity delivered.

However, if the supply curve is inelastic as some inputs into housing production are relatively
fixed in quantity (e.g. land) then these subsidies do not increase the total housing stock but
rather serve to crowd out unsubsidised suppliers with subsidised suppliers.

In the extreme case where the supply of land is completely fixed, the supply curve is vertical.
The subsidy therefore has no effect on quantity, and simply serves to displace non-subsidised
housing production.
3. Increasing supply elasticity

When policy acts to increase the elasticity of housing supply (e.g. through reforming land-use
regulation or increasing the effective land supply) this enables the private sector to better
respond to rises in price by supplying more housing in the market.

This makes slope of the supply curve less steep such that the supply curve pivots from S1 to S2.

This movement in the supply curve reduces house prices and increases the quantity of housing
delivered.

It also has the corollary of making both demand and supply-side subsidies more effective if
implemented.

2.1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOUSING NEED AND DEMAND

 Housing demand : refers to the willingness and ability to purchase a house

 Housing need: refers to the number of houses required, given growth in households,
itself derived from household size and population growth.
  Essentially housing need is a number, derived from population and household size
projections, that makes no allowance for affordability.
 If those who need houses are unable to afford houses, they don’t buy or demand them.

VALUE-CHAIN-IN-HOUSING:

Fig: The-value-chain-in-housing-in-Nicaragua-(Source:Affordable-Housing-Institute)

2.2. COMPONENTS OF NEED AND DEMAND STUDY

The typical housing need and demand study has three key components:

(a) Current Need Analysis;

(b) Newly Arising Need (Demand) Analysis; and

(c) Supply Analysis.

The current need analysis seeks to identify households in the community that currently lack
their own housing or live in inadequate housing for a variety of reasons, and cannot afford
the housing they need in the local housing market without some assistance. In simple
terms, the current need analysis seeks to answer the question of who in the community
needs affordable housing immediately.
 The newly arising need (demand) analysis is a forward-looking view of the need question.
Specifically, it relies on the projected or potential short to medium term household
composition of the community to estimate the future need for affordable housing in the
community. Together, the current and newly arising need analyses allow the proponent to
put forward a project that is better able to accommodate the present and future affordable
housing needs of the community.

The Supply analysis is to identify or study about the product (housing) given to the
community against the demand. This supply should nullify the demand. The common
situation prolonging in our country is that the supply is always lesser than the actual
demand. Drastic imbalance between supply and demand is seen.

2.3. FACTORS AFFECTING SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HOUSING:

2.4. ISSUES OF HOUSING IN INDIA:

 unplanned urbanization,
 increasing population,
 increasing pollution
 Non-availability of developed land and ineffective and unfavorable land management
  increasing land cost
 income disparity(difference),
 Lack of Financial Resources
 Inadequate Fiscal(taxes) Incentives (a payment or concession)
 Poverty, illiteracy, and Unemployment.
 Sanitation
 Manpower Shortage
 high demand of houses
 Technology & Materials – Urgent Need for Improvement
These issues extenuated the housing problem, causing a housing shortage of 51 million in 2011.
Though India has a long history of establishing policies, programs, and institutions to cater to
housing, without allocating adequate resources, their impact in ameliorating the shortage has
been marginal.

3. NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY

Indian government came out with housing policies to declare its political will to intensify the
housing activity in the country.
3.1. HOUSING POLICIES OVER THE YEARS:

A. POLICIES FOR RURAL AND URBAN AREA-1988-2000

1. First National Housing Policy in India formulated in 1988.
2. With change of Government in 1990, a new National Housing Policy announced in
August, 1994.
3. Further, new National Housing & Habitat Policy announced in July, 1998 with some
landmark initiatives like
 involvement of multi-stakeholders,
 repeal of Urban Land Ceiling Act,
 Permitting Foreign Direct Investment in housing and real estate sector, etc.
4. However, all these policies were generic and applicable to both rural and urban areas.

B. POLICIES FOR URBAN AREA-2001

1. Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY-2001) For urban slum dwellers living below
the poverty line without adequate shelter.
2. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission-(JNNURM-2005).
 3. Taking into account emerging challenges of required shelter and growth of slums, the
first ever urban areas specific National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, (NUHHP-
2007) was announced in December 2007.
4. Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP-2008).
5. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY-2011).
6. Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP or AHIP-2013)-as part of Rajiv Awas Yojana
central government introduced AHP in 2013 November.
7. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Housing for All (Urban) PMAY(Urban) – 2015

C. POLICIES FOR RURAL AREA-1985

Government of India has organized a few major housing schemes for the rural poor. They
include
1. Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY-1985).
2. Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana (PMGAY-2015),
previously Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY),
3. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sabha Yojana or Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(PMGSY-2000)
4. Two Million Housing Programme (1998),.
5. Credit cum Subsidy for Rural Housing (1999),
6. Samagra Awaas Yojana(SAY-1999),
7. Rural Ashraya for Rural Housing and Habitat Development (1999),
8. Setting up of Rural Building Centre (RBCs-2004),
9. National Mission for Rural Housing and Habitat (NMRHH-2007),
10. Dr. Ambedkar Housing Scheme (2009).

3.2. NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY (NHP)-1988

In the year of following IYSH (International Year of Shelter for the Homeless), the Indian
government came out with a national housing policy (NHP) to declare its political will to
intensify the housing activity in the country. The preliminary draft was presented in Aug 1986
and final policy was announced on 12-5-1988.

Thus the IYSH provided the necessary push for NHP. So that the engineers architects,
town planners and housing finance can evolve viable strategies issues relating to the housing.

THE NEED FOR POLICY

 Shelter is one of the basic human needs just next to food and clothing.
  Need for a National Housing and Habitat Policy emerges from the growing requirements
of shelter and related infrastructure.
 These requirements are growing in the context of rapid pace of urbanization, increasing
migration from rural to urban centers in search of livelihood, mis-match between
demand and supply of sites & services at affordable cost and inability of most new and
poorer urban settlers to access formal land markets in urban areas due to high costs and
their own lower incomes, leading to a non-sustainable situation.
 This policy intends to promote sustainable development of habitat in the country, with a
view to ensure equitable supply of land, shelter and services at affordable prices.

OBJECTIVES OF NHP

Housing Policy Objectives would focus to evolve an enabling strategy aiming at:
 To create the environment for achieving the maximum housing, efforts.
 To encourage investment in housing.
 To motivate and help houseless and inadequately housed people to secure for
themselves affordable shelter.
 To promote vernacular architecture.
 Encouraging indigenous approaches in Research and Development to support housing
activity particularly for low income groups.
 Developing indigenous and cost effective approaches particularly for Low income group.
 Provision of institutional incentives for improved housing delivery for the rural areas
and preparation of Rural Housing Plans and schemes.
 Realizing the importance of role of Private Sector, introduce incentives to encourage
their full participation in National Building initiatives.
 Promote women participations in this important national building actively.

STRATEGY OF NHP
The high population growth, combined with difficulties in governance and inadequate
investment in urban development has resulted in uncontrolled and unplanned growth of cities
and towns, deterioration in urban environment and deficiency in all forms of services.

The absence of large scale flexible institutional financing over all phases of housing
development, land development, construction, bridge and mortgage financing is both cause
and effect of the under-developed housing delivery system.

The Policy has been prepared with a practical approach to achieve the following aims and
objectives:
  To provide enabling strategy, capacity-building and institutional development aiming at
empowering all stake holders, particularly local authorities, the private sector, non-
Governmental organizations and community-based organizations, to play an effective
role in shelter and human settlements planning and management.
 To introduce a strategy that would combine community participation and institutional
strengthening in support of the development of a commercially based system of housing
finance for land and house purchase; house construction improvement and upgrading.
 In addition, innovative approaches to collateral and screening of eligible households for
incremental housing finance and home improvement credits which are compatible with
the affordability limits of moderate and low income households would be introduced.
 To improve the housing conditions of the low-income population, through development
capacity building and institution of new ideas, such as reduced housing standards,
appropriate technology, incremental housing development, community participation
and squatter-settlement regulation.
 To upgrade existing towns and cities with better city planning through improvement of
infrastructure, creation of employment opportunities and affordable housing under a
phased programme, giving higher attention to those cities and towns which are
comparatively more productive and efficient and require lower investments.
 Long term solution for housing lies in this sector, which should be a High Priority for
economic development.

PRINCIPLE / ACTION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE HOUSING

 Documenting environmental resources.
 Assessing their value in their long range economic.
 Pegging needs at reasonable levels.
 Minimize the wastage.
 Optimization of existing facilities.
 Ensuring equity.
 Working for bottom up decision.
 Full stakeholder involvement.
 Be a watching dog for monitoring purpose.

IMPORTANT FEATURES OF NHP

1. DESIGN ASPECTS
 It focuses on design aspects of the houses with regard to their location and type
region, whether it be hilly, desert land or coastal.
2. FISCAL INCENTIVES
 The fiscal incentives under the law relating to taxation of income.
  Wealth and gifts will be rationalized by proper savings into housing finance
institutions.
 The co-operative and group of housing society is to be treated on priority basis.
3. HOUSING SCHEMES
 Consideration of physically mentally and disabled, the aged, widows and
incorporate dwelling units of appropriate design.
4. NATIONAL HOUSING BANK
 National housing bank has been set up; it will lead to easy accessibility of
institutional finance at affordable rates of interest to the houseless peoples.
5. RATIONALIZED LAW
 The entire gamut of legal provisions contained in different act is to be reviewed.
 Wherever necessary the laws relating to land tenure, acquisition and ceiling are
to be made.
 The municipal regulations relating to the house building, apartments ownership
and other will also be initiated wherever necessary.
6. ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
 Role of government will be that of a promoter and enabler rather than that of a
builder.
 The govt. people build houses for themselves at the same time; it has to
discharge the vital role of sustaining a regular supply of service land, steady flow
of finance of easy availability of building materials.
 It has also to provide essential service like portable water, sanitation, drainage,
street lighting, and paved pathways.

CRITICISM OF NHP
The presentation of NHP document has generated some lively Criticism on various grounds,
the important ones being followed;
1. Ambitious goal
 The task cannot be accomplished in matter of few years in a country where
people do not have even enough eat and survive.
2. Course of action
 The NHP set out, commendable goals, but it fails to outline the action
plan required to achieve them.
3. Housing finance
 The authorized capital of the national housing bank is too small to meet the huge
investments of 145000 crore which is estimated to be required till the turn off
the century.
4. Pro-urban attitude
  The NHP seems to be pro-urban. It is mainly oriented towards rich developers
and private contractors.

3.3. THE NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY 1994

 The National Housing Policy 1994 recognizes the importance of both rural and urban
housing in the overall development of rural people and urban poor.
 The existing central sector housing schemes aimed at benefiting the urban poor are
proposed to be continued.
 A National Network of Nirman or Nirmithi Kendras (Building Centers) has been
established with central assistance through the Housing and Urban Development
Corporation (HUDCO). As on 31.12.97, 500 centers have been given administrative
approval out of which 270 centers had become functional.
 The ongoing social housing schemes viz. Housing scheme for Economically Weaker
Sections (EWS), Lower Income Groups (LIG), Middle Income Groups/Higher Income
Groups (MIG/HIG) and rental housing scheme for State Government employees
continue to be implemented by State Governments.

3.4. NATIONAL URBAN HOUSING & HABITAT POLICY 2007

ABOUT POLICY
 The National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy 2007 seeks to promote various types of public-
private partnerships for realizing the goal of “Affordable Housing For All’ with special
emphasis on the urban poor.
 The Policy intends to promote sustainable development of habitat in the country with a view to
ensuring equitable supply of land, shelter and services at affordable prices to all sections of
society. Given the magnitude of the housing shortage and budgetary constraints of both the
Central and State Governments, the National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007 focuses
the spotlight on multiple stake-holders namely, the Private Sector, the Cooperative Sector,
the Industrial Sector for labour housing and the Services/ Institutional Sector for employee
housing. In this manner, the Policy will seek to promote various types of public-private
partnerships for realizing the goal of "Affordable Housing for All".
 The formulation of the National Housing Policy is an ongoing process which started in 1986.
Last time policy was revised in 1998. Since then there have been major changes in Habitat and
Human Settlement issues. Particularly, the urban housing sector has been facing emerging
challenges with regard to availability of affordable shelter, growth of slums, and gaps in
provision of basic services to the urban poor.
SALIENT FEATURES
The salient features of the National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy are:
 Focus of the Policy is on affordable urban housing with special emphasis on the urban
poor.
 Role of Housing and provision of basic services to the urban poor has been integrated
into the objectives of the Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
 Special emphasis has been laid on Scheduled Castes / Tribes / Backward Classes /
Minorities, empowerment of Women within the ambit of the urban poor.
 The Policy focuses on a symbiotic development of rural and urban areas in line with
the objectives of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act.
 Within the overarching goal of "Affordable Housing for All," emphasis has been laid on
urban planning, increase supply of land, use of spatial incentives like additional Floor
Area Ratio (FAR), Transferable Development Rights, etc., increased flow of funds,
healthy environment, effective solid waste management and use of renewal sources
of energy.
 Encouraging integrated townships and Special Economic Zones.
 10-15% of land in every new public/private housing projects or or 20-25% FAR
whichever is greater to be reserved for EWS/LIG Housing through appropriate spatial
incentives.
 Private Sector to be permitted land assembly within the purview of Master Plans.
Action Plans for urban slum dwellers and special package for cooperative housing,
labour housing and employees housing is to be prepared.
 States to be advised to develop 10 years perspective plan for housing of EWS/LIG.
 Policy gives primacy to provision of shelter to urban poor at their present location or
near their work place.
 Approach will be in-situ slum rehabilitation. Relocation will be considered only in
specific cases.
 Micro finance institutions to be promoted at state level to expedite flow of finances to
urban poor.
 Model municipal laws to be prepared by the Central Government.
 Detailed city maps to be prepared based on GIS, aerial survey and ground verification.
 Use of proven cost effective technology and building materials to be encouraged.
 Development of mass rapid transit system at sub-regional level envisaged.
 Green cover for cities to be encouraged for balanced ecological development.
 All States to be encouraged to develop a "Habitat Infrastructure Action Plan" for all
cities with a population of over one lakh.
 ACTION PLAN
The Action Plan stated in the Policy is as follows:
 Encouragement and support to be provided to State Governments by the Central
Government for preparation of State Urban Housing and Habitat Policy and Action Plan.
 State/UT Action plans to focus on accelerated flow of funds.
 State / UT level policy to provide road map for institutional, legal and financial
incentives.
 State / UT plans to indicate concrete steps for encouraging a participatory approach.
 Periodic review of implementation of Policy and Action Plan at State level to be carried
out.
 Preparation of 15-20 years perspective plans in the form of City Development Plans
(CDPs) based on spatial planning at the city level.
 Setting up of a High Level Monitoring Committee for periodic review and
implementation of the Policy and for making amendments, modifications wherever
considered necessary.
Source: PIB

REVISED NATIONAL POLICY FOR URBAN STREET VENDORS-2009

PURPOSES OF THIS POLICY

 For the purposes of this Policy, a 'Street Vendor' is defined as 'a person who offers goods or
services for sale to the public in a street without having a permanent built-up structure.' There
are three basic categories of street vendors: (a) stationary; (b) peripatetic and (c) mobile.
Stationary vendors are those who carry out vending on a regular basis at a specific location, e.g.
those occupying space on the pavements or other public places and/or private areas either
open/covered (with implicit or explicit consent) of the authorities. Peripatetic vendors are
those who carry out vending on foot and sell their goods and services and include those who
carry baskets on their head/slung on their shoulders and those who sell their goods on
pushcarts. Mobile street vendors are those who move from place to place vending their goods
or services on bicycle or mobile units on wheels, whether motorized or not. They also include
vendors selling their wares in moving buses, local trains etc.
 In this Policy, the term 'Urban Street Vendor' incorporates all other local/regional specific terms
used to describe them, such as hawkers, pheriwallas, rehri-patri wallas, footpath dukandars,
sidewalk traders, etc. The land, premises, trains owned by Indian Railways, its subsidiaries
including Public Sector Undertakings, Corporations or other undertakings where Indian
Railways holds share, are exempted from the ambit of this Policy.
 The term ‘Town Vending Committee’ means the body constituted by an appropriate
Government for protecting the livelihoods of street vendors while at the same time imposing
reasonable restrictions, if necessary, for ensuring flow of traffic and for addressing concerns
relating to public health and hygiene in the public interest. The TVC may constitute, in such
manner and for such purposes as it deems fit, Ward Vending Committees, if required.
 The term 'Local Authority' (referred to as Municipal Authority in this Policy) in this Policy means
a Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council, Nagar Panchayat, Cantonment Board, Civil Area
Committee appointed under Section 47 of the Cantonment Act, 2006 or such other body legally
entitled to function as a local authority in any city or town to provide civic services and regulate
street vending, and includes the "planning authority" which regulates the land use in that city
or town at the city/locality level.
 The term "Natural Market" means a market where sellers and buyers have traditionally
congregated for more than a specified period for the sale and purchase of a given set of
products or services as assessed by the local authority.

OVERARCHING OBJECTIVE
To provide for and promote a supportive environment for the vast mass of urban street
vendors to carry out their vocation while at the same time ensuring that their vending activities
do not lead to overcrowding and unsanitary conditions in public spaces and streets.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Specific Objectives This Policy aims to develop a legal framework through a model law on street
vending which can be adopted by States/Union Territories with suitable modifications to take
into account their geographical/local conditions. The specific objectives of this Policy are
elaborated as follows:
A) LEGAL STATUS:
To give street vendors a legal status by formulating an appropriate law and thereby providing
for legitimate vending/hawking zones in city/town master or development plans including
zonal, local and layout plans and ensuring their enforcement;
B) CIVIC FACILITIES:
To provide civic facilities for appropriate use of Identified spaces as vending/hawking zones,
vendors’ markets or vending areas in accordance with city/town master plans including zonal,
local and layout plans;

C) TRANSPARENT REGULATION:
To eschew imposing numerical limits on access to public spaces by discretionary licenses, and
instead moving to nominal fee-based regulation of access, where previous occupancy of space
by the street vendors determines the allocation of space or creating new informal sector
markets where space access is on a temporary turn-by-turn basis. All allotments of space,
whether permanent or temporary should be based on payment of a prescribed fee fixed by the
local authority on the recommendations of the Town Vending Committee to be constituted
under this Policy ;
D) ORGANIZATION OF VENDORS:
To promote, where necessary, organizations of street vendors e.g. unions / co-operatives
/associations and other forms of organizations to facilitate their collective empowerment;
E) PARTICIPATIVE PROCESSES:
To set up participatory processes that involve firstly, local authority, planning authority and
police; secondly, associations of street vendors; thirdly, resident welfare associations and
fourthly, other civil society organizations such as NGOs, representatives of professional groups
(such as lawyers,doctors, town planners, architects etc.), representatives of trade and
commerce, representatives of scheduled banks and eminent citizens;
F) SELF-REGULATION:
To promote norms of civic discipline by institutionalizing mechanisms of self-management and
self-regulation in matters relating to hygiene, including waste disposal etc. amongst street
vendors both in the individually allotted areas as well as vending zones/clusters with collective
responsibility for the entire vending zone/cluster; and
G) PROMOTIONAL MEASURES:
To promote access of street vendors to such services as credit, skill development, housing,
social security and capacity building. For such promotion, the services of Self Help Groups
(SHGs)/Co-operatives/ Federations/Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs), Training Institutes etc.
should be encouraged.

PROVISION OF CIVIC FACILITIES

Municipal Authorities need to provide basic civic facilities in Vending Zones / Vendors’ Markets
which would include:
 Provisions for solid waste disposal
 Public toilets to maintain cleanliness
 Aesthetic design of mobile stalls/ push carts
 Provision for electricity
 Provision for drinking water
 Provision for protective covers to protect wares of street vendors as well as themselves
from heat, rain, dust etc
 Storage facilities including cold storage for specific goods like fish, meat and poultry;
and
 Parking areas.
 The Vendors’ Markets should, to the extent possible, also provide for crèches, toilets and
restrooms for female and male members.
For More Information: Revised National Policy for Urban Street Vendors-2009 (160KB)

STREET VENDORS

(PROTECTION OF LIVELIHOOD AND REGULATION OF STREET VENDING) ACT, 2014

 “Street vendors constitute an integral part of our urban economy. Street vending is not only a
source of self-employment to the poor in cities and towns but also a means to provide
‘affordable’ as well as ‘convenient’ services to a majority of the urban population, especially the
common man. Street vendors are often those who are unable to get regular jobs in the
remunerative formal sector on account of their low level of education and skills. They try to
solve their livelihoods issues through their own meagre financial resources and sweat equity.
 Given the pace of urbanization and the opportunities presented through the development of
urban areas, the growth of street vendors’ population is likely to have an upward trend. It is
vital that these vendors are enabled to pursue their livelihoods in a congenial and harassment
free atmosphere.

3.5. URBAN AND RURAL HOUSING SCENARIO IN INDIA

The estimates of housing shortage reveal that in the urban sector, according to the NBO, on the
basis of 1991 Census, there was a shortage of 8.23 million housing units in urban sector.

It is hoped that the shortage would decline to 7.57 million units in 1997 and 6.64 million units in
2001. Some other estimate indicates that housing shortage will increase to 9.4 million units in
2001.

Available data on housing stock in urban and rural lndia (Table No. 3.1) suggest that between
1951 and 1991, population had increased about 235 per cent, however the increase in the
number of households was about 206 per cent .

This indicates that the government, in spite of its several housing programmes, was not able to
achieve the demands created by the population explosion and for that matter no Government
would be able to meet such huge demands.
 Fig: Details Regarding the Population, households And Housing Stocks In India
(In Lakhs)

URBAN HOUSING SCENARIO

In the urban housing scenario there are innumerable agencies, both public as well as private, in
operation. Among the public housing Central Governments and State Governments and
between these State PWDs, State Public undertakings, Housing Boards and City Improvement
Trusts are involved.

