TOUR 25

3. Car leasing is a method used to obtain

CHAPTER 5 GROUND the use of an automobile without purchasing
TRANSPORTATION it outright. A financial institution purchases
the car but its use is conveyed to the
The definition of ground transportation, is customer. In return, the customer makes a
‘transportation that is over land instead of monthly rental payment for a set period of
on water or in the air, accounts for an years.
extremely large percentage of overall
tourism BUSES AND MOTORCOACH
Bus - passenger road motor vehicle
designed to carry more than 24 persons
AUTOMOBILE (including the driver), and with provision to
Automobiles are normally four-wheeled carry seated as well as standing
vehicles used for passenger transportation. passengers.

● Passenger cars - road motor Motor coach - a passenger road motor

vehicles for the carriage of vehicle designed to seat 24 or more
passengers and comprising not persons (including the driver) and
more than eight seats in addition to constructed exclusively for the carriage of
the driver’s seat. seated passengers
● Taxi - licensed passenger car for
hire with driver without Minibus or Mini coach- designed to carry
predetermined routes. Its method of 10–23 seated or standing persons
hire comprises flagging down on the (including the driver)’. Furthermore, it is
street, picking up at a designated pointed out ‘the vehicles may be
taxi rank or telephoning for constructed exclusively to carry seated
collection. passengers or to carry both seated and
● Rental cars - available for standing passengers.
temporary hire from companies that
may rent automobiles, vans and Trolleybus - a mode of transit service using
trucks for a fee vehicles propelled by a motor drawing
current from overhead wires via connecting
Forms of passenger car usage Rental cars - poles called a trolley pole from a central
power source not on board the vehicle.
1. Car sharing- a mode of transport where
vehicles are owned by a separate firm or an Types of bus and motor coach services
organization and shared between a number 1. Regular services (domestic and
of different people at different times. international) - are ticketed, regular-route
services that operate at specified times
2. Carpooling - describes an arrangement along fixed routes, with predetermined
whereby several participants travel together boarding and alighting points, open to all,
in one vehicle, sharing the costs and often also known as public transit or commuter
taking turns as the driver. service.
 Light rail - Light rail vehicles are typically
2. Special regular services - operate on driven electrically with power being drawn
defined routes and at defined times, but from an overhead electric line via a trolley or
provide for the carriage of a certain group of a pantograph;
passengers to the exclusion of others (such
as workers, students or soldiers). Speciality
1. Monorail – a ‘guided transit mode riding
3. Occasional services - - type of service on or suspended from a single rail, beam or
includes the packaged retail tour, tube; vehicles usually operate in trains’.
sightseeing services and services organized Currently monorails tend to be used mainly
for special events such as conferences or in airports, theme parks and zoo
cultural or sporting events.
2. Cable-propelled – There are several
types of cable-propelled forms of transit,
including aerial tramways, funiculars,
gondolas and cable cars, all of which are
popular forms of tourist transportation as
well as being attractions in and of
themselves. There are two basic
distinctions, those that operate in the air,
RAIL and those that run on or under-ground
There are many different types of rail
passenger transportation serving a variety a. Aerial tramway – an ‘electric system of
of functions, from long distance international aerial cables with suspended powerless
or intercity travel, to local urban transit passenger vehicles.
services. However, with respect to tourism,
high-speed rail, rapid transit, light rail and b. Funicular or inclined plane – is another
specialty rail are of particular interest and sub-group of cable-propelled transit; much
will therefore be highlighted here like the cable car it operates: over exclusive
right-of-way on steep grades (slopes) with
High-speed rail - encompassing many powerless vehicles, the vehicles and
high-speed systems, including powered by engines or motors at a central
infrastructure, trains and their compatibility. location not on board the vehicle.
In essence, high speed trains designed to
travel at a speed between 250 and 300 c. Gondola – operate in the air, that is both
km/h on special lines, or around 200 km/h the propulsion and support come from steel