In the Central Sector, Central Construction Agencies such as Central PWDs, Central Public
Undertakings, Military Engineering Services, Post and Telegraphs and Railways are involved.

In addition to these massive housing schemes are implemented by the Housing and Urban
Development Corporation (HUDCO) under the Ministry of Urban Affair and Employment,
National Cooperative.

Housing Federation, etc., and public intuitions, such as LIC, GIC (General insurance corporation -
India) and Banking sector are also contributing to their might through promotion of loans and
advances to the employees and the promotion of the Co-operative Sector on a big scale.

In the private sector the promotion of housing schemes and construction of massive scale
housing are being encouraged by the provision of adequate finances by National Housing Bank.
RBI, Commercial Banks in the private sector, corporations like HDFC and specialized institutions
set up by Nationalized Banks; also provide adequate finances in this area.

In spite of the entire tremendous boost provided to the housing sector in recent times, the
housing shortage continues to be alarming. State Governments have encouraged specific
programmes and policies in the public and private sectors in construction activities and the new
Housing Policy indicates the promotion of housing by way of providing adequate finances in the
housing activity.

The magnitude of housing shortage in urban and rural areas is evident from the following Table
“Households. Usable housing stocks and housing shortages in 1991” (In Lakhs)

Figures in brackets recomputed on the basis of 1991 Census / Projected population. Table
shows the number of households and estimates of housing shortage in India 1991 and 2001.

As per the NBO estimates there was a shortage of 104 lakh houses in urban area and this
figure was projected to rise to 155 lakhs in 2001.

Figures recomputed on the basis of 1991 Census show that in 2001 urban areas will have a
shortage of 143 lakhs houses, while there had a shortage of 96 lakhs houses in 1991. Thus
during the decade, housing shortage in urban areas will increase by 47 lakhs.

It may be noted that the extent of shortage has been worked out considering certain minimum
standards. It does not imply that an equivalent number of families are entirely shelter less.

The problem of urban housing is felt much more acutely with the immigration of population
from the neighboring areas. All sorts of working population, literate, semi-literate, etc., flow to
the urban centers in search of employment.

This undue concentration in urban areas has to be tackled through proper and effective urban
housing policies and with the adoption of proper programmes and policies by way of providing
basic civic amenities and environmental improvement programmes in semi - urban and rural
areas.
The future of the urban centers leads only in the liquidation's of housing shortage as well as
eliminating all urban slums and provision of adequate amenities and facilities in the region.

3.6. RURAL HOUSING SCENARIO

Rural housing is qualitatively different from urban housing in the sense that the housing activity
is not very much based on the cash economy but depends to a considerable extend on land
rights and access to resources. In rural housing also there is need to provide house - sites to the
poor so that they are able to erect housing units over them .

India is primarily rural in character where about 74 per cent of the population lives in villages
(1991 Census). Though there is no unanimous view about the magnitude of poverty, it is fact
that vast majority lives below the poverty line.

A vast majority of the poor either do not have a house or live in an unserviceable Kutcha house.
According to 1991 Census there are 341 million households who are absolutely houseless and
about 10.31 million households live in unserviceable Kutcha house. The total housing shortage
in the country is thus about 13.72 million. To meet this housing shortage the Government of
lndia has given special attention to the programmes for the rural housing and expectation are
that by 2002 all rural houseless people will be provided shelter.

Rural housing should not be confined to mere provision of a roof over one's head in the
changing socioeconomic-politico system in India in particular and in the developing economies
of the world in general.

RURAL HOUSING SHOULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE FOLLOWING:

1) Substantial improvements in the quail of life of the rural households and reflect their
aspirations.
2) The total development of the personality of the rural family.
3) Facilitate provision of all basic amenities, which have a direct impact on the family's
health vigor and efficiency.
4) Internal and external environment of the house should have aesthetic value and
should be eco friendly from the health point of view and
5) Women and children in particular should be able to maintain their health well and be
inspired to pursue economic and social activities.
The rural housing problem has arisen because of certain socio- economic factors of the rural
society. The growing population pressures the emerging social requirements and the improving
quality of life need newer, better and a large number of houses for the rural teeming millions.

On the basis of the review of the progress of rural housing, it can be seen that the housing
shortage had marginally defined in the Sixties but the trend witnessed a reversal in Seventies.

As regards the growth rate in rural households, it was 7.83 between 1971 and 1981. The usable
housing stock increased at a rate of 1.54 in rural areas. So far as the housing shortage is
concerned it is estimated to have increased from 6.5 million dwelling units in the year 1951 to
over 16 million in 1981 and 18.8 million in 1985.

According to the estimate of the NBO 1991 March, out of the total housing shortage of 310
lakhs units in the country, 206 lakhs units are in rural areas .

The estimated housing shortage at the beginning of 1997 -1998 was estimated at 140 lakhs
dwelling units in the rural areas.

To cope with the problem as many as 20 lakhs new units are needed every year for the
increasing population.

As housing encourages, economic activities, generates employment opportunities and create

solid base for healthy and hygienic living, the magnitude of the problem and its inherent
difficulties, the task of improving the housing conditions in rural areas should be viewed as an
integral part of a programme for overall development of the villages of the country.

Housing problem is essentially the problem of the poor and low - income groups. During the
Eighth Five Year Plan a target of 7.80 million new housing stock was set, out of which 6.29
million units were for economically weaker sections and low-income groups.

However, since the housing demand has to be looked after by the state administration each
state is trying to achieve its target every year and in this process some of the states appear to
be establishing progress over others.

This is what is indicated in Table No. 3.3. Consolidated figures at the all lndia level indicate that
within a decade, the proportion of houseless I households in rural lndia have declined from 0.47
per cent to 0.28 per cent. This is an appreciable achievement in terms of statistical data.
DIMENSIONS OF THE PROBLEM

There are many reasons behind houseless and low quality of houses in rural areas. The major
factors are:-
1. Poverty / Low income
2. Population growth
3. Westernization Value changes and
4. Environmental factors
The poor lack in all basic facilities. For them food is the most important need.
The rural poor pay greatest attention to satisfying hunger and then clothing needs. Unable to
bear the cost of building materials they remain houseless or live in adequate and congested
house. The poor people also lack in other facilities such as drinking water. They are the people
who need special assistance for house construction. They can certainly provide labour but left
to themselves they cannot arrange for construction materials. They also need to be informed
about alternative construction technologies that can be low and effective.It is doubtless the
urban- rural divide in housing will continue to prevail for a long but the degree of differences
certainly calls for intervention in rural area.

The shelters should be provided with basic amenities such as access to drinking water, toilets,
electrification and general sanitation. The National Sample Survey (1974-1975) reveals that
about 97 per cent of the households have no toilets and 93 per cent of the households do not
have any bathrooms.

Only 0.35 per cent of them were having water supply and 45 per cent of the households' living
room was being used as kitchen and the remaining households were cooking their food in the
open area in front of their houses.

INDIAN HOUSING GRADES AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

1. EWS-Economically Weaker Section

 Households having an annual income up to Rs 3 lakh.

 An EWS house means a single unit or a unit in a multi- storeyed super structure having a
carpet area of up to 30 sq. m., with adequate basic civic services and infrastructure
services like toilet, water, electricity, etc.

2. LIG-Low income group

 Households having an annual income between Rs 3 lakh and Rs 6 lakh.

 An LIG house means a single unit or a unit in a multi-storeyed super structure having
carpet area of up to 60 sq. m., with adequate basic civic services and infrastructure
services like toilet, water, electricity, etc.

3. MIG-Middle income group

 Classified in to two categories

MIG, category-1

 Households having an annual income between Rs 6 lakh and Rs 12 lakh.

  An MIG house means a single unit or a unit in a multi-storeyed super structure having
carpet area of up to 160 sq. m., with adequate basic civic services and infrastructure
services like toilet, water, electricity, etc.

MIG, category-2

 Households having an annual income between Rs 12 lakh and Rs 18 lakh.

 An MIG house means a single unit or a unit in a multi-storeyed super structure having
carpet area of up to 200 sq. m., with adequate basic civic services and infrastructure
services like toilet, water, electricity, etc.

4. HIG-High income group

 Households having an annual income more than Rs 18 lakh

 An HIG house means a single unit or a unit in a multi-storeyed super structure having
carpet area MORE THAN 200 SQ. M., with adequate basic civic services and
infrastructure services like toilet, water, electricity, etc.
 Note: However, the states/Union Territories have been given the flexibility to redefine
the annual income criteria as per local conditions, in consultation with the Centre.

4. HOUSING AGENCIES AND THEIR ROLE IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

A. MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS- (MOHUA) 1952

Role:
I. Apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and
laws relating to the housing and urban development in India.
II. Also publishing- the National City Rating, which ranked the cleanest cities in
India, under which Indore was rated as the cleanest.
III. schemes:
- Smart Cities Mission-2016
Aim: to develop 100 smart cities across the country making them citizen
friendly and sustainable
- HRIDAY-Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana 2015
Aim: bringing together urban planning, economic growth and heritage
conservation in an inclusive manner to preserve the heritage character of
each Heritage City.
- AMRUT-Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation 2015
Aim: establish infrastructure that could ensure adequate robust sewage
networks and water supply for urban transformation by implementing urban
revival
 - Urban Transport
Aim: establish infrastructure upgrade and development on Urban rail
transit (suburban rail, rapid transit, monorail, light rail, and tram systems.)
- Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) or Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
Aim: to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India's cities, towns,
urban and rural areas
- Cleanest cities in India
Aim: National City Rating

B. MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN POVERTY ALLEVIATION -2004

Role:
I. responsible for urban poverty, housing, and employment programs
II. It control
- National Buildings Organization (NBO) attached office and
- Hindustan Prefab Limited (HPL) and
- Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) public sector
undertakings.
- Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC)
- Central Government Employees Welfare Housing Organization (CGEWHO)
- National Cooperative Housing Federation of India (NCHFI)
- Principal Account Office (PAO)
III. Now it merged with Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)

C. MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT-2016

Role:
I. Accelerating the socio-economic development of rural India.
II. Its focus is on health, education, drinking water, housing and roads.
III. It has two departments: Department of Rural Development and Department of
Land Resources.
IV. Department of Rural Development handling:
- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) for rural roads development
- Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) rural employment and for rural
housing,
- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana It handles the administration of District Rural
Development Agency (DRDA), and has three autonomous organisations under it:
a. Council of Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology
(CAPART)
b. National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD)
 c. National Rural Road Development Agency (NRRDA)
V. Department of Land Resources runs three national-level programs
a. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojna (Watershed Development
Component)
b. Digital India Land Record Modernization Programme
c. Neeranchal National Watershed Project
d. Other Programmes
- GIZ led pilot Land Use Planning and Management Project
- Ease of Doing Business – Initiatives
D. NATIONAL BUILDINGS ORGANISATION (NBO) 1954.
Role:
I. An autonomous organisation
II. Responsible for collecting, collating, validating, analyzing, disseminating and
publishing housing and building construction statistics.
III. Responsible for organising training programmes for staff of Indian state
governments working in similar fields.
IV. Involved in a documentation centre for statistics relating to housing, poverty and
slums.
E. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES WELFARE HOUSING ORGANISATION -1995
Role:
I. autonomous organisation
II. To construct and manage non-profit housing for serving and retired employees
of the Union Government of India and their families.
III. Since 1995 the organisation has constructed two houses every day.

F. DELHI DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (DDA 1957)

Role:
I. to promote and secure the development of Delhi
II. responsible for planning, development and construction of Housing Projects,
Commercial Lands, Land Management
III. Providing public facilities like roads, bridges, drains, Underground water
reservoir, Community Centers, Sports Centers, Green Belts etc. within the area
of National Capital Territory of New Delhi, India.

G. MAHARASHTRA HOUSING AND AREA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY-1948

Role:
I. Undertook construction of residential buildings under various housing schemes
for different sections of the society.
 II. Allotment and maintenance of these buildings was being looked after by it.

H. HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (HUDCO) - 1970

Role:
I. To provide long term finance for construction of houses for residential purposes
or finance or undertake housing and urban development programmes in the
country.
II. To finance or undertake, wholly or partly, the setting up of new or satellite town.
III. Help State Housing (and or Urban Development) Boards, Improvement Trusts,
Development Authorities etc., specifically for the purpose of financing housing
and urban development programmes.
IV. To finance or undertake the setting up of industrial enterprises of building
material.
V. To promote, establish, assist, collaborate and provide consultancy services for
the projects of designing and planning of works relating to Housing and Urban
Development programmes in India and abroad.
I. TAMILNADU HOUSING BOARD (TNHB) - 1961
Role:
I. developing very large neighbourhood schemes
II. fulfilling shelter needs of various income groups of the society
III. created self-sustaining townships for example: Anna Nagar, Besant Nagar, KK
Nagar, Ashok Nagar, Korattur and Shastri Nagar

J. TAMIL NADU SLUM CLEARANCE BOARD (TNSCB)-1970

Role:
I. eradicate the slum and
II. provide hygienic tenements in Tamil Nadu
III. schemes: In-situ tenemental schemes,
In-situ plotted and infrastructure development and
Rehabilitation and Resettlement schemes.

K. CHENNAI METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (CMDA)-1974

Role:
I. nodal planning agency of Chennai, Thiruvallur and Kancheepuram
II. planning, co-ordination, supervising, promoting and securing the planned
development of the Chennai Metropolitan Area
 III. coordinates the development activities of the municipal corporations,
municipalities and other local authorities

L. PRIVATE HOUSING FINANCE AGENCIES IN INDIA:

 Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited (HDFC)
 State Bank of India Home Finance (SBI)
 ICICI Home Finance Company Limited
 IDBI Home finance Limited (IHFL)
 PNB Housing Finance Limited
 Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited (DHFL)
 GIC Housing Finance Limited
 Can Fin Homes Limited (CFHL)
Role:
I. To provide long term finance to individuals for purchase or construction of house
or flat for residential purpose / repair and renovation of existing flat / houses.
II. To provide finance on existing property for business / personal needs and also
gives loans to professionals for purchase / construction of Clinics / Nursing
Homes / Diagnostic Centres / Office Space and also for purchase of equipments.
III. To provide long term finance to persons engaged in the business of construction
of houses or flats for residential purpose and to be sold by them.

M. INDIAN GOVT. HOUSING (PUBLIC) FINANCE AGENCIES IN INDIA:

 Housing Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO)

 LIC Housing Finance Limited (LIC HFL)
 National housing bank(NHB)

Role:
I. To provide long term finance to individuals for purchase or construction of house
or flat for residential purpose / repair and renovation of existing flat / houses.
II. To provide finance on existing property for business / personal needs and also
gives loans to professionals for purchase / construction of Clinics / Nursing
Homes / Diagnostic Centres / Office Space and also for purchase of equipments.
III. To provide long term finance to persons engaged in the business of construction
of houses or flats for residential purpose and to be sold by them.
A DETAIL STUDY of PUBLIC HOUSING AGENCIES:
HUDCO - Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited

The Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO) is a government-owned

corporation in India. One of the public sector undertakings, it is wholly owned by the Union
Government and is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Poverty Alleviation. It is mandated with building affordable housing and carrying out urban
development.
- HUDCO was incorporated on April 25, 1970.
- HUDCO has worked with architects such as B. V. Doshi, Charles Correa, Christopher
Charles Benninger and Sheila Sri Prakash.
- Housing and Urban Development programme in India with special emphasis on low cost
housing.
- Development of new townships and their infrastructural needs.
- Development of buildings material technology and industries.
- Consultancy services with India and abroad.
VISION
- "To Be Among The World's Leading Knowledge Hubs And Techno-Financial
Organizations for Clean, Green and Sustainable Habitat Development."

MISSION
"To Promote Sustainable Habitat Development to Enhance the Quality Of Life"
OBJECTIVES
- Providing long term finance for construction of houses and urban development
programs in the country.
- Finance or undertake, wholly or partly, the setting up of the new or satellite towns.
- Subscribe to the debentures and bonds to be issued by the State Housing Urban
Development Boards, Improvement Trusts, Development Authorities etc. specifically for
the purpose of financing housing and urban development programs.
- Finance or undertake the setting up of industrial enterprises of building material.
- Administers the money received, from time to time, from the Government of India and
other sources as grant or otherwise for the purposes of financing or undertaking
housing and urban development programs in the country, and promote, establish,
assist, collaborate and provide consultancy services for the projects of designing and
planning of works relating to Housing and Urban Development programs in India and
abroad.
 - Undertakes business of Venture Capital Fund in Housing and Urban Development
Sectors facilitating Innovations in these sectors and invest in and/or subscribe to the
units/shares etc. of Venture Capital Funds promoted by Government/Government
Agencies in the above areas.
- Set up HUDCO's own Mutual Fund for the purpose of Housing and Urban Development
programs and/or invest in Mutual Funds, promoted by the Government/Government
Agencies for the above purpose.
HOUSING
i. 44.33% of housing loan of HUDCO has been allocated for (EWS) and (LIG) which carries a
concessional rate of interest of 8.5%(floating) to 9.75%(floating), over 93% of the
dwelling units sanctioned by HUDCO benefit these sections of society.
ii. In the last 44 years, HUDCO has reached people in over 1877 towns and hundreds of
villages.
iii. Entrusted with the implementation of the priority programmes of the Ministry like Low
Cost Sanitation, Night Shelter for Footpath Dwellers, Shelter Upgradation under Nehru
Rozgar Yojana, Rural housing under Minimum Needs Programme.
iv. In times of crisis like Earthquakes, Cyclone, Floods, tsunami etc., HUDCO has extensively
contributed in the rehabilitation of the calamity affected households, through its
technical and financial help for housing reconstruction.
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
- HUDCO has sanctioned 655 (577 urban & 78 rural) building centres all over the country
to introduce alternative and cost effective building technology to people. Premier
research and development institutes in the country need these building centres with
innovative options, which are cost saving, durable, functional and aesthetic.
- Financial assistance is extended to the building materials industry to encourage
innovative and alternative methods employing agricultural and industrial waste.
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
- HUDCO gives specialized attention to the critical segments of infrastructure
development in cities and towns.
- Priority is given to water supply, sewerage and drainage schemes especially in small and
medium towns.
- HUDCO has so far sanctioned 1851 urban infrastructure schemes.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
MUD BLOCK STRUCTURES
- Unburned sun-dried bricks for walls.
- Economical
- One side of wall is terracotta tile to make exterior wall water resistant
- Fly ash bricks for columns and bars
 - Bamboo paneled doors and window shutters
- IPS flooring with colored oxide
- Foundation- un-coursed rubble masonry with boulder murrum filling is laid to prepare a
flat ground.
- Mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof. No need for any other bindingmaterial
- No steel and wood is used for roofing. The roof consists of a series of arches to be
placed as a formwork from the conical tiles made out of burnt clay inserted into one
another.

-
WATTLE AND DUAB UNIT
- Cement is used as stabilizer.
- Foundation based on stilts and random rubble masonry.
- Flooring of verandah made from locally available wood.
- Columns constructed using stabilized rammed earth block technique employing ‘ram
rod’ technique.
- Walls made of bamboo mats plastered with mud or lime mortar.
- CGI sheet roofing over space frame truss instead of wood. Bamboo CGS can be used.
- Roof water harvesting shows syntax water tank connected to a cost effective sanitation
model.
- The structure is totally earthquake resistant as vertical and horizontal bands are
provided.

- Assembling The Steel Or Wooden Frame Work Fixing Bamboo Net On Wall
BRICK PANEL HOUSE
- Use of brick panels for roofing.
- Prefabricated brick panel and partially pre-cast joists require burnt clay bricks, cement,
sand, coarse aggregate and reinforcing steel as major raw materials.
- No major plant, equipment and machinery is required.
 - The brick panels are durable, leak-proof, fire-resistant, thermal-resistant, less noisy in
rains and provide vertical expansion.
- They are very cost-effective and generate employment opportunities in rural areas for
masons/labour.

RAT TRAP BOND CONSTRUCTION

- Random rubble arch foundation
- Rat trap bond wall that saves 25% bricks and cement.
- Brick window jallies
- Filler slab roof
- Non-erodable mud plaster upto sill level.
- Use fair face of the bricks in patterns to avoid plastering
- Mud and brick bats flooring in different rooms
- Kadapa slabs for shelves

-
 -
laying of brick arch foundation Laying Of Rat Trap Walls

BRICK ARCH BRICK JALLIE WINDOW

BAMBOO HOUSE
- Bamboo is a versatile construction material which is affordable, durable and very
suitable for earthquake prone regions. It is a light weight, long lasting and renewable
building material
- In case of earthquakes, bamboo house won’t cause any death if it collapses and is easy
to mend and repair.
- The use of these boards and other bamboo products makes the house construction not
only cost effective but also offers exotic designs.
TONE PATTI CONSTRUCTION
- Climate control only influenced the design adopted-a central courtyard surrounded by
construction of high walls with a balcony and small wind apertures to allow air
circulation as well as preventing dust blow-ins during sandstorms.

-
DESIGN AND CONSULTANCY
- HUDCO’s is offering technical consultancy in the areas of Architecture, Urban Planning,
Urban Design, Landscape Planning including Heritage Planning, Management &
Conservation.
- HUDCO is actively involved with various Ministries in the development of Rich Cultural
Heritage and provision of regional infrastructure for overall growth and development.
- HUDCO has also done considerable work on weaker section housing as well as cost
effective housing and has achieved wide acclaim with regard to planning, design and
delivery of mass housing.
-
SOME OF THE PRESTIGIOUS AND PROJECTS INCLUDE:
• Leh Rehabilitation Project for Victims of Cloud Burst as CSR Initiative.
• Gas Victim Housing project at Bhopal (I.I.A’s Award)
• New Town development at Pimpri-Chinchwad (I.I.A’s Award)
• New Jammu Township (PM’s National Award)
• Latur Earthquake Rehabilitation Project (World Habitat Award)
• Rehabilitation project for Basket Weavers at Coimbatore (UNCHS’s Best Practices
Award)
• National Games Village
• Earthquake rehabilitation in the Hill Districts of Uttar Pradesh.
• HUDCO's Assistance for Earthquake rehabilitation in Jabalpur.
• HUDCO's Assistance for Rehabilitation of the Super-cyclone affected in Orissa.
• Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Regions of Gujarat.

5. IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL LIFE STYLE

5.1. INDIAN SOCIETY AND WAYS OF LIVING

India offers astounding variety in virtually every aspect of social life. Diversities of ethnic,
linguistic, regional, economic, religious, class, and caste groups crosscut Indian society, which is
also permeated with immense urban-rural differences and gender distinctions. Differences
between north India and south India are particularly significant, especially in systems of kinship
and marriage. Indian society is multifaceted to an extent perhaps unknown in any other of the
world’s great civilizations—it is more like an area as varied as Europe than any other single
nation-state. Adding further variety to contemporary Indian culture are rapidly occurring
changes affecting various regions and socioeconomic groups in disparate ways. Yet, amid the
complexities of Indian life, widely accepted cultural themes enhance social harmony and order.

THEMES IN INDIAN SOCIETY

HIERARCHY

India is a hierarchical society. Whether in north India or south India, Hindu or Muslim, urban or
village, virtually all things, people, and social groups are ranked according to various essential
qualities. Although India is a political democracy, notions of complete equality are seldom
evident in daily life.

Societal hierarchy is evident in caste groups, amongst individuals, and in family and kinship
groups. Castes are primarily associated with Hinduism, but caste-like groups also exist among
Muslims, Indian, Christians, and other religious communities. Within most villages or towns,
everyone knows the relative rankings of each locally represented caste, and behavior is
constantly shaped by this knowledge.

Individuals are also ranked according to their wealth and power. For example, some powerful
people, or “big men,” sit confidently on chairs, while “little men” come before them to make
requests, either standing or squatting not presuming to sit beside a man of high status as an
equal.

Hierarchy plays an important role within families and kinship groupings also, where men
outrank women of similar age, and senior relatives outrank junior relatives. Formal respect is
accorded family members—for example, in northern India, a daughter-in-law shows deference
to her husband, to all senior in-laws, and to all daughters of the household. Siblings, too,
recognize age differences, with younger siblings addressing older siblings by respectful terms
rather than by name.

PURITY AND POLLUTION

Many status differences in Indian society are expressed in terms of ritual purity and pollution,
complex notions that vary greatly among different castes, religious groups, and regions.
Generally, high status is associated with purity and low status with pollution. Some kinds of
purity are inherent; for example, a member of a high-ranking Brahmin, or priestly, caste is born
with more inherent purity than someone born into a low-ranking sweeper, or scavenger, caste.
Other kinds of purity are more transitory—for example, a Brahmin who has just taken a bath is
more ritually pure than a Brahmin who has not bathed for a day.
Purity is associated with ritual cleanliness—daily bathing in flowing water, dressing in freshly
laundered clothes, eating only the foods appropriate for one’s caste, and avoiding physical
contact with people of significantly lower rank or with impure substances, such as the bodily
wastes of another adult. Involvement with the products of death or violence is usually ritually
polluting.

SOCIAL INTERDEPENDENCE

One of the great themes pervading Indian life is social interdependence. People are born into
groups—families, clans, subcastes, castes, and religious communities—and feel a deep sense of
inseparability from these groups. People are deeply involved with others, and for many, the
greatest fear is the possibility of being left alone, without social support. Psychologically, family
members typically experience intense emotional interdependence. Economic activities, too, are
deeply imbedded in a social nexus. Through a multitude of kinship ties, each person is linked
with kin in villages and towns near and far. Almost everywhere a person goes, he can find a
relative from whom he can expect moral and practical support.

In every activity, social ties can help a person and the absence of them can bring failure. Seldom
do people carry out even the simplest tasks on their own. When a small child eats, his mother
puts the food into his mouth with her own hand. When a girl brings water home from the well
in pots on her head, someone helps her unload the pots. A student hopes that an influential
relative or friend can facilitate his college admission. A young person anticipates that parents
will arrange his or her marriage. Finally, a person facing death expects that relatives will
conduct the proper funeral rites ensuring his own smooth passage to the next stage of
existence and reaffirming social ties among mourners.

This sense of interdependence extends into the theological realm. From birth onward, a child
learns that his “fate” has been “written” by divine forces and that his life is shaped by powerful
deities with whom an ongoing relationship must be maintained.

FAMILY AND KINSHIP

Family Ideals

The essential themes of Indian cultural life are learned within the bosom of a family. The joint
family is highly valued, ideally consisting of several generations residing, working, eating, and
worshiping together. Such families include men related through the male line, along with their
wives, children, and unmarried daughters. A wife usually lives with her husband’s relatives,
although she retains important bonds with her natal family. Even in rapidly modernizing India,
the traditional joint household remains for most Indians the primary social force, in both ideal
and practice.

Large families tend to be flexible and well suited to modern Indian life, especially for the more
than two-thirds of Indians who are involved in agriculture. As in most primarily agricultural
societies, cooperating kin help provide mutual economic security. The joint family is also
common in cities, where kinship ties are often crucial to obtaining employment or financial
assistance. Many prominent families, such as the Tatas, Birlas, and Sarabhais, retain joint family
arrangements as they cooperate in controlling major financial empires.

The ancient ideal of the joint family retains its power, but today actual living arrangements vary
widely. Many Indians live in nuclear families—-a couple with their unmarried children—-but
belong to strong networks of beneficial kinship ties. Often, clusters of relatives live as
neighbors, responding readily to their kinship obligations.

As they expand, joint families typically divide into smaller units, which gradually grow into new
joint families, continuing a perpetual cycle. Today, some family members may move about to
take advantage of job opportunities, typically sending money home to the larger family.

FAMILY AUTHORITY AND HARMONY

In the Indian household, lines of hierarchy and authority are clearly drawn, and ideals of
conduct help maintain family harmony. [i] All family members are socialized to accept the
authority of those above them in the hierarchy. The eldest male acts as family head, and his
wife supervises her daughters-in-law, among whom the youngest has the least authority.
Reciprocally, those in authority accept responsibility for meeting the needs of other family
members.

Family loyalty is a deeply held ideal, and family unity is emphasized, especially in distinction to
those outside the kinship circle. Inside the household, ties between spouses and between
parents and their own children are de-emphasized to enhance a wider sense of family harmony.
For example, open displays of affection between husbands and wives are considered highly
improper.

Traditionally, males have controlled key family resources, such as land or businesses, especially
in high-status groups. Following traditional Hindu law, women did not inherit real estate and
were thus beholden to their male kin who controlled land and buildings. Under Muslim
customary law, women can—and do—inherit real estate, but their shares have typically been
smaller than those of males. Modern legislation allows all Indian women to inherit real estate.
Traditionally, for those families who could afford it, women have controlled some wealth in the
form of precious jewelry.

VEILING AND THE SECLUSION OF WOMEN

A significant aspect of Indian family life is purdah (from Hindi parda, or “curtain”), or the veiling
and seclusion of women. In much of northern and central India, particularly in rural areas,
Hindu and Muslim women follow complex rules of veiling the body and avoidance of public
appearance, especially before relatives linked by marriage and before strange men. Purdah
practices are linked to patterns of authority and harmony within the family. Hindu and Muslim
purdah observances differ in certain key ways, but female modesty and decorum as well as
concepts of family honor and prestige are essential to the various forms of purdah. Purdah
restrictions are generally stronger for women of conservative high-status families. [ii]
Restriction and restraint for women in virtually every aspect of life are essential to purdah,
limiting women’s access to power and to the control of vital resources in a male-dominated
society. Sequestered women should conceal their bodies and even their faces with modest
clothing and veils before certain categories of people, avoid extramarital relations, and move
about in public only with a male escort. Poor and low-status women often practice attenuated
versions of veiling as they work in the fields and on construction gangs.

Hindu women of conservative families veil their faces and remain silent in the presence of older
male in-laws, both at home and in the community. A young daughter-in-law even veils from her
mother-inlaw. These practices emphasize respect relationships, limit unapproved encounters,
and enhance family lines of authority.

For Muslims, veiling is especially stressed outside the home, where a conservative woman may
wear an all-enveloping black burka. Such purdah shelters women—-and the sexual inviolability
of the family-— from unrelated unknown men.

In south India, purdah has been little practiced, except in certain minority groups. In northern
and central India today, purdah practices are diminishing, and among urbanites and even the
rural elite, they are rapidly vanishing. Chastity and female modesty are still highly valued, but as
education and employment opportunities for women increase, veiling has all but disappeared
in progressive circles.

LIFE PASSAGES

The birth of an infant is celebrated with rites of welcome and blessing, typically much more
elaborate for a boy than for a girl. Although India boasts many eminent women and was once
led by a powerful woman prime minister, Indira Gandhi, and while goddesses are extensively
worshiped in Hindu rituals, statistics reveal that girls are, in fact, disadvantaged in India. The
2001 Census counted only 933 females per 1000 males, reflecting sex-selective abortion,
poorer medical care and nutrition, and occasional infanticide targeting females. [iii] Parents
favor boys because their value in agricultural activities tends to be higher, and after marriage a
boy continues residing with his parents, supporting them as they age. In contrast, a girl drains
family resources, especially when a large dowry goes with her to her husband’s home. In recent
decades, demands for dowries have become quite exorbitant in certain groups.

Marriage is deemed essential for virtually everyone in India, marking the great watershed in life
for the individual. For most of Hindu northern and central India, marriages are arranged within
the caste between unrelated young people who may never have met. Among some south
Indians communities and many Muslims, families seek to strengthen existing kin ties through
marriages with cousins whenever possible. For every parent, finding the perfect partner for
one’s child is a challenging task. People use their existing social networks, and increasingly,
matrimonial newspaper advertisements. The advertisements usually announce religion, caste,
educational qualifications, physical features, and earning capacity, and may hint at dowry size
(even though giving or accepting dowries is actually illegal).

Among the highly educated, brides and grooms sometimes find each other in college or
professional settings. So-called love marriages are becoming less scandalous than in previous
years. Among Indian residents of North America, brides and grooms often meet through South
Asian matrimonial websites. Many self-arranged marriages link couples of different castes but
similar socioeconomic status.

Usually, a bride lives with her husband in his parental home, where she should accept the
authority of his senior relatives, perform household duties, and produce children—especially
sons—to enhance his family line. Ideally, she honors her husband, proudly wears the cosmetic
adornments of a married woman, and cheerfully fulfills her new role. If she is fortunate, her
husband will treat her with consideration, treasure her contributions to his household, and
allow her continuing contact with her natal relatives. For many young wives, this is a difficult
transition. While some negative stigma is still attached to women’s employment in many
circles, an increasing number of women are working in a variety of occupations.

Death causes the restructuring of any family. The demise of a woman’s husband brings the
dreaded status of inauspicious widowhood. Widows of low-status groups have always been
allowed to remarry, but widows of high rank have been expected to remain chaste until death.
CASTE AND CLASS

VARNA, CASTE, AND OTHER DIVISIONS

Social inequality exists throughout the world, but perhaps nowhere has inequality been so
elaborately constructed as in the Indian institution of caste. Caste has existed for many
centuries, but in the modern period it has been severely criticized and is undergoing significant
change.

Castes are ranked, named, endogamous (in-marrying) groups, membership in which is achieved
by birth. There are thousands of castes and subcastes in India, involving hundreds of millions of
people. These large kinship-based groups are fundamental to South Asian social structure.
Caste membership provides a sense of belonging to a recognized group from whom support can
be expected in a variety of situations.

The word caste derives from the Portuguese casta, meaning species, race, or kind. Among
Indian terms sometimes translated as caste are varna, jati, jat, biradri, and samaj. Varna, or
color, actually refers to four large categories that include numerous castes. The other terms
refer to castes and subdivisions of castes often called subcastes.

Many castes are associated with traditional occupations, such as priests, potters, barbers,
carpenters, leatherworkers, butchers, and launderers. Members of higher-ranking castes tend
to be more prosperous than members of lower-ranking castes, who often endure poverty and
social disadvantage. The so-called “Untouchables” were traditionally relegated to polluting
tasks. Since 1935, “Untouchables” have been known as “Scheduled Castes,” and Mahatma
Gandhi called them Harijans, or “Children of God.” Today, the politically correct term for these
groups, who make up some 16% of the population, is Dalit, or “Oppressed.” Other groups,
usually called tribes (often referred to as “Scheduled Tribes”) are also integrated into the caste
system to varying degrees.

In past decades, Dalits in certain areas had to display extreme deference to high-status people
and were barred from most temples and wells. Such degrading discrimination was outlawed
under legislation passed during British rule and was repudiated by preindependence reform
movements led by Mahatma Gandhi and Bhimrao Ramji (B.R.) Ambedkar, a Dalit leader. After
independence in 1947, Dr. Ambedkar almost single-handedly wrote India’s constitution,
including provisions barring caste-based discrimination. However, Dalits as a group still suffer
significant disadvantages, especially in rural areas.

Within castes, explicit standards are maintained. Rules of marriage, diet, dress, occupation, and
other behaviors are enforced, often by a caste council (panchayat). Infringements can be
punished by fines and temporary or permanent outcasting. Individuals and caste groups can
hope to rise slowly on the hierarchy through economic success and adoption of high-caste
behaviors. However, it is virtually impossible for an individual to raise his own status by falsely
claiming to belong to a higher caste; a deception of this kind is easily discovered.

In rural areas, many low-caste people still suffer from landlessness, unemployment, and
discriminatory practices. In the growing cities, however, caste affiliations are often unknown to
casual associates, and traditional restrictions on intercaste interactions are fading fast. In some
urbane circles, intercaste marriages linking mates of similar class status have become
acceptable. Correlations between caste and occupations are declining rapidly.

In recent years, key changes have occurred in caste observances. It is now legally and socially
unacceptable to openly advocate any caste’s superiority or inferiority, and lower caste groups
are flexing their political muscle. Even as traditional hierarchies weaken, caste identities are
being reinforced, especially among disadvantaged groups with rights to special educational
benefits and substantial quotas reserved for them of electoral offices and government jobs. In
protest against Hinduism’s rigid rankings, thousands of Dalits have embraced Buddhism,
following the example of the revered B.R. Ambedkar.

CLASSES

Most Indians reside in villages, where caste and class affiliations overlap. Large landholders are
overwhelmingly upper caste, and smallscale farmers middle caste, while landless laborers
typically belong to the lowest-ranking castes. These groups tend to form a three-level class
system of stratification in rural areas, and members of the groups are drawing together within
regions across caste lines in order to enhance their economic and political power. For example,
since the late 1960s, some of the middle-ranking cultivating castes of northern India, spurred by
competition with higher-caste landed elites, have cooperated politically in order to advance
their common economic interests.v In cities, class lines adhere less obviously to caste
affiliations, as vested interests strongly crosscut caste boundaries.

When looking at India as a whole, defining classes is a difficult task, rife with vague standards.
According to various estimates, the upper classes include about one percent of the population,
or some ten million people, encompassing wealthy property owners, industrialists, former
royalty, top executives, and prosperous entrepreneurs. Slightly below them are the many
millions of the upper middle class. At the other end of the scale is approximately half of India’s
population, including low-level workers of many kinds, as well as hundreds of millions of
extremely poor people, who endure grossly inadequate housing and education and many other
economic hardships.
But the big development in India is the rapid expansion of a prosperous middle class
increasingly dictating the country’s political and economic direction. [vi] Estimated at perhaps
300 million people—-more than the entire population of the United States-—this new
vanguard, straddling town and countryside and all religious communities, is mobile, driven,
consumer-oriented, and, to some extent, forward-looking. This group includes prosperous
farmers, white-collar workers, business and professional people, military personnel, and a
multitude of others, all enjoying decent homes, reasonable incomes, and educated and healthy
children. Most own televisions and telephones, and many possess cars and computers. Large
numbers have close ties with prosperous relatives living abroad.

VILLAGE STRUCTURE AND UNITY

About three-fourths of India’s people live in some 500,000 villages, where India’s most basic
business—agriculture takes place. Most villages have fewer than 1,000 inhabitants, but some
have as many as 5,000 people. Indian villages are often quite complex and are not isolated
socially or economically. Most villages include a multiplicity of economic, caste, kinship,
occupational, and even religious groups linked vertically within each settlement. Residents
typically range from priests and cultivators to merchants, artisans, and laborers. Various crucial
horizontal linkages connect each village with many others and with urban areas both near and
far. In daily life and at colorful festivals and rituals, members of various groups provide essential
goods and services for one another.

Traditionally, villages often recognized a headman and a panchayat, a council composed of

important local men. Usually, disputes were adjudicated within the village, with infrequent
recourse to the police or courts. Today, the government supports an elective panchayat and
headman system, which is distinct from the traditional system, and, in many cases, mandates
the inclusion of members who are women or very low caste. According to a schedule rotating
every few years, the head of the council of a certain percentage of villages must be a woman or
a Dalit. State and federal government regulations increasingly intrude into village life,
diminishing traditional systems of authority. Further, dissent and competitiveness seem to have
increased in many parts of rural India as a result of the expanding involvement of villagers with
the wider world via travel, work, education, and television, and increased pressure on land and
resources as village populations grow.

URBAN LIFE

The acceleration of urbanization is profoundly affecting the transformation of Indian society.

Slightly more than one-quarter of the country’s population is urban. Mumbai (Bombay) is
currently the sixth largest urban area in the world at 18 million, and Kolkata (Calcutta) ranks
fourteenth at 13 million. In recent years, India’s largest cities have grown at twice the rate of its
small towns and villages, with many of the increases due to rural-urban migration.

The largest cities are densely populated, congested, noisy, polluted, and deficient in clean
water, electricity, sanitation, and decent housing. Slums abound, often cheek-by-jowl with
luxury apartment buildings, with the roads overrun with pedestrians, cattle, refuse, and
vehicles spewing diesel fumes.

Traditional caste hierarchies are weak in cities, but caste ties remain important, as scarce jobs
are often obtained through caste fellows, relatives, and friends. Ingenuity and tenacity
characterize poor urban workers supporting themselves through a multitude of tasks as
entrepreneurs, petty traders, and menial laborers.

The ranks of the growing middle class are increasingly evident in cities, where educational and
employment opportunities benefit them. For them, as for all in the city, linkages are affirmed
through neighborhood solidarity, voluntary associations, and festival celebrations.

Cities, of course, are the great hubs of commerce, education, science, politics, and government,
upon which the functioning of the nation depends. India’s movie industry is the world’s largest,
centered in Mumbai and Chennai, and popular television stations are proliferating. These bring
vivid depictions of urban lifestyles to small-town dwellers and villagers all over the country,
affecting the aspirations of millions.

Social revolutions, too, receive the support of urban visionaries, such as those shaping the
growing women’s movement. Largely led by educated urban women, the movement seeks
gender justice on a wide variety of issues, focusing particularly on the escalating issue of dowry-
related murders of young wives, which number in the thousands annually. The overwhelming
economic needs of poor female workers are being addressed by organizations such as the Self-
Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) of Ahmedabad, led by Ela Bhatt.

FUTURE TRENDS

Now numbering over one billion, India’s population grew by more than 18 million—the
equivalent of an Australia—every year over the past decade. In ten years, the most populous
state, Uttar Pradesh, expanded more than 25 percent to some 166 million, equal to 60 percent
of the population of the United States. India supports a population more than three and a half
times the size of the American population in an area about one-third the size. Family planning is
gaining in popularity, so the rate of population increase is gradually declining, but it is
estimated that by the year 2050, India’s people will number some 1.5 billion, and India will have
surpassed China as the world’s most populous nation.

In India’s vociferous democracy, different groups are increasingly demanding their share of
scarce resources and benefits. While new agricultural crops and techniques are expanding
productivity, forests, rangeland, and water tables are diminishing. As competition grows,
political, social, ecological, and economic issues are hotly contested. Justice in matters
pertaining to class, gender, and access to desirable resources remains an elusive goal.

India is but one of many nations facing these crucial problems and is not alone in seeking
solutions. For many centuries, the people of India have shown strength in creating manageable
order from complexity, bringing together widely disparate groups in structured efforts to
benefit the wider society, encouraging harmony among people with divergent interests,
knowing that close relatives and friends can rely upon each other, allocating different tasks to
those with different skills, and striving to do what is morally right in the eyes of the divine and
the community. These are some of the great strengths upon which Indian society can rely as it
seeks to meet the challenges of the future.

5.2. CULTURE IMPACT ON RURAL ARCHITECTURE AND ITS SETTLEMENT

Introduction:
In all over the world, in any part of the globe, from prehistoric period till the date, complex
layers of social stratification and their cultural diversity are reflected in the urban form of the
settlement. The cause of this influence lies in the unique and diverse socio-cultural roots, which
represent nothing but the ‘Traditions’ of that area.

India is one of the parts of Asian continent where impact of these diverse socio-cultural
patterns is reflected in housing texture.

In general Housing is defined as the total residential environment or micro district including the
physical structure, all necessary services, facilities and apparatus for the total health and social
well-being of the individual and family (Abrams,1964). It is seen as the physical environment in
which the family and society’s basic units develop and sustain.

Housing structures are enclosures in which people are housed for lodging, living
accommodation or even work places. Distinct cultural and social factors along with differences
in geophysical characteristics, materials, climate and technology guided the spreading of human
settlements in India.
Singh R.Y(1994) in his book Geography of settlements talks about Indian versus other
settlements as not only Indian villages differ from others in some respects such as form, size,
shape and internal structure but have regional variations too.
 The varied environmental conditions in conjunction with cultural variations and many
thousand years of living history have enriched diversity of settlements ranging from
different parts of the country.
 The occupants ethnic diversity is no less varied, nor the manners and customs.
 From Neolithic up to the modern age, the spatio-temporal variations are met with
conspicuous absence of similarity.

THE DIVERSITY LEADS TO DIFFERENCES IN MANY ASPECTS AS

(i) Morphology in relation to caste sectors only in India

(ii) Morphology in relation to religion and ethnic groups:Hindu, Muslim, Christian

(iii) Morphology in relation to the type of village: compact,disperse

(iv) Morphology in relation site of village: river, hill etc.

(v) Internal structure of layout of houses in various types of villages, settled according

to different models, hamletization

(vi) Based on livestock raising, poultry farming

(vii)Semi-nomads and nomads of Central Asia are distinct in spatio-temporal and

functional frame work.

(vii)Kibbutz and isolated chaks of individual farmers

(viii)Building materials

The village also differ in the type of institutions, associations, tribal panchayats, party based
organisations and the infrastructures regarding all these separately and combined. That is why,
a Japanese village different from Indian or Italian or Canadian or Brazilian village on the one
hand, and Israeli and East Siberian village on the other.

Rapoport (1979) noted that the origins of Architecture are best understood if one takes a wider
view and considers socio cultural factors in the broadest sense to be more important than
climate, technology, materials and economy. Architecture is a profession that has its roots in
culture. To a large extent culture exerts some influence on architecture in every society. Man
always expresses himself socially and culturally. Culture and architecture are interdependent
and inseparable.

Damen.―History and Civilization- 2008 renowned that a country is not only identified by its
people and government, but by its architecture. ―Through architecture it's possible to gauge
many things about a culture, such as lifestyle, artistic sensibilities and social structure.

R.Y.Singh(1994) in his book Geography of settlements describes that environmental factors in

the early stage and socio-cultural-economic factors in conjunction with the former in later stage
determine the rural settlements existence and growth.

Culture is one of the most powerful factors, which is guiding the evolutionary pattern of
households. Studying at the levels of human settlements, the impacts of culture in the
formations of house forms can be understood.
(Hossain, 2008):The traditional Bengali house shows the efficient use of building materials and
evolutions of a house form having relationship with the limit and the possibilities set by various
physical and socio-cultural factors .

In the case of the Indian traditional built environment, the user is also the designer, builder,
landscape specialist, artist and craftsman. However, he or she is not the concept giver (Haq,
1994).

Among several categories, the Chouchala Ghar is the most common, where the others are seen
very infrequently .It is found almost everywhere in the world that there are some taboos and
beliefs related with rural settlement. There are taboos and beliefs regarding the homesteads in
rural areas.

‗Taboo‘ means reflection of activities regarding houses in rural areas which the owner does not
believe but observes due to societal grounds (e.g. not to plant palm trees or tamarind trees).
On the other hand, ‗belief‘ means reflection of such activities regarding rural homesteads
which the owner not only believes but also ensures in reality (e.g. in the Muslim owned
homesteads the toilets are not made facing east-west; similarly, in Hindu owned homesteads in
rural areas Tulsi) (Baqee, 2011).

CONCLUSION
Today in the era of globalization-privatization, the advancements in field of science and
technology have boosted the trend of modernization in architecture as well as planning, there
by totally changing the housing typology, pattern and construction techniques to be used. As a
result vernacular built forms and traditional construction techniques using local materials are
disappearing. Rural housing also has not been exempted from impact of privatization and
developments in construction techniques.

The planning principles adopted in rural areas taking into account local context in terms of
climate, environment, and vernacular construction technique and lastly the culture and
tradition of the region are losing its importance in society and are being forgotten for the time
being.

However observing the production of monotonous concrete jungle without considering the
context in cities due to impact of inflation in land values, it is necessary to revert back to
architecture and planning principles adopted in rural housing where thought to social cultural,
physical and last but not the least economic factors in design of housing pattern is given
thereby enhancing the spatial quality.

The future architects and planners should study and take into consideration the relationship of
Indian traditions in various context, their respective settlement patterns and housing layouts
and try to bring the same in developing urban and semi-urban zones, or conserve the built
areas subjected to real estate pressure, so that it is suited to Indian psychology and
environment. This will not only revive the local tradition culture in respective zones but also
save the traditional or vernacular built fabric from effects of Globalization!

6. RURAL HOUSING, PUBLIC, PRIVATE SECTOR HOUSING.

I.RURAL HOUSING SHORTAGE AND RURAL HOUSING PROBLEMS IN INDIA

In India nearly three-fourth of population lives in rural areas. The housing needs of people in
these areas are largely unmet.In 2011 the Planning Commission constituted a Working Group
on Rural Housing for the Twelfth Five Year Plan to provide a perspective and approach on rural
housing.

The Report of the Working Group begins by noting the vision for rural housing provided by the
Ministry of Rural Development.

The Working Group has estimated the shortage of rural housing in India for the period of 2012-
2017 by using the method indicated in following table.
Equations Factors taken into account Computation Shortage
for accessing housing (in
shortage millions)
A Number of Households not No. of Households Existing 4.10
having Houses in 2012 Stock of Houses (in numbers)
B Number of Temporary Existing Stock of Houses – No. 20.20
(Kutcha)Houses in 2012 of Permanent ( Pucca ) and Semi
Permanent (Semi Pucca) Houses
C Shortage due to Congestion 6.5 percent of No. of Households in 11.30
2012 2012
D Shortage due to 4.3 percent of No. of Households in 7.50
Obsolescence 2012 2012
T1 Total Rural Housing Shortage A+B+C+D 43.10
-2012
E Additional Housing Shortage Increase in No. of Households 0.50
arising between 2012 and between 2012-2017, Increase in
2017 Stock of Houses between 2012 and
2017
T2 Total Rural Housing Shortage T1+E 43.60
2017

Sources: Working Group on Rural Housing for the Twelfth Five Year Plan, MRD (2011), p. 7.
Note: All numbers for 2012 were projections based on increased growth rates between the
Censuses of 1991-2001.

RURAL HOUSING SCENARIO DURING 2001-2011 CENSUS

Census 2001 placed 0.19 percent of Indian population as homeless. Further, 50 percent of the
available houses in India are in good condition while the rest are in barely livable or in
dilapidated condition. In rural areas, around 48.88 percent of houses are livable, while 6.3
percent ore in dilapidated conditions.
It is found from the findings of National Family Health Survey-III (2005-06) that overall
14 percent of the households live in “Kutcha” houses,
40 percent live in “Semi-pucca” houses and the remaining
46 percent live in “Pucca” houses.
A large majority of urban households live in pucca houses (81 percent), whereas a majority of
rural households live in semi-pucca houses (around 52 percent).
The housing scenario has been described by the 2011 census according to which 0.08 crore
households live in dilapidated houses, which are showing signs of decay or breaking down. They
require major repairs or those houses decayed or ruined and are far from being in conditions
that can be restored or repaired. About 4.41 core houses have Kutcha roofing. Further, 2.71
crore houses have grass, thatch, bamboo, plastic, etc. as wall and another 5.83 crore have mud
or unburnt brick as the material for wall.

The Socio-Economic Caste Censes (SECC) data indicates 4.01 crore houses have one or two
rooms with Kutcha walls and Kutcha roofs. The twelfth plan working group or rural housing
recommended a target of 1.5 crore houses for the plan period based on housing shortage
estimate of four crore houses in rural areas.

HOUSING PROBLEMS OF THE RURAL POOR

The houses of the rural poor in India are found to be deficient in various ways. The major
housing problems of the poor relate to the following.
I. The houses in the rural areas lack protection to the residents against wind, rain and
cold.
II. They lack proper arrangement for light and fresh air.
III. Rural houses do not have separate arrangement for keeping animals.
IV. There is no proper arrangement for basic sanitation and drinking water.
V. The surroundings of rural houses lack requirements for hygiene.
VI. Rural houses are infested with insects, rodents, etc. which cause health problems.
VII. Rural houses involve high recurring costs (maintenance) which the poor residents
cannot afford.
VIII. Rural houses are incapable of providing protection against natural calamities like
floods, cyclones, etc.

II.PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR IN HOUSING

PUBLIC SECTOR
A public sector enterprise is an organization which is owned by public authorities
including Central, State or Local authorities, to the extent of 50% or more
• Is under the top managerial control of owning public authorities
• Is established for the achievement of a definite set of public purpose
• Is consequently placed under a system of public accountability
• Is engaged in an activity of business character
 OBJECTIVES
• Helps in rapid economic growth & industrialization of the country & creation of
necessary infrastructure for economic development,
• To earn return on investment & thus generate resources for development,
• To promote redistribution of income and wealth,
• To create employment opportunities,
• To promote balanced regional development,
• To promote import substitution, save and earn foreign exchange for the economy
• Acts as a countervailing force and put up an effective competition
• To undertakings in private sector and to gain control over the commanding heights of
the economy.

PUBLIC SECTOR HOUSING AGENCIES

1. HUDCO
2. LIC
3. NHB
4. Co-operative banks
5. Banks

PRIVATE SECTOR
• A private sector enterprise is an organisation which is owned, managed & controlled
by private individuals or a group of individuals or both. It is also engaged in business
activity but with the motive of profit maximisation rather than public service like in case
of public sector enterprise

OBJECTIVES
• To reduce political interference in the management of enterprise, leading to improved
efficiency & productivity,
• To provide adequate competition to the public sector,
• To generate cash in order to fund the ever-increasing expenses,
• To reduce the concentration of economic power in the country and rural areas

PRIVATE SECTOR HOUSING AGENCIES

1. HDFC
2. ICICI
3. IDBI
4. PNB
5. DHFL
III.PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS (PPP)
DEFINITION:
PPP describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated
through a partnership of government and one or more private sector company.

Why PPP?
 Financial need - budget deficit, large debt
 Aging or deteriorating infrastructure
 Growing demand on public sector services
 Search for greater efficiency and creativity
 Strides to introduce competition
 Lack of domestic experience or skills
 Need to educate local contractors while remaining competitive

VARYING MODELS OF PPP’S

Model 1
 The Public entity transfer land, property or facility to private sector.
 Private sector builds or renovates facility
 Public sector sets standard of service
 Private sector provide service for set term
 Private sector transfer ownership at end of term
Model 2
 Public sector defines service over long-term
 No payments made until asset is delivered as promised
 Private sector assumes risks associated with design & performance
 Private sector provides no funding during construction
 Private sector allowed to own and run facility for profit

PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS in INDIA

The public-private partnership model in Republic of India has attracted large private sector
investments in sectors like Roads and Highways, Railways, Power, and concrete infrastructure.
With investment in infrastructure expected to double to the $ 1 trillion throughout the Twelfth
5 Year set up (2012-17), the PPP story in India’s infrastructure development are going to be of
major consequence.

Regarding half of the targeted investment within the twelfth plan is to be achieved through
non-public sector investment.
Still, there exists an enormous untapped potential for PPPs in real estate projects within the
mass housing area. Currently, the housing shortage within the country is to the tune of
regarding 6 crores units with the amount of annual investments within the housing sector being
about $ 110 to 120 billion at this time. Indian would need about eleven crores housing units on
a pan India basis by 2022 to attain the government’s vision of “housing for all”.

To meet this bold housing agenda, investments of over $ 2 trillion or regarding $ 250 to 260
billion annual investments till 2022 would be needed. concerning 85 to 90 % of the whole
investments required to satisfy the country’ housing agenda would move into developing urban
housing, wherever development prices area unit high thanks to factors like land costs,
construction value, fees, and taxes.

To make the PPP model productive within the mass housing section, the govt. would wish to
deal with many structural problems initial. These embraces liberalizing urban coming up with
method, providing access to adequate funding sources for private players, setting up place a
mechanism for fast clearances of licenses and approvals in order that price overruns and
project delays are often decreased.

The PPP framework is often efficiently accustomed address vital problems in development like
land availableness, approval delays, funding, and affordability by the poor. Among a lot of
obvious blessings of the PPP model in AH are:

Easier land acquisition and consolidation – it's calculable that to satisfy the requirements of
urban housing, about 1.7 to 2.0 lakh hectare of land would be needed till 2022. speeded up and
easier land acquisition, created potential by the general public sector, may change are
managing in project lifecycle and project prices.

The central and state governments ought to give the land non-heritable, at competitive costs to
the personal sector, that is usually higher in term of managing construction risks and project
delivery.

A deep analysis of those PPP policies in housing saying that a PPP policy ought to aim at
aggregating land for development, whereas the non-public sector ought to target managing
operation risks (construction and finance). Land cost, that is anyplace between 20 to 60 % of
total project value (depending on project location), and lack formal financing channels for land
acquisition (both debt and foreign equity), are major bottlenecks limiting overall development
within the country.
 a) FASTER REGULATIVE APPROVALS – problems concerning project implementation,
observation and dispute resolution are among the key considerations of the developers.
PPP mechanism will facilitate guarantee timely clearances of restrictive approvals, which
might scale back the risk of value and schedule overruns.

b) IMPROVED FUNDING — A joint pool of personal and public funds is also more practical
and economical in funding housing comes. Further, a PPP project with government
guarantee might facilitate secure loaning from institutional lenders at a lower price.

c) IMPROVED AFFORDABILITY – With some relief on taxation and development fees, and
tie up with banking establishments, the affordability of homes by EWS/LIG sections may
be improved.

d) FOR INSTANCE, TO ENCOURAGE PPP IN AH HOUSE, Rajasthan has drastically reduced

the taxation within the case of EWS or LIG houses from 8% to mere Rs.10 within the
case of EWS and Rs.25 within the case of LIG-H. As a result, so far, over 75,000 homes
(60% of budgeted target) for EWS or LIG groups are delivered through PPP in locations
like world town, Neemrana, greater Bhiwadi and New Jaipur.

Fig: Push-pull Factors for Entry of private players in "Affordable Housing"

States like Haryana and Tamil-nadu have created smart use of transferable development rights
and a liberalized FSI approach to encourage PPP within the AH sector. In fact, Tamil Nadu offers
50 % further FSI for comes aiming EWS in Chennai, Metropolitan area, and 30 % additional FSI
for projects targeting MIG. Haryana includes a proposal to extend the density norms from 300
people/ acres to 900 people/ acres, permitting developers to extend the most range of units
per acre from 60 to 180. Cities like Delhi and Ahmedabad have written administrative division
Development Schemes or “Land Pooling Policy” (a form of PPP models) to encourage AH
developments through PPP route.
ROLE OF PPP IN “AFFORDABLE HOUSING”

Construction & other Costs

CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

CREDIT DELIVERY & RISK

OTHERS
FACTORS RESTRICTING PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN URBAN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT:
UNIT II SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

CONTENT
2.1. Social economic factors influencing housing affordability
2.2. A. Equity in housing development sites and services/
2.2. B. Slum up gradation community participation
2.3. A. Rajiv Awas Yojana,
2.3. B. Crime prevention,
2.3. C. Health principles in Housing.
ASPECTS:
2.1 INTRODUCTION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF HOUSING
Human values don’t change as rapidly as technology, many values remain unchanged.
• The desire to live dignity.
• The need for privacy, safety, Accessibility & convenience.
• The need to maintain individual identity.
• The need to live with sunlight, plants, air & water.
The socio-economic analysis of housing can be organized into sequential parts essentially starts
with the analysis of determinants of Housing quality and suitability.

I) HUMAN NEEDS AS DETERMINANTS OF HOUSING QUALITY AND SUITABILITY

• Territory • Orientation • Privacy • Identity
• Convenience • Accessibility • Safety
TERRITORY
 We predict our territory and judge whether it is being violated through our sense
of light, hearing, smell etc.,
 Territory is primarily a private space, clearly belonging to the family.
 Usually territory is defined by fencing, a plant screen, and change of level, partly
compound wall or the house forms themselves.
ACCESSIBILITY
 Accessibility to all parts of the housing environment by all the members of the
family may be considered as a basic human need.
SAFETY
 Safety is sense of security in one’s house; garden, day and night, year after year.
This means protection from many things that threatens human safety and cause
property damage.
ORIENTATION
 This talks about the direction/ facing of houses with respect to the climatic
conditions, day light, wind movement and other man-made elements.
VIEW
 The amenity of view can also be almost important in determining the
orientation. The view is both qualitative and scalar.
PRIVACY
 In housing privacy is created by shared barriers such as walls, floors, ceiling,
fences, shrubbery, etc.,
IDENTITY
 Our choice of housing and the way we maintain it is an important means of
expressing our identity. We tend to maintain the identity through selection of
house style.
CONVENIENCE
 Convenience is the degree of physical ease or lack of difficulty encountered in
conducting daily household activities.

II) SITE POTENTIAL AND LIMITATIONS AS DETERMINANTS OF HOUSING QUALITY AND

SUITABILITY
Natural factors Manmade factors
1. Water 1. Location
2. Physiographic 2. Cultural attraction
3. Orientation 3. Utilities
4. Vegetation 4. Services
5. View 5. Buildings
6. Climate 6. Roads

III) MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGY CHOSEN FOR CONSTRUCTION

Building material is any material used for construction purpose such as materials for
house building. Wood, cement, aggregates, metals, bricks, concrete, clay are the most
common type of building material used in construction. The choice of these are based
on their cost effectiveness for building projects.

IV) HOUSEHOLD TYPE & INCOME

1. LAND OWNERSHIP
Classified in to two types
A. Group housing B.Plotted house
2. STRUCTURAL QUALITY
Classified in to two types
A. Pucca house B.Semi pucca house C. Kutcha
3. ECONOMIC GROUP
A.HIG-Higher Income Group B.MIG-Middle Income Group
C.LIG-Lower Income Group D.EWS-Economically weaker section
4. TENURE
Classified in to three types
A. Free hold B.Lease hold (having time limit) C. Rental (1-12 months)
5. BUILD QUALITY
Classified in to three types
A. Highrise B.Mid rise C.Low rise
6. ORGIN / SUPPLY

7. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
• Transit houses
• Extreme weather house
• Old age / senior citizens house
2.1. SOCIAL ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSING
AFFORDABILITY:
AFFORDABILITY
Affordable housing refers to housing units that are affordable by that section of society whose
income is below the median household income.
TENURE
Housing tenure describes the legal status under which people have the right to occupy their
accommodation.
The most common forms of tenure are:
• Home-ownership: this includes homes owned outright and mortgaged
• Renting: this includes social rented housing and private rented housing.

CRITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUPPLY OF HOUSING INCLUDE

 The availability and cost of land. Other factors influencing the supply of new housing
include:The availability of infrastructure, including the supply of essential services
(roads, sewerage,drinking water, etc.),
 Regional development policies and regulations that address environmental concerns, for
example, the Resource Management Act as well as natural hazards, changes in
development levies imposed by local authorities and government interventions (e.g.
those aimed at improving the sustainability of the housing stock, and regulatory
statements in general)
 The availability of finance at an affordable price and for different ownership structures
such as multiple-owned land,
 The performance and efficiency of the building and construction sector, including the
length of time it takes the building industry to adjust to changing demand for housing.
Industry efficiency can be affected by labor market constraints, industry capability, the
costs of construction, and building techniques.

2.2.A. EQUITY IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT SITES AND SERVICES

Rapid growth of urban areas in most developing countries in the last few decades has led to
shortfall in many sectors, primarily housing. The problem has been two-fold: on one hand, the
majority of the people moving to the urban areas have lacked the necessary asset and financial
holdings in order to acquire a "decent" house. On the other hand, the designated government
agencies and bodies have not provided sufficient housing units which are affordable for the
poor majority in urban areas.
The proliferation of slums and squatter settlements has been a result of this scenario. But a
growing understanding of the dynamics involved in the development and expansion of squatter
settlements has led to a number of innovative housing schemes in various developing countries
to solve the "dilemma" of housing.

Particularly with the intention of improving the environmental quality of squatter settlements
and provide it with the basic necessary infrastructure, one such innovative schemes which has
received wide acknowledgement and following has been "sites-and-services" schemes.

SITES-AND-SERVICES SCHEMES became the byword for solving the problem of squatter
settlements. Squatter settlements were and has always been considered illegal and in order to
relocate and rehabilitate the squatters (as a function of "slum clearance"), plots of land (or
sites) with infrastructure on it (or services)were provided, and the beneficiaries had to, in most
of the projects, build their own houses on such land. There are a wide variety of sites-and-
services schemes, ranging from the subdivided plot only to a serviced plot of land with a "core"
house built on it.

THE BASIC PRINCIPLES

 The key components of a housing scheme are the plot of land, infrastructure (like roads,
water supply, drainage, electricity or a sanitary network), and the house itself. Various
inputs that go into them include finance, building materials/technology, and labor.

 Thus, the sites-and-services approach advocated the role of government agencies only
in the preparation of land parcels or plots with certain basic infrastructure, which was to
be sold or leased to the intended beneficiaries.

 The next step of actual house building was left to the beneficiaries themselves to use
their own resources, such as informal finance or family labor and various other types of
community participation modes to build their house.

 The beneficiaries could also build the house at their own phase, depending on the
availability of financial and other resources.

 This adopted the basic principle of the development of a squatter settlement but
without the "squatting" aspect.
TYPOLOGIES IN SITES-AND-SERVICES SCHEMES
Some of the variations attempted in sites-and-services projects include

UTILITY WALL: A "utility" wall is built on the plot which contains the connections for water,
drainage, sewerage and electricity. The beneficiaries had to build the house around this wall,
and utilize the connections from it. Some projects provided this utility wall in the form of a
sanitary core consisting of a bathroom/toilet, and/or a kitchen.

LATRINE: Due to its critical waste disposal problem, many projects provide a basic latrine
(bathroom and/or toilet) in each plot.

ROOF FRAME/ SHELL HOUSE, CORE HOUSE: The roof is the costliest component of a house and
requires skilled labor to build. Therefore, some projects provide the roof structure on posts,
and the beneficiaries have to build the walls according to their requirements. Conversely, a
plinth is sometimes built by the implementing agency, which forms a base over which the
beneficiaries can build their house. Other variations to this are the shell house (which is an
incomplete house consisting of a roof and two side walls, but without front or rear walls) and a
core house (consisting of one complete room).

CASE STUDY FOR SITES AND SERVICES SCHEME

MADRAS URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT I (MUDP I)

• It was taken up by the Tamil Nadu Govt. from 1977-78 with the basic objective to help
in developing and promoting low cost solutions in shelter from urban poor.

• The total cost of the project, ended in June was Rs. 46.82 crores to of which a sum of
Rs.21.6 crores were provided as loan from world bank.

COMPONENTS
1. Shelter, Sites and services, Slum improvement
2. Serviced plots and loans to small business in the sites and service improvement area
3. Water supply and sewerage system
4. Transport improvement
5. Consultancy and advisory services and Training
PLOT TYPES
Type EWS-A
 Type EWS-A is a plot of 40 sq.m (13’x 33’) with a sanitary core.
 Each core contains water closet and a tap.
 The purchaser will first fix up a shelter he can and later he will develop that into
a house.
 The monthly payment required for the plot including maintenance charge is Rs.
22.
Type EWS-B
 Type EWS-B is a plot of 46.5 sq.m (10’x50’).
 The super structure includes a sanitary core, two 22cm thick brick wall along the
boundary line of the plot and a roof.
 The first step is to construct the front and back wall. The monthly charges along
with maintenance is Rs. 33.
Type EWS- C
 Type EWS- C is consists of a plot of 46.5 sq.m with a sanitary core and a super
structure including two rooms of 10.5 sq.m each.
 The roof made of concrete and floor of rammed earth.
 The monthly payment is Rs.70.

PROJECT AT ARUMBAKKAM
 The project at arumbakkam gas been completed with the formation of onsite
roads, laying of water supply and sewerage lines.
 Together with this infrastructure, the following 1699 units and 655 plots have
been allotted.
 Other than these EWS plots the site has LIG, MIG and plots for small scale
commercial development.
 These plots ranges from 60 sq.m to 220 sq.m.
 No of plots in arumbakkam project
Type A- 1058 Type B- 462 Type C- 179
LIG plots - 503 MIG plots- 152

EQUITY IN HOUSING

The value of ownership built up in a home or property that represents the current
market value of the house less any remaining mortgage payments.

This value is built up over time as the property owner pays off the mortgage and the
market value of the property appreciates.

Simply put Home Equity is Market Value minus Mortgage Balance. If I have lines of
credit against my home, that is also deducted from the Market Value of my home.

If my home is worth Rs 40 lakhs and my mortgage balance is Rs 30 lakhs I have equity of

Rs 10 lakhs.
2.2.B. SLUM UP GRADATION & COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

The definition uses the word, “Substandard not in an objective or technological but rather in a
relative social sense, i.e., specific to a given country at a given period of time”

Firstly, the fact that a slum is always a community and hence calls for community action.
Secondly, that the requirements of a slum are very culture specific and invariably need
public participation in some degree, for identification of immediate and long-term issues.

What does the slum dweller realistically need? Is it shelter & tenure, nutrition, health,
sanitation, water, education, employment alone, or is it recognition, acknowledgement &
empowerment?

Slum eradication/eviction was one of the earliest and most crude form of a solution looked at
by the government. Besides being an extreme measure, it was also a failure in terms of its
implementation. Other housing schemes looked at generating a general surplus of housing
stock with special emphasis on housing for the poor and EWS (Economically Weaker Sections),
they bordered on suggesting that the problem of the urban poor is mainly restricted to Shelter.

Gradually it was acknowledged that slum communities are an integral part of any city’s
infrastructure, and cannot be indefinitely shifted or removed. With this realization came the
concept of Slum Upgradation. This involved the betterment of slums in-situ.
The earlier schemes tended to focus on the physical component. However, it has been
established that all such efforts should adhere to local standards of physical development.
Whereby reinforcing the concept of public participation.

According to the Action Plan for Slum up gradation identified by the UNCHS and World Bank –
Cities Alliance for Cities without slums: “Slum Upgrading consists of physical, social, economic,
and organizational and environmental improvements undertaken cooperatively and locally
among citizens, community groups, businesses and local authorities.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Fig: Community participation in water supply line making

INTRODUCTION
For any developmental process, involving the people is must which will be helpful in all the
design solutions.
They are the one who is going to reside their and their Participation should be justified on the
basis of its contribution toward the objectives of housing and urban management.

PLANNING FOR ENGAGEMENT

A key task for public agencies and officials in planning community engagement is to assess
which engagement techniques are most appropriate in the particular circumstances.
DECIDING ON THE LEVEL OF ENGAGEMENT
Careful consideration needs to be given to determining and delivering an appropriate level of
engagement, deciding which stakeholders should be involved, the issue to be considered and
the objectives of engagement.

CHOOSING ENGAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

When deciding which engagement method or technique to use in a particular situation or with
a particular group, it is important to consider a number of issues including:
• agency issues • community issues and • process issues.

CONSULTATION TECHNIQUES
• Discussion groups and workshops
• One-on-one interviews
• Open days

CONCLUSION
 Providing participants with feedback - Providing feedback to those who have
participated in an engagement process, allows them to see whether their views have
been accurately represented when decisions are being made.
 Following up on engagement - Follow-up strategies provide those who participated in an
engagement process with advice regarding progress made in addressing the issues
raised.

2.3. A. RAJIV AWAS YOJANA-2009

VISION
"Slum Free India" with inclusive and equitable cities in which every citizen has access to basic
civic infrastructure and social amenities and decent shelter.

MISSION
• Encourage States/Union Territories (UTs) to tackle slums in a definitive manner, by focusing
on:
• Bringing all existing slums, notified or non-notified (including recognized and identified)
within the formal system and enabling them to avail the basic amenities that is available for the
rest of the city/UA
• Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums by planning
for affordable housing stock for the urban poor and initiating crucial policy changes required for
facilitating the same.

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY: 2 STEP IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES

• Preparation of Slum Free City Plan of Action (SFCPoA) on 'whole city' basis
• Detailed Project Report (DPRs) for slum redevelopment/upgradation /relocation on 'whole
slum' basis.
Preparation of SFCPOA
• Activities for preparation of SFCPoAs include:
• Slum Survey
• Data Entry into MIS
• GIS Mapping of Slums
• GIS-MIS integration
SFCPOAS in two parts
Curative Strategy for Slum Redevelopment of all existing slums, notified, recognized or non,
notified, on lands belonging to State/Central Government, Urban Local Bodies, Public
Undertakings of State/Central Government any other public agency and private land;
Preventive Strategy for Containment of growth of future Slums.

ADMISSIBLE COMPONENTS
• Provisioning of Housing and basic civic infrastructure and amenities
• In Slum development/improvement/up gradation Transit Housing for in situ
redevelopment
• Rental Housing and Dormitories
• Social infrastructure including Community halls, Child care centers,
• Informal markets, Common workplaces/livelihoods center.
RAY APPROACH SUMMARY :
2.3. B. CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH HOUSING DESIGN
PRINCIPLES
1. Surveillance. Involves the location and use of physical features, electrical and
mechanical devices, activities, and people to maximize visibility. It creates a risk of
detection for intruders and a perception of safety for legitimate users.

2. Access control. Employs people, electrical and mechanical devices, and natural
measures to create a perception of risk to intruders and deny them access to
targets. It also guides legitimate users safely through the environment.

3. Territoriality. Uses physical features and activities to express ownership and control
of the environment and promotes pride in the environment.

It also discourages presence of outsiders by controlling the movement of people and

vehicles, having someone are responsible for maintaining all areas in the
environment for their intended uses, and delineating public, semipublic/private, and
private spaces, and controlling the movement of people and vehicles.

4. Maintenance. Allows the continued use of areas for their intended uses and
maintains the effectiveness of measures employed for surveillance, access control,
and territoriality.

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Allow for clear sight lines,
2. Provide adequate lighting,
3. Minimize concealed and isolated routes,
4. Avoid entrapment,
5. Reduce isolation,
6. Promote land use mix,
7. Use of activity generators,
8. Create a sense of ownership through maintenance and management,
9. Provide signs and information and
10. Improve overall design of the built environment.
2.3. C. HEALTH PRINCIPLES IN HOUSING
• Principles" may be defined as rules for guiding thought and action, based on experimental.
• Clinical or epidemiological findings. As such, they have been deliberately left General. The
evidence on which they are based varies in quality. Many of them require situation-specific
Adaptations, to bring them in line with circumstances (climate, culture), preferences (choices of
locations and housing materials), and the availability of resources to provide and improve
Housing.
• The general nature of these principles distinguishes them from housing standards.

PRINCIPLES RELATED TO HEALTH NEEDS

The relationships between housing conditions and human health are set Forth in six major
principles, some of which include a number of subdivisions.
The subjects of the major principles are:
• Protection against communicable diseases.
• Protection against injuries, poisonings and chronic diseases.
• Reducing psychological and social stresses to a minimum.
• Improving the housing environment.
• Making informed use of housing.
• Protecting populations at special risk
• Protection against communicable diseases
• Adequate housing provides protection against exposure to agents and vectors of
communicable diseases, through Safe water supply, sanitary excreta disposal,
• Disposal of solid wastes drainage of surface water, personal and domestic hygiene,
safe food preparation, and structural safeguards against disease Transmission

REDUCING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL STRESSES TO A MINIMUM

Adequate housing helps people's social and psychological development and reduces to a
minimum the psychological and social stresses connected with the housing environment.

IMPROVING THE HOUSING ENVIRONMENT

• Suitable housing environments provide access to places of work, essential services
and amenities that promote good health.
• Three provisions are of special concern to health.
• Security and emergency services
• Health and social services
• Access to cultural and other amenities.
UNIT III HOUSING STANDARDS

CONTENT:
3.1. UD PFI – guide lines, standard and regulations
3.2. DCR
3.3. Performance standards for housing.
ASPECTS:
3.1.UDPFI – Guide lines, standard and regulations
INTRODUCTION
• Planning is a continuous process & planning system should be such that it ensures
continuity.
• Earlier town planning was a piecemeal process but after Independence the city planning
experienced tremendous growth & challenges for resettlement due to political changes.
• Several resettlements, new Industrial base towns & urban centers were under process
of planning & masters & town planners conclude that land use plans are needed to
guide development of urban centers to promote orderly development & healthy living
environment.
• For this purpose, the ministry of Urban affairs & employment, governing of India
organized a national workshop on master plan approach during February 24-25, 1995.
The research study of this workshop awarded as UDPFI – Urban development plans
formulation and implementation guidelines.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REGULATION AND STANDARD

REGULATION
• A Rule that we must follow
• Rules that the Government makes under an Act
• Rules are made “real” and “enforceable” by the power that the Government gives itself
under an Act
• e.g. Health & Safety Act Regulation for Hearing Protection
STANDARDS
• Not written by Government
• Are written by organizations such as CSA, ANSI, CGSB, etc.
• Typically refer to product performance or how to do a job
• Have no authority on their own, but may be adopted into regulations making them legal
requirements
• May be referred to specifically in a regulation or through a “General Duty Clause”
• Regulatory bodies may adopt all or a part of an existing standard.

URDPFI -URBAN & REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

THE NEED OF GUIDELINES:
The study of UDPFI norms and standards is needed to evolve:
• System that is dynamic, flexible and efficient.
• Process that is less time consuming.
• Innovative ideas of land assembly and fiscal resource mobilization
• Simple & effective form of laws, rules and regulations.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING SYSTEM IT CONSISTS OF

A. PERSPECTIVE PLAN: 20-25 years duration.
• Includes Maps & Diagrams.
• State government’s goal, policies, strategies of urban local authority regarding socio-
economic development.
B. DEVELOPMENT PLAN
• Conceived within Frame work of approved Perspective plan. Medium Duration for 5
years.
• Proposals for socio-economic & spatial development of urban centers including land
use.
C. ANNUAL PLAN
• Conceived within the frame work of Development plan. Details of new & ongoing
projects for local authority to implement in financial year Necessary fiscal resources
mobilization.

D. PLAN OF PROJECTS/SCHEMES
• Conceived within the frame work of approved development Plan.
• Includes detailed working layouts with cost of development, source of Finance &
recovery instruments for Execution by a public or private agency.
NORMS AND STANDARDS of UDPFI
1. Distribution of land use
2. Infrastructure
3. Commercial facilities
4. Recreational facilities
5. Traffic and Transportation
1. DISTRIBUTION OF LAND USE
I. Developed area average densities
II. Work force
III. Proposed land use structure of urban centers in plain area
I. URBAN CENTER CLASSIFICATION
Population based
POPULATION

Settlement type Plain areas Hill areas

Small town Less than 50,000 Less than 20,000
Medium town 50,000- 5lakh 20,000 less than 80,000
Large cities More than 5 lakh 80,000 and more
Distribution of Land Use
Developed area average densities:-
Persons per Hectare(pph)
Settlement type Plain areas Hill areas
Small town 75-125 45-75
Medium town 100-150 60-90
Large cities 100-150 60-90
Metro cities 125-175 -
Comment -
• The Densities of medium town & large cities are considered similar for sustainability.
• The density of 125 PPH is max. factor for small town & average for medium town &
large cities & minimum for Metro cities for their identification & survival.
II.WORK FORCE:-
Work force participation
Usually 33% of total population working in industrial area
Industrial workers percentage of total work force
Settlement type %
Small town & Medium town 20%
Large cities 25%
Workers density 100-125 PPH
Comment -
• Due to more population in Large cities the Industrial worker Population is 25%
• In current scenario The industrial worker population Is more than 30% due to set back
in agricultural production.
III. PROPOSED LAND USE STRUCTURE OF URBAN CENTERS
Percentage of developed area
Land use category Small Medium Large cities Metro cities
Residential 45-50 40-45 35-40 35-40
commercial 2-3 3-4 4-5 4-5
Industrial 8-10 8-10 10-12 12-14
Public & Semi Public 6-8 10-12 12-14 14-16
Recreational 12-14 18-20 18-20 20-25
Transport & Communication 10-12 12-14 12-14 15-18
Agriculture & Water bodies Balance Balance Balance Balance
Comment -
• Land use structure of urban center depends upon its function and size. Due to higher
density in metros the land use for residential purpose is less compared to smaller areas
with less density.
• Land use distribution for industrial, commercial and recreational purpose increases as
we move from small town to metro cities.
2. INFRASTRUCTURE
- Basic requirement of urban life.
- Innovative efforts to ensure wide coverage & equitable distribution.
- Classified in to two types

A. Physical infrastructure B. Social infrastructure

•Water Supply • Educational facilities
•Water Requirements for institutional buildings • Health care facilities
•Sewage • Socio- Cultural facilities
•Drainage • Distribution services
•Electricity • Police
•Solid waste Disposal • Fire

A.PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
WATER SUPPLY
Size of town
Purpose Aspect Small Medium Large and Metro

Domestic Absolute Min. 70 lpcd 70-100 lpcd 135 lpcd

desirable 100 lpcd 135-150 lpcd 135-150 lpcd

Non- Domestic Fire fighting 1% of total demand

Public purpose 10-15 lpcd 20-25 lpcd 30-35 lpcd
Comment -
• The 135 lpcd of water consumption Includes the need for fire fighting.

S.No Institutions Litres per head

per day
1 Hospital
a. No. of beds exceeding 100 450 per bed
b. No. of beds not exceeding 100 340 per bed
2 Hotels 180 per bed
3 Hostels 135
4 Boarding schools/ colleges 135
5 Restaurants 70 per seat
6 Airports & Sea ports 70
 7 Junctions stations & intermediate stations 70
8 Terminal Stations & Intermediate stations 45
9 Day schools/ colleges 45
10 Offices & factories 45
11 Cinema, concert halls and theatres 15
Comment -
Water is an important Resource Hence Rain water harvesting should be encouraged in
Institutional buildings as well as residential zones especially in medium towns & cities.

SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE

• The drainage system for any city/town is governed mainly by natural course and
topography. The discharge is calculated that guides the requirements for provision of
additional drain as well as up gradation of existing drains.
• The treatment of sewerage is essential to provide hygienic conditions.
• The sewerage is estimated at the rate of 80% of the water supply demand.
• The large & metro cities shall be provided with regular sewerage treatment facilities at
zonal/city level.
• The newly developed areas shall have community level septic tanks based on
economic & environmental considerations.
• The squatter settlements may be provided with a facility of 1 toilet for 4 to 5 families
based on the concept of low cost and low water consumption.
Comment -
In case of developing cities the Treatment plant shall be planned with possible future
expansion including biogas plant, energy conservation &environment considerations.

ELECTRICITY
• Power supply consumption works out to be about 2 KW per household at the city level
including domestic, commercial, industrial and other requirements.
•1 electric substation of 11 KV for a population of 15,000 is recommended for towns/
cities.
Comment -
• Solar power System Shall be emphasized in residential as well as Institutional Areas.
• Bio-gas Plants Shall be Initiated in small & medium Towns.

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

• The garbage is removed and dumped at the sanitary landfill or in some cases it is
converted to compost especially in small towns.
• The generation of waste varies from a quarter of Kg in small towns to about
half a kg per capita in large and metro cities.
Comment -
•Garbage separation of Dry, wet garbage & recyclable material to achieve efficient
method of disposal shall be encouraged by educating people.

B. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
• These facilities shall be provided with 25% additional population.
• Incase of metro cities, these facilities serves the regional demand
• Incase of small & medium towns, the villages & surrounding areas depends on them.
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES:-
Pre-primary to Secondary Education
•Pre primary, nursery school 1 for 2500 population
•Senior secondary school 1 for 7500 population
TECHNICAL EDUCATION CENTRE:-
•1 such centre provided for every 10 lakh pop. Include 1 industrial training institute and
1 polytechnic institute.
COLLEGE
•1 for 1.25 lacs population
•No of student 1000 to 1500
•Area 1.80 Ha.
University Campus with Area of 10 ha.shall be provided.
Comment:–
These are found to be sufficient but location of these facilities is more important for
development.
HEALTH CARE FACILITIES:
a) General hospital
Hospital for 2.5 lakh population capacity 500 beds
Initially the provision may be for 300 beds
Area for hospital 4 ha
Area for residential accommodation 2 ha
Total area 6 ha
b) Intermediate hospital
1 hospital for 1 lakh population capacity
Area for hospital 2.70 ha
Area for residential accommodation 1 ha
Total area 3.70 ha
c) Nursing home, child welfare and maternity center
1 for 0.45 to 1 lakh population
Capacity 25 to 30 beds
 Area 0.20 to 0.30 ha
d) Dispensary
1 for 0.15 lakh population Area 0.08 to 0.12 ha

Comment -
•The ratio of Dispensary is very less as due to Polluted environment & life style of urban
areas & accidents occurring everyday these needs to be improved/modified for metro
cities.
SOCIO-CULTURAL FACILITIES
a) Community room
1 for 5,000 population area 660 Sq..m
b) Community hall and library
1 for 15,000 population area 2000 sq.m
c) Recreational club
1 for 1 lakh population area 10,000 sq.m
d) Music, dance and drama centre
1 for 1 lakh population – area 1,000 sq.m
e) Meditation and spiritual centre
1 for 1 lakh population area 5000 sq.m
f) Socio-cultural centre
1 for 10 lakh population area 15 ha
Comment –
•These need to be improved in Metro cities as Music, dance & drama centers are not
only Cultural Oriented but it’s a part Of Industry.
•These facilities can be clubbed with Commercial Activity.
DISTRIBUTION SERVICES
a) Petrol pump
• One petrol pump for 150 ha of gross residential areas in residential zone
• One petrol pump for 40 ha of gross industrial area
• Two petrol pumps in each district centre
• One petrol pump in each community centre
Comment –
• These are sufficient & adequate.

b) Milk distribution
•One milk booth for 5,000 populations.
Comment
•These are sufficient & adequate.
c) LPG Godown
•One gas Godown for 40-50 thousand population is sufficient for any size of town.
•The major concern for its storage and distribution is the location which shall be away
from the residential areas.
Comment-
•These are sufficient & adequate.
POLICE
Police station
1 for 90,000 populations
Area inclusive of essential residential accommodation 1.5 ha
Police post
1 for 0.4 to 0.5 lakh population
Area inclusive of essential residential accommodation 0.16 ha
District office and battalion
1for 10 lakh population 0.80 ha
Area for district office area for battalion 4.00 ha
Total area 4.80 ha
Police line 1 for 20 lakh population 4 to 6 ha
District jail 1 for 10 lakh population - area 10 ha
Comment –
•The Police line is less in case of metro cities.
FIRE
• 1 fire station or sub fire station within 1 to 3 km
to be provided for 2 lakh population. 1ha
• Area for fire station with essential
residential accommodation 1ha
• Area for sub- fire-station with essential
residential accommodation 0.6ha
Comment –
•The disaster Management centers & rehabilitation shelters shall be encouraged in
Social Infrastructure.
3. COMMERCIAL FACILITIES
Classified in to 3 classification
a) Hierarchy of commercial centers
b) Area of commercial centers
c) Distribution of shops
A).HIERARCHY OF COMMERCIAL CENTERS IS A FUNCTION OF THE HIERARCHY OF PLANNING
UNITS IN AN URBAN CENTER
Planning unit Population Served Hierarchy of commercial centre
Housing cluster 1000-400 Cluster centre
Sector 5000-20000 Sector centre
Community 25000-100000 Community centre
District 125000-500000 District centre
Sub-city 25 lakh- 50 lakh Sub- city centre
City 50 lakh + City centre

Comment –
•These distribution is found to be sufficient.
B).AREA OF COMMERCIAL CENTERS

Area per 1000 Persons (SQM). No. of Shops

Cluster Centre 220 1 for 110 Persons
Sector Centre 300 1 for 200 Persons
Community Centre 500 1 for 200 Persons
District Centre 880 1 for 300 Persons
Comment –
•These are found to be sufficient.
C).DISTRIBUTION OF SHOPS
Type of shops district community sector cluster
Formal shops(total) 1250 365 55 24
General retail 1200 295 35 16
Fruit & vegetables Not specified 40 6 3
Service & Repairs 50 30 13 5
Informal shops 370 110 22 13
General retail 355 88 14 8
Comment –
•Fruits & Vegetables Markets locations shall be planned to avoid road encroachment
by local Hawkers.
4. RECREATIONAL FACILITIES
PLANNING UNIT
Housing cluster 3-4 local parks and playgrounds
Sector 3-4 local park and playgrounds
Community 2-3 community level park and open space
District 1 district level park and sports centre, maidan
Sub city centre 1 city level park, sports complex, botanical /zoological
garden, maidan.
Overall town/ city level 10 sq.m- 12 sq.m per person
Type Area in sq.mt.
Small Town 1 - 1.2 ha. / 1000 persons
Medium Town 1.4 - 1.6 ha. / 1000 persons
Large cities 1.2- 1.4 ha. /1000 persons
Comment -
• Local parks, Playgrounds & Open Spaces shall be distributed evenly in case of metro
cities.
• The Proportion for large cities is average of small & medium town as the land is
costlier in case of large cities.
MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES
• Cremation/ burial ground: Provision of at least 2 sites for 5 lakh population and to
provide one electric crematorium for large size towns.
• Dhobi ghat: one site for 1 lakh population with appropriate arrangements for water
and drainage facilities.
• Taxi stands/ Bus stops/ Rickshaw stands:-
- These should not be located near the road intersections
-The maximum distance of such facilities should not exceed 0.5 km from the
farthest point in any residential area.
Comment –
•These are found to be sufficient.

TELECOMMUNICATION:
• Communication- 10 lines per 100 population.
Comment –
• The standards for mobile & telecommunication tower with their safe locations needs
to be provided in Guidelines.
•In modern days the norms & standards for wi-fi system & internet shall be considered.
• Postal services- one post office for 10-15 thousand population.
•Found to be Sufficient.
5. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
TYPES
a) Classification of Urban roads
b) Design standards of Urban roads

NORMS AND STANDARDS FOR TRANSPORTATION

CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN ROADS:
- Arterial Road: Roads for intra-urban traffic with no frontage access.
- Sub-Arterial Road: Roads for intra-urban through traffic with frontage access.
- Collector road: Streets for collecting and distributing traffic from and to local streets
and also providing access to arterial and sub arterial roads.
- Local Street: Street for access to residence, business or other abutting property, having
necessary parking and pedestrian movement free access too.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF URBAN ROADS
Road type Speed Width
i. Arterial 80 kph 50-60 m
ii. Sub-Arterial 60 kph 30-40 m
iii. Collector street 50 kph 20-30 m
iv. Local street 30 kph 10-20 m
CROSS-SECTIONAL ELEMENTS:
Description Width
i. Single lane without kerbs 3.5 m
ii. 2-lane without kerbs 7m
iii. 2- lane with kerbs 7.5 m
iv. 3-lane with/without kerbs 10.5/11 m
v. 4-lane with/without kerbs 14 m
vi. 6-lane with/without kerbs 21.0 m
Comment –
•These road widths shall be improved with informal parking on roads.

FOOT PATH (SIDE WALK)

Capacity
All in one direction In both directions Required width of footpath (m)
1220 800 1.5
2400 1600 2.0
3600 2400 2.5
4800 3200 3.0
6000 4000 4
Comment-
• These is one of the important feature as many services can be laid down under
Footpath.
• It gives surface for pedestrian movement.
• These are usually not identified or demarked on site,
• Hence measures & regulations for footpath shall be improved.
CYCLE TRACKS
•The minimum width of cycle tracks should be 2m.each additional lane, where required
should be 1 m.
•Separate cycle tracks should be provided when the peak cycle traffic is 400 or more on
routes where motor traffic is 100-200 vehicles/hr.
•When number of motor vehicles using routes is more than 200 per hour, separate
cycle tracks are justified even if cycle traffic is only 100 cycles per hour.
Comment-
•These are still Missing on many Urban Roads hence Regulations needs to be
effectively developed.
PARKING
Equivalent car space for different vehicles.
Car/taxi 1.00
Two wheeler 0.25
Auto rickshaw 0.50
Bicycle 0.10

PARKING SPACE REQUIREMENTS

a) The minimum parking space requirements for each car and truck is :
Car : 3m X 6m Truck : 3.75 m X 7.5m

b) Residential - Detached, semi-detached and row houses

Plot area up to 100 Sq.Mt – no private or community parking space
Plot area: 101-200 Sq.Mt – only community parking space
Plot area: 301-500 Sq.Mt- minimum 1/3 of open area for parking
Plot area: 501-1000 Sq.Mt- minimum 1/4 th of open area for parking
Plot area: 1001 sq.m +- minimum 1/6 of space area for parking
c) Flats :-
- One space for every two flats of 50-90 Sq.Mt or more of floor area
- One space for every flat of 100 Sq.Mt or more of floor area
Comment -
•Norms for Public Parking on street & off street shall be revised including the width of
roads.
• Multi-level parking System By government shall be encouraged.
5. COLOUR SPECIFICATION FOR LAND USE IN A DEVELOPMENT PLAN
S.NO. ZONE DESCRIPTION COLOR
Primary Residential Zone yellow
1 Mixed residential Zone Orange
2 Unplanned residential Zone Brown
3 Commercial Blue
4 Industries Purple
5 Public & semi Public Red
6 Recreation Green
7 Roads Black
8 Agriculture Light Green

CONCLUSIONS
i. LAND FOR URBAN POOR
•In Mumbai more than 50 % of population is slum dwellers but they occupy only 8% of
land.
•The Development plan consists of various zones such as Residential, Commercial,
Industrial, Recreational, No Development Zone, Coastal Regulation Zone, but there is no
allocation of space for urban poor's, pavement dwellers which is growing population &
which needs immediate attraction to make Mega cities more appealing in aesthetically
& functionally.
•It is the Task to reform the Strategies, policies by Central, State & local governments to
serve the interest of urban poor.
•The Reserved plots & Coastal Regulation zone Norms can be modified to accommodate
the land For Urban poor.
ii. LOW FSI
• In India the FSI ranges between 1.2 to 2% in large cities & 5 to 6 % in mega cities in
special cases.
• The low value of FSI tends to more consumption of land & hence Shortage of land is
faced for future development. These affects the lower & middle income group
households due to Increased price of land.
• In Asian countries the FSI Practiced is between 5 to 15.Hence for affordability point of
view, the FSI shall be increased to cater the demand of land for future needs.
 iii. EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
• For safety Purpose the additional Space allocation for Peak Hour traffic in front of any
school, colleges & other Institutions shall be provided.
• Primary & secondary schools to be used in Double shifts with bigger intake for
efficient use of land.
• Educational & institutional Zones must be created in Master plan.
iv. LAND REGULATIONS
• Land regulations shall be revised to reduce the difference between what is allowed &
what is financially feasible.
• These can be achieved by more compact cities, more efficient Land Use& Primary Infra
structure.
• Increase in consumption of FSI.
• Decrease in Trip length due to compact cities.
• Urban population density will likely to stay Constant due to efficient land use.

3.2. DEVELOPMENT CONTROL REGULATION (DCR)

• Development Control is the process involving land use control in which the
development carried out by any agencies both private and public is checked in the
benefit of whole society.

• Modern town planning helps in a systematic regulation to be followed in the use of

land.

Factors to be considered in the complex urban system

1. Physical factor – based on size and density of population
2. Functional factor – based on predominance of activities
3. Administrative factor

Certain issues to be considered

1. Sporadic growth of private properties
2. Sprawl of slums
3. Major transportation congestion
4. Crowding of residential and industrial zones
5. Availability of land for reclamation and thus offering new opportunities for
development.

Aims and Objectives of development control

 1. Guides development or the use of land and preserves other sites from the
undesirable development.
2. prevents the misuse of land so that it will not injuriously affect the interests of the
community
3. It sets certain frame work of the development process – help in the improvement of
the total environment
4. The rules should be flexible enough for the changing population and the complex
needs of urban society.

Need for Development Control

• Control over development and use of land and buildings by local authorities.
• It helps to avoid the chaotic growth of towns and to promote – Health Safety morals

TOOLS OF DEVELOPMENT CONTROL

The most common tools are
1. Sub division control 2. Height control
3. Plot coverage control 4. Set back control
5. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) control 6. Density control
7. Building line control 8. Architectural control
9. Advertisement control
1. Sub division control
• Due to increasing demand for plots for erection of houses, factories and other
structures, the owners of agricultural and vacant lands in the outside of the towns
subdivide their lands in to plots and streets and sell them.
• The local authorities can exercise control over this land sub- division.
• The streets showed in the layout should be properly leveled, paved, skewered, drained
and lighted.
2. Height control
• This is ensured to provide adequate supply of light and air.
• Regulations are adopted for tall buildings because they cut off light and air from
neighbors.
3. Plot coverage control
• Open space which is compulsory to be left to secure sufficient light and ventilation.
4. Set back control
These rules are beneficial because
• Gives space for trees and lawns
 • Keeps the building away from dust, noise of the street
• Reduce fire hazard
• Can be used for parking.
5. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) control
• FAR is the ratio of the total gross floor area of all the stories of a building to the total
area of the plot.
• It can be applied to all buildings and any alterations can be easily done.
6. Density control
• It checks the number of persons in the area.
• It helps to maintain optimum living standards.
7. Building line control
• Building lines are made on one or both sides of a street and thus prevent the
creation of any new structure between building line and street.
• It helps in future widening of streets and roads.
8. Architectural control
• The primary objective is to prevent excessive uniformity of the buildings and poor
design while extension of buildings.
• It also helps conserving historic areas.

Advertisement control
• It is a recent development and helps towards public interest in controlling outdoor
advertisement
3.3.0. PERFORMANCE STANDARD of ALL KIND OF BUILDING.

• It denotes the performance of any space, material or structure in a dwelling space to full
fill its usage.

• For e.g. – a ramp for the vehicles to access the building, materials to with stand fire
for minimum hours, columns to carry the load etc.

Reference for performing standards of the building NATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2016.

3.3.1. PERFORMANCE STANDARD FOR HOUSING.

Criteria for Healthful Housing…………………………………………….“The Housing Standards In India “
(Recommended by Environmental and Health Committee 1947)

SITE
1. should be elevated from its surroundings
2. The site independent access to a street.
3. should be away from the breeding places of flies
4. it should be away from nuisances such as smoke, smell, excessive noise and traffic .
5. it should pleasing surroundings
6. the soil should be dry and safe should be well drained.
7. Dumping refuse is very un satisfactory for building purposes for at least 20 to 25 years.
8. The subsoil water should be below 10 feet (3 meters).
SET BACK :

1. For proper lighting and ventilation, there should be an open space all round the house
this is called "set back".
2. In rural areas it is recommended that the built-up area should not exceed one-third of
the total area; in urban areas where land is costly, the built up area may be up to two
thirds.
3. The set back should be such that there is no obstruction to lighting and ventilation
FLOOR:
1. Impermeable
2. Free from cracks n smooth
3. Damp proof
4. Ht. of plinth 2-3 ft
WALLS : should be

1. reasonably strong
2. should have a low heat capacity i.e., should not absorb heat and conduct the same
3. weather resistant
4. unsuitable for harborage of rats and vermin
5. not easily damaged and
6. smooth.
These standards can be attained by 9-inch brick wall plastered smooth and colored cream or
white.

ROOF :

The height of the roof should not be less than 10 feet (3 m) in the absence of air-conditioning.
The roof should have a low heat transmittance coefficient.

ROOMS :

The number of living rooms should not be less than two, at least one of which can be closed for
security. The other may be open on one side if that side is a private courtyard. The number and
area of rooms should be increased according to size of family.

 FLOOR AREA :
The floor area of a living room-120 sq. ft. (12 m2) for more than one person
 100 sq. ft. (10 sq. m.) for a single person
 The floor area in living rooms per person should not be less than 50 sq.ft
  CUBIC SPACE :
Unless mechanical replacement of air, the height of rooms should be such as to give an
air space of at least
500 c.ft. per capita, preferably 1,000 c.ft.
WINDOWS

 Unless mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting , every living room should be
provided with at least 2 windows, and one of them should open directly on to an open
space
 the windows should be placed at a height of not more than 3 feet (1 m) above the
ground in living rooms
 window area should be 1/5th of the floor area
 Doors and windows combined should have 2/5th the floor area.
LIGHTING :
 The daylight factor should exceed 1 per cent over half the floor area.
KITCHEN :
Every dwelling house must have a separate kitchen. The kitchen must be protected against dust
and smoke; adequately lighted; provided with arrangements for storing food, fuel and with
water supply.

 PRIVY : A sanitary privy is a MUST in every house belonging exclusively to it and readily
accessible, equipped with water carriage systems.
 GARBAGE AND REFUSE : These should be removed at least daily and disposed
 BATHING AND WASHING : The house should have facilities for bathing and washing and
providing proper privacy.
 WATER SUPPLY : The house should have safe adequate water supply available at all
times.
UNIT IV SITE PLANNING AND HOUSING DESIGN
Content:
4. a) Site Planning -Selection of site for housing, consideration of physical characteristics
of site, site Location factors, orientation, climate, topography – Landscaping.
4. b) Housing Design-Traditional housing, row housing, cluster housing – apartments
and high-rise housing relating to Indian situations – case studies in India – integration all
types of services, parking, incorporation of green sustainable practices –prefabrication
in housing.
ASPECTS:
4.a).SITE PLANNING
SITE SELECTION FOR HOUSING DESIGN

Three main dimensions for site selection

An economic role – contributing to building a strong, responsive and competitive economy, by
ensuring that sufficient land of the right type is available in the right places and at the right
time to support growth and innovation; and by identifying and coordinating development
requirements, including the provision of infrastructure;
A social role – supporting strong, vibrant and healthy communities, by providing the supply of
housing required to meet the needs of present and future generations; and by creating a
high-quality built environment, with accessible local services that reflect the community’s
needs and support its health, social and cultural well-being; and
An environmental role – contributing to protecting and enhancing our natural, built and
historic environment; and, as part of this, helping to improve biodiversity, use natural
resources prudently, minimize waste and pollution, and mitigate and adapt to climate change
including moving to a low carbon economy.

OTHER CRITERIA’S

1. Site Access: location (roads, connecting services and waste removal) - to be considered
for feasibility of developing the site (Sustainability: Recycling is considered as part of
waste collection)
2. Site Access: viability - to be considered for feasibility of developing the site. CW:2 a)
adequate existing maintained roads c) new roads need to be built b) existing road needs
upgrading or widening d) new roads plus extra infrastructure to be built e.g.
roundabout, bridge
 3. Topography – site choice to be suitable for building works to ensure the most efficient
& effective use of land; to be environmentally sustainable; to avoid the hazard of
unstable land slippage
4. Rights of Way – to be considered for feasibility of developing the site Features of site that
is unlikely to be resisted or removed
5. Neighbor sites - to be considered for feasibility of developing the site and for promotion
of healthy life styles
6. Flood Risk: ground water saturation and surface water drainage
7. Urban sprawl – to avoid the loss of the green corridor of land around the
town/villages, to protect from urban sprawl.
8. The natural environment: biodiversity and ecology - site choice should ensure
protection and enhancement of all ecological and biodiversity features where possible
and avoid irreversible losses
9. The natural environment: landscape settings, views and natural features
SUBSURFACE FEATURES
 Geology: Geological history of the area, bedrock type & depth etc.
 Hydrology: Underground water table, aquifers, springs etc.
 Soil Genesis: erosion susceptibility, moisture (pF), reaction (pH) organic content,
bearing capacity etc.
NATURAL SURFACE FEATURES
 Vegetation: Type, size, location, shade pattern, aesthetics, ecology etc.
 Slopes: Gradient, landforms, elevations, drainage patterns
 Wild Life: ecology, species etc.
CLIMATE
 Precipitation,
 Annual rain/snow,
 Humidity,
 Wind direction,
 Solar intensity & orientation,
 average/highest/lowest temperature.
CULTURAL & MAN-MADE FEATURES
 Utilities: sanitary, water supply, gas, electrical etc.
 Land use: Usage of site, adjacent use, zoning restrictions, easement etc.
 Historic notes: archeological sites, landmarks, building type, size, condition
 Circulation: linkages an transit roads, auto & pedestrian access, mass transit routes etc.
 Social Factors: population, intensity, educational level, economic & political factors,
ethnicity, cultural typology etc.
AESTHETIC FACTORS:
 Perceptual: from an auto, by pedestrian, by bike etc.
 Spatial Pattern: views of the site, views from the site, spaces existing, potential for
new areas, sequential relationship.
 Natural Features: significant natural features of the site, water elements, rock
formations, Plant materials

GREEN SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES RELEVANT TO HOUSING DESIGN:

 Social sustainability
 Economic sustainability
 Cultural sustainability
 Institutional sustainability
 Materials – cost effective and sustainable

SUSTAINABILITY IN HOUSING DESIGN

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
• In practice, social sustainability has many dimensions with various strategies, for example the
empowerment of poor communities; inclusion of all groups in planning, design and governance
decisions; building the skills of people; and creating training and employment opportunities
through construction processes.
• Inclusion of low-income groups in housing strategies can increase security and decrease social
tensions in cities.
• Particular urban forms and approaches such as mixed land use and density can promote social
integration and equity.

ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
 Housing policies, design, and construction processes should be connected to micro- and
macroeconomic development, and employment and income generation.
 Governmental incentives to support the development of a sustainable housing sector is
crucial, as is increasing the means to help poor communities access initial, up-front costs
needed for building sustainable housing.
 Macro-economic development in developing countries needs to be connected to
sustainable housing in order to create long-term economically-viable solutions.

CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY
Cultural heritage is important for people’s identity and should be maintained for future
generations.
Protecting traditional housing forms, patterns and domestic ways of living is historically is
historically important, and can also have economic value in terms of tourism.

Culturally appropriate and responsive built environments (including their form, design, spatial
layout, and materials, etc.) are an important dimension of sustainable housing and is indeed
one of the seven criteria of ‘adequate housing’ as prescribed in international instruments.

INSTITUTIONAL SUSTAINABILITY
• Governments are the key housing sector stakeholder that can guide the sustainable
development of a country and are therefore in a crucial position to support sustainable housing
development.

• Sustainable housing is not a ‘one-off’ task; it is a continual process that requires a robust and
transparent institutional setting where each stakeholder can play their part. Where
fundamental institutions exist, they should be strengthened; where they do not exist, they
must be created.

• Institutions should work to improve economic support for low-income households and groups
to access sustainable housing and reform unsustainable policies, building codes and regulations
that constrain the provision of sustainable housing.

MATERIALS – COST EFFECTIVE AND SUSTAINABLE

WOOD AND STRAW CONSTRUCTION

• Wood and straw construction are easy to work with without a high level of required technical
expertise or expensive tools and allow good insulation possibilities: straw has a good insulation
value on its own and skeletal wood construction allows easy insulation in comparison
monolithic constructions.

• Bamboo construction has a lot of potential in the affordable housing sector but the treatment
and proper jointing of bamboo need to be ensured.

EARTH AND STONE CONSTRUCTION

• Earth and stone construction present good thermal mass opportunities and a lot of potential
in the affordable housing sector to produce comfortable housing interiors, especially in the hot
and dry climate zone.
• New ways of producing and using mud bricks, for example through stabilized soil block
technologies, has enhanced the abilities of traditional adobe bricks and made them more
attractive as an affordable construction material and building system.

WAYS OF USING CONCRETE IN A MORE SUSTAINABLE MANNER

• Concrete is one of the most used construction materials in the world today.
• Concrete has many advantageous characteristics, which explains its wide use, but it also has a
high embodied energy and its production can emits harmful substances. Additionally, the
production of steel needed for reinforcement of concrete has a major environmental impact.
• New ways of producing more environmentally friendly concrete materials and construction
systems should be developed and promoted.

RECYCLED MATERIALS
• Recycling materials is of high importance considering the current global environmental crisis.
• Recycling activities can create employment for the informal sector in developing countries.
• A vast amount of different materials from industrial waste, household waste and construction
waste can be reused in building sustainability in a house.

4.b).PREFABRICATION IN HOUSING
Prefabricated homes, often referred to as prefab homes or simply prefabs, are specialist
dwelling types of prefabricated building, which are manufactured off-site in advance, usually in
standard sections that can be easily shipped and assembled
The advantages of using prefabrication in housing are that:
1. Prefabricated components speed up construction time, resulting in lower labor costs;
2. Prefabrication allows for year-round construction;
3. Work is not affected by weather delays (related to excessive cold, heat, rain, snow, etc.);
4. The mechanization used in prefabricated construction ensures precise conformity to building
code standards and greater quality assurance;
5. There are less wasted materials than in site-built construction;
6. There is less theft of material/equipment (and less property damage due to vandalism);
7. Materials are protected from exposure to the elements during construction;
8. Worker safety and comfort level are higher than in site-built construction;
9. Computerization of the production process permits a high degree of customization, at an
affordable cost;
10. Quality control and factory sealing and design can ensure high energy efficiency; and
11. Cost savings through prefabrication can reduce the income required to qualify for a high
ratio mortgage by up to one third compared to a conventionally built home of the same size.
ISSUES
The issues related to using prefabrication in housing are that:

1. Many municipalities zone against manufactured housing because of earlier perceptions

created by trailer parks;

2. Concerns have been raised by local and regional governments with regard to whether the

taxation paid by manufactured homes is sufficient to offset public costs such as schools;

3. The requirement to transport manufactured homes or modules to their intended site can

mean that prefabrication potential may be limited for infill projects in inner city areas; and

4. Increased production volume is required to ensure affordability through prefabrication.

HOUSING DESIGN -CASE STUDIES IN INDIA
TRADITIONAL HOUSING
Case study: TAMIL QUARTERS HOUSING, PONDICHERRY

DESIGN ASPECTS

Traditional Tamil houses are strictly functional, and a series of open semi-covered and covered
spaces with subtle levels and a through-axis Characterizes the plan.

The thinnai marks the transition space, after which the house is entered through a finely carved
wooden door and a vestibule, and once inside, the mutram (open courtyard) becomes the
central space around which various other private spaces are functionally arranged.

The mutram is an age-old concept, and according to the Vaastu Shastra, each house was to
possess an open courtyard – known as brahmasthanam (meaning ‘vital space’). This open space
is mainly to facilitate a direct link – an auspicious connection – with the five elements – earth,
fire (sun), water (rain), ether and wind.

Country tiled roofs of the surrounding thalvaram funnel air into this mutram, which is the major
source of lighting and ventilation. In the case of two-storied buildings this space is covered by a
clerestory. Mutrams are very useful during functions or family meetings.

Beyond the mutram are the more private spaces like sami arai (pooja room), kitchen,
storeroom or bedroom.The kitchen opens onto a rear courtyard.

This open space at the end of the house is provided with a well and a tree, and is mainly used
for domestic utilities and accommodating livestock, which were part of the household then. In
the case of wealthy houses multiple courtyards are common.

These continuous back to-back row houses share walls, and the eastern wall of a house is
usually taken as its mother wall.

STREET SCAPE OF TAMIL TOWN

It is interesting to note the distinct variation in the characteristics of French and Tamil streets.
French streets are characterised by mansion type villas with high compound walls, elaborate
gates, garden courts,arched patios, colonnaded galleries, voluminous rooms, high arched
openings, wooden balconies and flat terraced roofs. Tamil streets are mainly characterised by
the thalvaram (street verandah with platform and lean-to-roof over wooden posts) – a social
extension of the house – and a thinnai (semi-public verandah space with masonry benches for
visitors).

These talking streets, so called because of their intimate scale and interactive nature, are
typical of the vernacular Tamil architecture (also to be found in Kumbakonam, Tanjore,
Chidambaram, Srirangam, Mylapore), and the entire street stretch is homogenous because of
the use of connecting elements like lean-to-roofs, cornices (horizontals), pilasters or engaged
columns (verticals) and ornamental parapets. These Tamil buildings usually feature a
combination of flat and pitched roofs.

In the case of two-storied Tamil buildings the first floor is usually treated with French features
leading to a mix of Tamil and French styles which is the signature mark of Pondicherry heritage.

CLIMATIC ASPECTS

To minimize the discomfort of the tropical climate, where it is hot and humid throughout the
year, direct openings and large volumes were avoided (totally contrasting with the design
approach of the large colonial villas on the other side of the town – for the same climate).

On the street side where the walls are exposed to direct sun or rain, the use of thalvaram and
thinna is provide shade and protection. The courtyard induces ventilation due to updraft.

In the case of country tiled roofs, the successive layers of tiling traps the heat and provides
effective insulation. The mix of open, covered and semi-covered spaces offers a choice
according to the climate.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Buildings feature simple load bearing walls. Foundations are of rubble and have one or two
stepping.

Walls are of flat bricks – about 45 to 60 cm thick and packed with an infill of mud and brickbats.
First floor walls are lesser in thickness than those of the ground floor.

Madras terrace roofing (brick-on-edge masonry in lime mortar over closely spaced timber
joists) is used for flat roofs and Mangalore tiles or half-round country tiles (laid on battens over
wooden rafters) are used for sloping roofs.

Thinnais, thalvarams and mutrams feature wooden structures.Balconies rest on cantilevered

wooden joists, sometimes over wrought iron brackets.

In some cases the lean to roof is supported by iron or wooden brackets. Brick cornice belling is
used for cornices, copings and decorative bands.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Tamil and French houses were built of a combination of various nature friendly and locally
available materials such as burnt bricks, lime, terracotta tiles and wood. Major structural
wooden members like columns and beams were made of teak,

While minor members like rafters and posts were made of palm or other local timbers.
Traditional Tamil houses demanded skills in brick laying, tile laying, timber craft and plaster
work.

Plan

Section

FRANCO-TAMIL STYLE

It is important to point out the synthesis of the French and Tamil styles especially in the Tamil
town. Probably it was considered fashionable to use French features in the street façades of the
native buildings (and in any cases in the interiors as well) – however this was done without
compromising on the age-old functional elements of thalvarams and thinnais.

This exchange of architectural patterns is evident in the façades of two-storied buildings where
the ground floor is usually of the Tamil type with thinnai, thalvaram and carved doors while the
first floor features French influence with arched windows, plaster decorations, fluted pilasters,
columns with capitals, and end ornament elements. On the whole, a conspicuous synthesis of
two varying styles has happened which has resulted in the interesting Franco-Tamil
architectural style.

CLUSTER/ COMMUNITY HOUSING

CASE STUDY: ARANYA HOUSING, INDORE

INTRODUCTION

The Indore housing in India, designed at B. V. Doshi's Vastu-Shilpa, represents in many ways a
'classic' architectural approach to large scale, low-cost dwellings for the poor: the professional
designer responded to the public client (IDA) with a concrete project, thoroughly researched
and conceived. What is different, however, is that a "sites and services" approach has been
refined (while remaining flexible, attentive to individual resources and spontaneity) to include
'models' for future dwellers, house-types, suggested materials, steps for implementation. This
proposal searches a middle ground, between a house 'with no rooms’.

PROJECT DATA

• Site: 6 kilometres north of Indore city.

• Client: Indore Developl11ent Authority, Indore, India

• Architects: Vastu-Shilpa Foundation. B. V. Doshi, architect/planner;

• Land area: 220 acres (total)

• Phase I: 100 hectares

• Number of plots: 6500

• Population (projected):40,000 (initial) persons 65,000 (final)

OBJECTIVES

The objective of the scheme is to provide housing, community and commercial facilities,
primarily for the economically weaker sections (EWS) but within a socially balanced matrix of
middle- and higher-income groups. Bearing in mind the low level of affordability of the EWS
Families, the project assumes challenging dimensions in terms of providing an adequate
environment at nominal cost.
LAND USE

The road area of about 21 % together with pedestrian walkways and square amounting to a
further 1.5% of the net planning area compares very favorably with the target set by the World
Bank. Considering that in the EWS areas, high road areas are consumed because of the small
plot sizes, the overall efficiency of the road patterns adopted is clearly demonstrated.

The open spaces add up to about 8% of the planning area which falls within the planning norms
in India of between8% to 10%. By linking the open spaces together, the feeling of spaciousness
will be greater than that suggested by the assured percentages.

In Indian towns, commercial areas of between 2% to 4% can be sustained, against which the
Indore scheme measures well with an area of about 3.5% distributed along a wide spectrum of
economic activity.

The overall marketable area is over 68%. It is normally difficult to increase the marketable land
beyond 60%. In the VSF scheme this efficiency has been achieved by optimizing the road
networks and encouraging multiple uses often open spaces.

POPULATION DENSITY

The gross township area of about 100 hectares, inclusive of the open spaces and the peripheral
roads, is designed for an initial population of about 40,000 people which is anticipated to rise to
65,000eventually.

The gross density is, therefore, 400 persons per hectare rising with time to 650 persons per
hectare.

This compares favorably with densities in the inner cities of India of over 1,000 persons per
hectare which are obviously too congested.

Studies have shown that housing and infrastructure costs optimize at densities of between 300
to 600 persons per hectare.

he desire to reduce further there into the Indore project is tempered by the scarcity of urban
land combined with the acute shortage of housing.

AFFORDABILITY OF THE PEOPLE

The costs of the EWS plots are pitched so as to achieve monthly loan repayments of Rs. 25 for
the families earning Rs. 200 per month rising to Rs. 87 for the family incomes of Rs. 400 per
month. (13 rupees= 1 US dollar).
VSF research at the grass-roots suggests that the monthly incomes of the EWS groups are
underestimated in the National statistics as they do not take into a count the incomes from the
informal Sector.

The practice of subletting dwellings again augments the incomes. These factors all combine to
generate the surplus finance which can expedite the growth of the dwellings from the basic
cores to the final built form.

CONCLUSION

An attempt has been made to come close to the social, physical and aesthetical goals as laid
down by VSF within the framework of severe financial constraints of low-cost housing.

It is not the intention of the Foundation to produce a rigid scheme which is incapable of
evolving with changing circumstances of the future.

The stress laid on flexibility and elasticity at all levels of planning should ensure that the
proposals put forward can respond dynamically to any feed-back received during the remaining
detailing stages, during construction and even after the eventual occupation.

It is hoped that the township, when completed and occupied, will be well received by the
people of Indore.

We feel that this township, a model experiment by the Indore Development Authority, will set a
replicable pattern of balanced and harmonious which can be emulated and Subsequently
improved upon by other organisations engaged in the field low-cost housing.

ROW HOUSES

A row house is considered a cross between an apartment and a bungalow, thus giving you the
sense of independence and benefits of community living.

In the pre-industrial period, row houses were also known as town houses or city residences of
nobles or wealthy families in Europe and North America. This concept dates back to the pre-
automobile era (16th Century), when landlords and their support staff who lived in large
country estates for most part of the year, moved to the town house during the social season.
These homes were found within the city limits. Town houses typically had small foot prints, but
were spread across multiple floors and were therefore spacious, often consisting of staff
quarters.
Whereas in India, Le Corbusier included row houses as part of industrial housing in the planned
city of Chandigarh. However, with increasing population and land values, high density
apartment developments have become the norm in most Indian metros.

Today, row houses are making their way into the residential landscape as a 'new luxury'
product that is within the financial reach of a much larger buyer segment than just Ultra High
Net worth Individuals (UHNWI).

At the moment a row house has emerged as the 'new luxury' product that provides the highest
value for money, providing a balance of affordability and privacy with an opportunity to enjoy a
private garden along with the convenience of a community.

WHAT IS A ROW HOUSE?

A row house can be defined as a single family dwelling unit arranged in a row with a minimum
of three dwelling units attached to each other by a common wall with only front, rear and
interior open spaces. The first and the last of these houses are usually larger than the middle
ones.

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

 No two row houses share the same stairway

 Row house development has minimum of three dwellings in a row
 They have uniform plan, fenestration and architectural treatment
 Rainwater harvesting
 Solar power for lighting homes
While row houses give you the sense of a separate and secure home, they also have the
benefits of community living. You need not share any of your facilities such as water, electricity,
parking and gardens.

At the same time, row-houses are constructed in a group layout and, hence, have common
parks, playgrounds, club houses, etc.In addition to this, row houses provide home buyers a
higher share of Undivided Share of Land (UDS). Today, buyers are more informed and they do
not blindly invest in a project. Higher UDS means better future prospects and return value.

ROW HOUSE AMENITIES:

Club house , Gym, indoor games,

Children’s play area Multipurpose halls Jogging track,
Library , Swimming pool
ROW HOUSING/SOCIAL HOUSING

CASE STUDY: TARA HOUSING GROUP BY AR. CHARLES CORREA

Location: New Delhi, India

Date: 1975-1978
Site: 1.48 ha
Program: Social housing with 160 units of two and three-bedroom flats
Client: Tara Housing Society
Architect: Charles Correa

Tara Apartment is one kind of social projects that is intended for the middle-class of Nehru
center. This building is designed by one of the most famous Indian architects at this time,
Charles Correa, and completed in 1978. Tara housing group has more than 125 units and
375 persons per hectare. The Tara pays deeply attention to the inner activities which are almost
happen in the central garden and leave the interaction of traffic behind a wall which is
parallel to Guru Ravidas Marg Street( the South-East).
SITE
Description: The project is located along Guru Ravidas Marg Street which leads to two big
residential areas in the North and the South. It is in the suburb of middle-class. Therefore, it
creates a harmonious and balance volume with the existing fabric due to limited height and the
form of the building. More than that, the project also plays an important part in linking these
other buildings with the adjacent park.
EVALUATION:
The building turns its back on the street to prevent noise, dust from the high flow vehicles.
Being staked as a row, central garden, big overhangs and sharp edges, all give these buildings a
sense of Indian characteristic under hot sun, full of light without suffering from high
temperature.
BUILDING
Description: The duplex units are accessed either at ground floor or second floor levels by
outdoor stair cases. There are two kinds of flat: the two- bedroom flats with 84 square metres
(3 metres wide, 6 metres high with two floors and 15 metres long), the three-bedroom flats
with 130 square metres and have the shape of L, there are just only 16 three-bedroom flats
were built. Each unit is pro- vided an open terrace which is protected by a per- gola and big
overhangs. Two sides of the project are connected by staircases.

Evaluation: The concept of building allows people to access directly to the interior
garden. More than that, everyone also has their own open-to-sky terraces with full filled
shadow. By taking advantages of sun, wind directions and open spaces, hence lighting access
and ventilation to each dwelling are maximized.
DWELLING

Description: The dwellings are grouped into some small and medium blocks. Some
blocks are assembled only by two-bedroom flat, some are combined between two
bedroom type and three-bedroom type. It creates the diversity of form but still
maintains the logic of dwellings‟

Functions: However, there are just 16 three-bedroom flats so that it is not sufficient for
families which have more than 4 members.
TWO BEDROOM TYPE
The complex is formed due to the combination between pairs of accommodation units.
The second floor which is larger than the ground one with a big overhang that rises further
approximately 6 metres gives the mixture between shadow and light. More than that, the
duplex above is also push back hence front of the below one is protected too. In that way, the
whole central garden is full filled with shadow.

THREE BEDROOM TYPE:

CONCEPT

 The main concept in Tara housing group project is a creative vernacular typology in
term of arranging and piling the singular flat into united blocks.
 By separating with the outside world and providing an interior garden, the building
preserves well the private life of families within.
 More than that, just pedestrians are allowed go inside the housing group and the
parking lot is in the back of the building.
 In term of a social housing group, the project takes big advantages from natural
resources like lighting and ventilation and all families are equally shared these features.
 Indian sense is illustrated in the use of concrete bands, panels of exposed bricks,
portals, overhangs and shape edges.
HIGHRISE HOUSING

CASE STUDY: KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS, MUMBAI

INTRODUCTION

Correa’s penchant for sectional displacement accompanied where appropriate by changes in the
floor surface, is at its most elaborate in the 28-story, Kanchanjunga apartments completed in
Bombay.

Here Correa pushed his capacity for ingenious cellular planning to the limit, as is evident from
the interlock of the one and a half story, split-level, 3 and 4 bedroom units with the two and half
story 5 and 6 bedroom units.

Smaller displacements of level were critical in this work in that they differentiated between the
external earth filled terraces and the internal elevated living volumes.

These subtle shifts enabled Correa to effectively shield these high rise units from the effect of
the both the sun and monsoon rains.

This was largely achieved by providing the tower with relatively deep, garden verandahs,
suspended in the air.

Clearly such an arrangement had its precedent in the cross-over units of Le Corbusier’s Unit
habitation built at Marseilles in 1952, although here in Bombay the sectional provision was
achieved without resorting to the extreme of differentiating between up and down-going units.
Whole structure is made of reinforced concrete.

The building is a 32-storeyed reinforced concrete structure with 6.3m cantilevered open
terraces.

The central core houses lifts and other services also provides the main structural element for
resisting lateral loads.

The central core was constructed ahead of the main structure by slip method of construction.
This technique was used for the first time in India for a multi-storeyed building.

With its concrete construction and large areas of white panels, bears a strong resemblance to
modern apartment buildings in the West.

However, the garden terraces of Kanchanjunga Apartments are actually a modern interpretation
of a feature of the traditional Indian bungalow: the verandah.

In a bungalow, the verandah wraps the main living area.

TYPE A
TYPE B
TYPE C
TYPE D
UNIT V HOUSING PROCESS
CONTENT:

5.1. Various stages and tasks in project development

5.2. Community participation and housing management

5.3. Environmental aspects and national calamities and disaster mitigation.

ASPECTS:

5.1. Various stages and tasks in project development IN HOUSING

1. Concept: In this stage the housing developer determines the basic parameters of the
proposed housing development. The details of the concept will change over time as the details
and realities of the project come together.

The key activities during this phase are:

• Defining the project, including the purpose of the housing, the type of housing (single family,
apartments, high rise, etc), potential locations, approximate scale of the project and target
population (families, elderly, special needs)

• Selecting the members of the development team, which typically includes: architect, lawyer,
engineer, development consultant, builder, construction manager and service provider if the
project is serving a special needs population

• Selecting and evaluating the site

• Developing an understanding of the housing market and the community

• Identifying and procuring predevelopment funds

2. Predevelopment: During this stage, the developer undertakes the specific tasks necessary to
be ready to begin the actual housing construction including:

• Conducting a market study or analysis of the housing needs in the community of choice

• Obtaining site control (in the form of an “Option to Buy” or “Agreement of Sale”) in order to
secure the site while its appropriateness and feasibility are being evaluated

• Conducting environmental studies on the site

• Identifying financing sources

• Preparing preliminary architectural designs/cost analysis

• Determining feasibility including environmental considerations, zoning, and cost

• Identifying and obtaining financing sources, whether they be grants, loans, philanthropic
donations, or in-kind services or materials (which could include the site)

• Finalizing architectural plans and bid documents

• Closing/settling on financing

• Acquiring the site

• Developing a management plan, including the identification of a management entity, making

certain that there will be adequate income to operate the project and assuring that it will
maintain its value over time

• Obtaining governmental approvals to proceed with construction of the project

• Soliciting and reviewing construction bid

3. Construction: The housing is built and all financial and operational planning are completed

during this phase. Specifics include:

• Awarding construction contracts. Generally, the housing developer will hire a general
contractor who will, in turn, hire subcontractors in each trade

• Obtaining building and other permits to obtain permission to proceed with construction.

• Preparing the site and actually building the housing. Non-profit sponsors often have a special

“ground-breaking” ceremony to celebrate the completion of the planning stages and thank
their funders

• Managing the construction. Oversight of the contractor may be conducted by the architect, a
separate construction manager, or a member of the sponsoring agency who has this expertise

• Initiating marketing and lease-up to assure that there will be occupants and a source of
operating income as soon as possible after the completion of construction.

• Identifying management and support staff so that they can begin work just prior to
occupancy.
• Completing construction and obtaining a certificate of occupancy

• Holding a “ribbon cutting” ceremony to celebrate the actualization of what had been a
concept and a dream.

4. Operations: Once the housing is in place and the occupants have moved in, the sponsor
begins the long-term management and operations of their housing. If it is targeted to a special
need’s population, the coordination or provision of supportive services also begins. Specific
steps include:

• Closing on permanent financing. If the construction costs were covered in full or in part
through short-term financing, the long-term mortgage needs to be put in place

• Occupying the units

• Maintaining and managing the housing, including making repairs, providing seasonal
maintenance like snow removal and lawn care, janitorial services, rent collection, and enforcing
lease compliance

• Providing services as appropriate to the population.

5.2.1. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

• The voluntary involvement of people in a community in projects to solve their own
problems.
• Can take place during any of the following stages
• Needs assessment
Opinions on desirable improvements, negotiate with agencies, prioritise
community goals
• Planning
formulate goals, objectives, critique plans
• Mobilising
raising awareness, community structuring
• Training
formal/informal- communication, construction, maintenance
• Implementing
Positives- feeling of community & belonging, mutual help towards people around, opportunity
to better their lives, receiving remuneration as cash or kind

Negatives- unfair distribution of work and benefits, individualistic society, feeling that
govt./agency should provide facilities, treated as helpless by agency
EXAMPLE: - ARANYA TOWNSHIP, DESIGNED BY ARCHITECT BV DOSHI

• Project Location : Indore, 6kms from City Centre

• Project Extent : 86 Hectares
• Project Details: 7000 Housing Units, 40000- 63000 People (9/Unit)
• Project Audience: 65% Low Income (EWS) & 35% High Income
• Project Completion: 1988
• Initiated by the Indore Development Authority
• Aimed as an integrated approach- for a sustainable society with a mix of different
economic levels
• Designed as a Sites and Services Scheme
BACKGROUND:

- 51000 people without homes in Indore.

- Tackle this issue and at the same time be affordable to the government and urban poor.

- Previous efforts by the government to provide low-cost urban housing in India were

aimed at supplying ready-built units. However, it took too long to construct a complete

house and it became expensive for the low income group and also ate up too many

resources.

VIABILITY & FINANCE

• World Bank- Initial Capital

• High income houses to be sold at profit

• Profit to cross subsidize Low Income houses

-And to assist in loan repayment capacity of the EWS

• The objective of the scheme is to provide housing, for the economically weaker sections

(EWS) but within a socially balanced matrix of middle and higher income groups.
MASTER PLANNING- FACILITIES

- Localised CBD provision

- Acts as a focus for sectors
- Institutional and Commercial- Central Town Centre ( 4 clusters of shopping, residential,
office)
- Social functions housed at end of spine
MASTER PLANNING- NETWORK

- Street hierarchy to allow for strict pedestrian, semi-pedestrian and vehicular roads
- Transition zone of 0.5 meters between every house and the street- platforms, balconies,
open stairs.
MASTER PLANNING- COMMUNITY MIXING

- The upper income plots and commercial facilities have been housed in areas which
would fetch maximum sale prices.
- Initial investment- 57.2 million
- Additional surplus by sale- 11.7 million
- EWS prices are subsidised to 35%on average

MASTER PLANNING- CIRCULATION & OPEN SPACE

- Road areas of 21% of total land, and pedestrian walkways (additional 1.5%) of the net
area, is in the target set by the world bank
- The open spaces add to 8% of net planning area
- Open spaces have been linked to provided to accommodate a spectrum of multiple
uses.
- The small pockets in between houses, link to larger public squares in the middle of the
housing clusters and finally link to the central community amenities.
SITES AND SERVICES

- The 'site and service' approach is adopted in the design of houses for the EWS category
in the proposed township.
- A fully serviced plot is allocated to each EWS household together with the basic building
core (i.e. kitchen, wash and one room) which can be extended by the occupants at their
own pace and with their own resources.
- The concept of 'site and service’ helps to stretch the scarce resources of developing
nations to a maximum as well as stimulates the 'self-help' element within the
community.

INCREMENTALITY
 - The service core was provided to the people- kitchen and toilets (plumbing for water,
sewage, electrical lines, etc.)
- The cores form the nuclei around which development happens, and community evolves
- The core constitutes the largest cost components of such developments
- Once the core has been provisioned, it has been left to the choice of the resident to
design and build their houses in comfortable affordability and time spans.
- Loan repayment for EWS: Rs 25/month for families earning Rs 200, and a maximum of
Rs 87/month for families earning Rs 400 (Rs 13 = USD 1)

DID IT WORK? – POST OCCUPANCY STUDY

• NEGATIVES
• Initial Core- Based on initial money put in by people. This meant that some had a
house wit ha latrine and kitchen, or just pipelines with a plinth area built
• Larger open spaces unmanned, often piled with rubbish (heavily unused)
• Play of lower levels of bureaucracy- brokering
• Illegal rent transfer to people who have managed to obtain houses on land
belonging to others
• Resale price 10 times the original prices
• No tenancy clause
• POSITIVES
• Houses built gradually, and no pressure on people. People build as homeowners-
sense of ownership adds to the sense of belonging.
• Initial use of inexpensive materials- now developed to solid permanent
structures
• Small open spaces used well- small temples, festival gathering, resting, trees,
drying clothes
• Created a 12% profit by cross subsidy
5.2.2 HOUSING MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION:
The management of tenanted property by a landlord, agency, etc
HOUSING MANAGEMENT INCLUDES:
 allocating housing to new and existing tenants
 providing appropriate tenancy agreements and managing them
 organizing repairs
 providing housing support, information and advice
 Dealing with problems between neighbors’.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT CYCLE:

TASK OF MANAGEMENT PROCESS (AFTER CONSTRUCTION)

1. Sales and marketing

2. Legal & registration

3. Possession & occupancy

4. Facility management

5. Common area maintenance

6. Repair and reconstruction of building & infrastructure

1. SALES AND MARKETING

1. PUBLIC HOUSING PROJECTS

 Housing board /developing authority sales and marketing done by lottery
method or open advertisement method .
Highlights:
Everybody get fair opportunities

2. PRIVATE HOUSING PROJECTS / JOINT VENTURE

 sales and marketing usually done by third party agency (broker)
 they can follow “first come first serve” methods and lottery methods

Payment methods for sales and marketing

I.CONSTRUCTION LINKED PAYMENT

A CLP plan is a payment plan in which, the buyer, builder and the loan/financing company enter
a tripartite agreement. The buyer makes an initial payment to the builder. Thereon, the
bank/financing company finances the builder with installments at the completion of pre-
determined construction milestones of the project, commonly referred to as slabs.

The final payment is made at the time of completion. During this time, the buyer pays a pre-
EMI interest on the home loan to the bank. Once the construction is complete, the buyer starts
paying an EMI to the bank/financing corporation.

WHAT ARE THE VARIATIONS IN PAYMENT?

• The initial booking amount is usually about 20-25 per cent of the total cost of the apartment.
The installments may vary according to the stage of completion depending on the builder and
the project.

• The payment during each slab varies between 15-20 per cent. These charges usually include
base price, preferential location charges (if any) and other development charges.

• The final payment includes about 10-15 per cent of the total cost.

• In certain variations of CLP, the buyer makes a booking by paying about 5 per cent of the cost
or a lump sum amount and pays about 15-20 per cent within 30-45 days during the agreement.
There can also be other minor variations of the CLP.
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES?

II.DOWN PAYMENT

The developer, typically, keeps the initial payment or down payment low, usually 5-20%
of the property value, so that the deal looks easy on the pocket. The remaining amount
is to be paid at the time of possession.

ADVANTAGE:
 There is the possibility to get discount of 5% to 10%
III.DEFERRED PAYMENT

A Deferred Payment Agreement is a loan or arrangement with your local authority that's
secured against your home at a fixed interest rate. However, while local authorities can
charge interest they may choose not to.
The loan is set up start to be repaid after completion of construction.

ADVANTAGE:
 You’ll have complete certainty about the cost of your care fees being deferred
and how this debt will be repaid.
 If the local authorities charges interest as part of your agreement, the interest
rate will be reviewed twice a year and there is statutory limit on the maximum
rate that can be charged.
 The set-up cost and any annual administration charges can be paid separately or
added to the loan amount.
2. LEGAL & REGISTRATION

Without getting all the documents in place, the process of your home purchase is not complete.
Here is how to register it to become the lawful owner of your home:

STAMP DUTY
 Stamp duty is a form of tax levied on any transaction by way of which people
create or extinguish any right or liability. Sale deed, gift deed, partition deed,
conveyance deed, power of attorney and lease deed are some of the documents
on which stamp duty is payable. In real estate, stamp duty forms a major
component of costs involved in property registration.
 The Indian Stamp Act and the Registration Act govern stamp duty. Stamp duty
and registration charges are to be paid to state governments by the buyer while
transferring the ownership of property. Being a state tax, rates vary from state to
state. Stamp duty charges and registration fees in most states are paid in the
terms of percentage of the total transaction value.
 Typically, states have higher stamp duty charges for urban areas and offer rebate
to women home buyers to encourage their ownership over family assets.
REGISTRATION OF PROPERTY DOCUMENTS
 Once stamp duty is paid the document should be registered under the Indian
Registration Act. This is done under the jurisdiction of the Sub-Registrar under
whose local jurisdiction the property is situated. The basic purpose of
registration of documents is to record execution of document. In most of the
states, registration fee is around one per cent of the stamp duty.

3. POSSESSION & OCCUPANCY

Several documents are required during the purchase of a property and obtaining them could
prove to be a tedious process.
Few important documents are possession and occupancy certificate.

POSSESSION LETTER
 The possession letter is issued by the developer in favor of the buyer stating the
date of possession of the property.
 The original copy of this document needs to be produced for securing a home
loan.
 A possession letter alone would not suffice for legal possession of
the property unless OC- Occupancy certificate has been obtained.
OCCUPANCY/COMPLETION CERTIFICATE
Certificate of Occupancy or completion certificate is a document which is issued at the end of
the construction by a local government agency or planning authority. The document is a proof
of the building's compliance with applicable building codes and other laws. It indicates that the
property is in a suitable condition for occupancy.

The developer is responsible for obtaining occupancy certificate and is issued only once the
building has been completed in all respects and is ready to be occupied. A completion
certificate is received by the builder from the metropolitan authorities upon completion of
construction.

To obtain the Occupancy Certificate, the following documents need to be submitted:

 Copy of building sanction plan
 Building Commencement Certificate
 Copy of Building Completion Certificate
 Latest Property Tax receipt
 Copies of No Objection Certificates (NOCs) from pollution board or other
required Authority.

4. FACILITY MANAGEMENT
The role of a facility management in an apartment/Housing society:
 The facility management services are offered by firms which manage the housekeeping
services in an apartment/housing unit.

 The duties of a facility manager vary and depend on the kind of the industry. The
management team in an housing/apartment society is appointed for the maintenance
and up-keeping of the common areas within the development. The managing committee
ensures the common areas of the apartment society are maintained well.

 One of the prime responsibilities of a managing committee in an apartment society is to

maintain the entire society of a residential apartment including the security services,
amenity management and other related maintenance services.

SERVICES MANAGED BY THE MANAGING COMMITTEE:

 Security service
 Household maintenance
 Common area maintenance
 Phone assistants
 Help the residents in organizing events.
HOUSEHOLD MAINTENANCE INCLUDES VARIOUS OTHER SERVICES SUCH AS;
 ELECTRICITY:
The managing committee will hire an electrician to take care of all the electrical
problems in the apartment. Any related issues will be reported to the managing
committee and will be resolved immediately.

 PLUMBING:
The managing committee will appoint a plumber to take care of the plumbing chores
and will ensure that all plumbing issues are solved.

 HOUSEKEEPING:
The managing committee appoints housekeeping staff to maintain all common areas
clean.

KEY FACTORS OF COMMON AREAS IN AN APARTMENT SOCIETY:

 ENSURE ACCESS:
The apartment society should ensure that every apartment owner should have access to
all the common areas in an apartment. In case an apartment owner has failed to pay the
maintenance fee, the apartment association can debar the services to the particular
owner.

 ENSURE THE MAINTENANCE OF COMMONALITY:

The apartment association should ensure that a co-owner should keep a portion of the
common area just for himself/herself. In case the co-owner is violating the rules and is
beyond the control, the apartment association can approach the court and seek
injunction on his/her behalf.

 MAINTENANCE:

An apartment association/facility maintenance group should ensure that all the

common areas are clean and hygienic. Every apartment owner is equally responsible in
maintaining the common areas clean.

 DEMARCATION:

An apartment owners association should ensure that the apartment owners enjoy the
common facilities and that the areas are demarcated in certain portions as the common
areas. If the areas are demarcated, the apartment owners will be compelled to obey the
rules.
 The demarcation process should be carried on through mutual consent and cannot be
done if an apartment owner disagrees.

5. COMMON AREA MAINTENANCE

Definition: The contribution or fee paid collectively by the owners of individual units for the
maintenance and upkeep of the non-exclusive areas of the premises is called common area
maintenance.

Description: The common areas are the undivided parts of the commonly owned premises. The
areas such as the parking lot, lawns, corridors, lobbies, elevators, etc are not owned by a single
individual owner .

The responsibility for upkeep and maintenance of these areas is collective.

The contributions made for the same are in the form of a stipulated fee to manage expenses for
the management and repair of any damage to the same.

This amount contributed for operational expenditure on the common areas of the premises is
called common areas maintenance.

In the case of a leased property, the common area maintenance is calculated in the form of a
load factor and is adjusted in the rent.

6. REPAIR AND RECONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING & INFRASTRUCTURE

People living in housing or apartment area experience repair and reconstruction issues or
damages after few years…
Few issues are
 The structure/exterior of the building i.e. the roof, walls, windows and external
doors issues.
 Central heating, gas fires, fireplaces, flues, ventilation and chimneys issues.
 water supply, pipes, sinks, toilets and baths issues
 external drains and guttering issues
 gas pipes, electrical wiring and any appliances provided
 Common areas like lifts and entrances, road, compound wall, street lights etc….
To solve this repair and reconstruction of building & infrastructure…housing association need to
prepare corpus amount and form a association body to appoint service engineers and other
technicians, labors.
5.3. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND NATIONAL CALAMITIES AND
DISASTER MITIGATION
5.3.1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of evaluating the likely environmental
impacts of a proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-
economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a tool used to identify the environmental, social
and economic impacts of a project prior to decision-making. It aims to predict environmental
impacts at an early stage in project planning and design, find ways and means to reduce
adverse impacts, shape projects to suit the local environment and present the predictions
and options to decision-makers.

By using EIA both environmental and economic benefits can be achieved, such as reduced cost
and time of project implementation and design, avoided treatment/clean-up costs and impacts
of laws and regulations.

Although legislation and practice vary around the world, the fundamental components of an
EIA would necessarily involve the following stages:
a. Screening to determine which projects or developments require a full or partial
impact assessment study;
b. Scoping to identify which potential impacts are relevant to assess (based on
legislative requirements, international conventions, expert knowledge and public
involvement), to identify alternative solutions that avoid, mitigate or compensate
adverse impacts on biodiversity (including the option of not proceeding with the
development, finding alternative designs or sites which avoid the impacts,
incorporating safeguards in the design of the project, or providing compensation for
adverse impacts), and finally to derive terms of reference for the impact assessment;
c. Assessment and evaluation of impacts and development of alternatives, to predict
and identify the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development,
including the detailed elaboration of alternatives;
d. Reporting the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) or EIA report, including an
environmental management plan (EMP), and a non-technical summary for the
general audience.
e. Review of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), based on the terms of
reference (scoping) and public (including authority) participation.
 f. Decision-making on whether to approve the project or not, and under what
conditions; and
g. Monitoring, compliance, enforcement and environmental auditing.
Monitor whether the predicted impacts and proposed mitigation measures occur
as defined in the EMP. Verify the compliance of proponent with the EMP, to ensure
that unpredicted impacts or failed mitigation measures are identified and
addressed in a timely fashion.
5.3.2. DISASTER RESPONSE/ MITIGATION

INTRODUCTION:

Disasters have always co-existed with civilization. With technological advancement,

development initiatives resulted in the creation of many infrastructure and permanent assets.

Gradually material development detached man from nature on one hand and increased
vulnerability of the human population on the other. The progressive increase in loss of life,
property and deleterious effect on environment due to disasters moved the international
community to look at Disaster Management in a new perspective, which transcends
international barriers, anticipates possible threats and enables tackling of disasters from the
pre-stage.

CALAMITIES AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

NATURAL HAZARDS MANMADE DISASTERS

• Earthquake Fire
• Tsunami Chemical Hazard
• Cyclone Accidents
• Flood
• Drought
• Landslide
VARIOUS TYPES OF HAZARDS AND ITS CALAMITY
S.NO CALAMITY HAZARDS
01 Geological 1. Earthquake
2. Tsunami
3. Volcanic eruption
4. Landslide
5. Dam burst
6. Mine fire
02 Water & Climatic Hazards 1. Tropical cyclone
2. Floods
3. Drought
4. Landslide
5. Sea erosion
6. Heat & cold wave
7. Hailstorm
03 Environmental 1. Deforestation
2. Desertification
3. Pest infection
4. Environmental pollution
04 Biological 1. Human/ animal epidemics
2. Food poisoning
3. Weapons of Mass Destruction
05 Industrial and nuclear accidents 1. Oil spills
2. Nuclear bomb 3. Industrial fire
06 Accident related 1.Forest fire
2. Motor accidents
3. Building collapse
4. Mine flooding
5. Electric accidents
DISASTER MITIGATION METHODS/MEASURES

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

Disaster-risk management is the systematic process of using administrative directives,
organizations, and operational skills/capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved
coping capacities; in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards, and the possibility of
disaster.
When successful, disaster-risk management efforts aim to reduce the effects of hazards,
through activities and measures related to prevention, mitigation, and preparedness.

EMERGENCY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster management focuses on the organization and management of resources and
responsibilities to address all aspects of emergencies and disasters; including preparedness,
response and initial recovery steps.

While emergencies are events that can be managed with local resources, disasters are by
definition those events that surpass the responders capacity on the ground to manage them
locally, hence requiring external assistance to be managed.

Emergency and disaster management encompass three types of phases:

response, rehabilitation and recovery. While response and rehabilitation efforts are conducted
in the days and weeks following the onset of the disaster, recovery efforts are conducted in the
months and years after the onset and include reconstruction of infrastructure and the
restoration of livelihoods.

ASPECTS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

RISK & VULNERABILITY:
I.RISK
 Risk (or more specifically, disaster risk) is the potential disaster losses (in terms of lives,
health status, livelihoods, assets and services) which could occur to a particular
community or a society over some specified future time period.
 It considers the probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths,
injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environmentally damaged)
resulting from interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable
conditions.
 Risk can be calculated using the following equation:
Risk = Probability of Hazard x Degree of Vulnerability.
There are different ways of dealing with risk, such as:
1. Risk Acceptance: an informed decision to accept the possible consequences and
likelihood of a particular risk.
2. Risk Avoidance: an informed decision to avoid involvement in activities leading to
risk realization.
3. Risk Reduction: refers to the application of appropriate techniques to reduce the
likelihood of risk occurrence and its consequences.
4. Risk Transfer: involves shifting of the burden of risk to another party. One of the
most common forms of risk transfer is Insurance.
II.VULNERABILITY
 Vulnerability describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or
asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. There are many
aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors. Examples may include:
- poor design and construction of buildings,
- inadequate protection of assets,
- lack of public information and awareness,
- limited official recognition of risks and preparedness measures, and
- disregard for wise environmental management.
There are four (4) main types of vulnerability:
1. Physical Vulnerability-density, site, design, material.
2. Social Vulnerability- inability of people, organizations and societies
3. Economic Vulnerability- change on economic status of individuals, communities and
nations.
4. Environmental Vulnerability- Natural resource depletion and resource degradation
RAPID ONSET RISK MANAGEMENTS

S.NO POST DISASTER METHODS S.NO PRE DISASTER METHODS

01 Individual/ Immediate response 01 Mitigation/ Risk Prevention
02 Response/ Relief 02 Preparedness
03 Rehabilitation
04 Reconstruction

POST- DISASTER measures

• Individual Disaster Response
Immediate secure your safety and of others/ rescue & provide first aid/ secure supplies
• Response/ Relief (Duration: Short term)
Immediate intervention. Search & rescue, Security, Food, Water, Shelter & Sanitation,
clothes, medical & trauma care.
• Rehabilitation (Duration: weeks to months)
Restoration of basic services and functions.
• Reconstruction (Duration: months to years)
Full resumption of services, plus preventive measures.
PRE-DISASTER measures
• Mitigation
Hazard mapping/ Hazard and vulnerability assessment/ structural and non-structural
measures.
• Preparedness
Contingency planning/ warning and evacuation/ preparations for next disasters.
REFERENCE

 Richard Kintermann and Robert small, “Site planning for Cluster Housing”, Van Nastrand
Reinhold company, Jondon/New York 1977.
 Joseph de Chiara and others, “Time Saver Standards for Housing and Residential
development”, McGraw Hill Co, New York 1995.
 Forbes Davidson and Geoffrey Payne, “ Urban projects Manual”, Liverpool University
press, Liverpool 1983.
 HUDCO publications – Housing for low income, sector model.
 Christopher Alexander, “A pattern Language”, Oxford University press, New York 1977
 Leuris (S), Front to back: “A Design Agenda for Urban Housing”, Architectural Press,
2006.
 Mohanty. L.N.P., Mohanty. S, “Slum in India” APH Publications., 2005
 Saxena A. K. , “Sociological Dimensions of Urban Housing and Development “, Common
wealth Publications, 2004
 Geol. S. L. Dhaliwal. S. S. “Slum improvement through participatory Urban based
Community structures”, Deep & Deep Publications, 2004.
 AR6017-URBAN HOUSING

REGULATION 2013 |ANNA UNIVERSITY

QUESTION BANK
PART A 2 MARKS
1. Why is housing a fundamental need?
2. Distinguish between housing need and housing demand?
3. Distinguish between housing demand and supply?
4. What is national housing policy?
5. Name any 2 agencies in India working towards housing development?
6. List any four agencies involved in cost effective housing in India?
7. Mention any four factors that impact affordability in housing?
8. List any two impact of traditional life style in housing?
9. What are the characteristics of slum?
10. Recall the objective of RAY?
11. State the need of UDPFI guidelines?
12. Eyes on the street?
13. Name the 4 basic development control regulation nationwide?
14. What is FSI?
15. Give a brief on housing parking standards?
16. Define net and gross density?
17. What constitutes Pucca house?
18. Mention any two advantages and disadvantages of high rise housing?
19. What is surface grading? How is it done?
20. State the advantages of sites and services scheme?
21. List any four factors that impact you consider while selecting the site for housing
projects?
22. Brief the advantages of prefabrication in urban housing?
23. List the advantages and dis advantages of prefabrication in housing?
 24. Explain How climate influence design of a housing project?
25. What is the role of local planning authority?
26. Name 4 things that you will do as designer to prevent flooding of urban housing
areas?
27. What is EIA?
28. List any five green sustainable practices relevant to housing design?
29. Define housing management and maintenance?
30. List the various stages in housing project management?

PART B 16 MARKS

1. Housing demand and housing supply has not been complementary comment?
2. Explain the various housing agencies and their role in housing development?
3. Elaborate two housing agencies in detail and briefly explain their role in housing
development?
4. Discuss the various issues in housing in India and summarize the national housing
policy?
5. Outline the salient features of national housing policy. how will you calculate housing
demand for a future date?
6. With suitable examples explain how the socio economic factors influence the housing
design and development?
7. Elaborate on how socio economic factors influence housing?
8. Slums are the gateways from rural to urban migration-argue?
9. What are the factors that affect housing affordability?
10. Discuss the salient features of sites and service scheme with reference to a suitable
case study in our state?
11. Explain the main aspects of DCR focusing on how it helps shaping the future of urban
environment?
12. Explain the salient features of DCR?
13. Briefly explain the performance standards of housing?
14. What are the various grades of standards of housing? Explain in detail each type and
its constituents?
15. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the following types of housing in Indian
context –row housing, cluster housing apartments and high rise housing?
16. Traditional settlement have “low rise high dense” development. Is it relevant for
today’s housing context? Discuss and debate?
17. What are the various off site and on site factors to be considered while designing an
urban condominium?
18. Describe in detail various green principles that can be incorporated in housing?
19. Explain with sketches a successful Indian urban group housing in your opinion?
20. How do you prepare architecture for national calamities?
21. Discuss the salient features of sites and services scheme with reference to a suitable
case study in our state?
22. Explain the method of upgrading the slums and squatters with necessary case
examples?
23. What are the various housing standards to be adopted for the design of a residential
neighbourhood?
24. Interpret the characteristic features and factors influencing traditional housing with a
case example?
25. Classify the hierarchy of open spaces and circulation networks according to their
functions and characteristics in housing design?
26. With reference to any two case studies explain the significance of high rise housing in
the contemporary real estate market?
27. Discuss various stages of housing project development?
28. Write short notes on
i).community participation, ii).disaster mitigation?
29. Write short notes on
i). Rajiv Awas Yojana ii). Community participation in housing project?
30. Illustrate with sketches and explain how to integrate all types of services in housing?
31. Outline the disaster mitigation measures for flooding in residential area?