on existing older but upgraded lines. cables Alta Velocidad Espanola MTA
subway in New York Manchester Metrolink
Rapid transit - a transit system that uses bove.
steel wheeled passenger rail cars operating
singly or in trains on fixed steel rails in d. Cable car – powered using a cable
exclusive rights of way in underground mechanism. It defined as a ‘rail transit mode
tunnels with single cars (without motors) propelled
by a continuously moving cable located in
an underground slot between rails Buses and Motor Coaches ( HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT)
3. Rack or cog railway – ‘a rail
transportation mode with auxiliary or full ● Pascal invented the first bus-like
traction via a geared wheel in the middle of horse-drawn carriage, which he and
a powered axle, which is engaged with a his partners, Marquis de Crénan and
linear vertical gear (rack) installed along the Duke de Roannez, used to operate a
track center, providing traction on very regular Parisian transportation
steep grades. company in 1662.
● Steam-powered coaches, developed
4. Narrow gauge railway – one that utilizes around the turn of the century, were
a narrower track gauge than the standard of less popular due to noise and
1435 mm. explosion fears, with limited use in
France.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT ● After the Second World War, leisure
trips and long-distance holiday travel
● The invention of the first automobile by coach were also becoming more
goes back to 1886, when Karl Benz and more popular in Europe
drove his first car through the streets
of Mannheim, Germany
● The US car maker Henry Ford was Rail ( HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT)
the first to produce the automobile in ● Railroads have roots in wagon
mass quantities in 1908 (Berger, roads, using wooden rails for
2001) transportation since the 1500s in
● One of the first rental car companies Germany and mid-1600s in British
was founded in 1912 by Martin Sixt coal mines.
in Germany. With only seven cars ● Iron replaced wooden rails and
● Rental cars made a breakthrough in wheels in early tramway systems in
the United States after two young Europe by the late 1700s, despite
entrepreneurs named Joe Saunders still being horse-driven.
and Walter L. Jacobs independently ● The creation of the first tramway
opened rental car businesses locomotive was revolutionized by
● the biggest German rental car Richard Trevithick's 1804 steam
company at that time (today engine and William Jessup's 1789
known as EUROPCAR) had 30 flanged wagon wheel. George
rental car stations with 700 Stephenson's 1825 steam
automobiles all over Germany. locomotive engine came next.
● Further expansions were which ● The Stockton and Darlington
created so-called ‘Railway Railroad Company was the first
Extensions’ railroad to run regular scheduled
● the further development of Herz’s services for the transportation of
‘fly-drive’ concept through franchises goods and passengers in 1825
at airports in Atlanta and Milwaukee. (Rühle, 2007)
 ● Railroads facilitated leisure travel in publications, market trends analysis, and
Europe and North America, with industry statistics since 2006.
Thomas Cook's 1845 Liverpool trip
being the first, establishing the American Car Rental Association (ACRA)
Thomas Cook company as a The organization's role is to promote
renowned travel company. legislation benefiting its members by
educating them about recent public policy
Based on this regulation, rental car developments, lobbying at state and federal
companies are bound to disclose the levels, analyzing laws, and providing
following information in their contracts:: necessary services.
1. the main characteristics of the
product, Associated Canadian Car Rental
2. the price inclusive of taxes Operators (ACCRO)
3. the arrangements for payment, ACCRO represents and promotes the
delivery, performance and the Canadian car rental industry, aiming for fair
complaint handling policy legislation, safety promotion, and
cooperation among members, affiliates, and
national associations for the automobile
industry

Buses and Motor coaches

International Road Transport Union (IRU)

– represents the interests of bus, coach, taxi
and truck operators worldwide, ranging from
large transport fleets to individual owner-
operators. The IRU promotes the facilitation
ASSOCIATIONS of road transport worldwide while working
Automobile towards its sustainable development.

Association of Car Rental Industry RDA International Coach Tourism

System Standards (ACRISS) – The Federation, founded in 1951, is Europe's
ACRISS aims to establish common leading association for coach and group
standards for car rental services in Europe, tourism. It comprises coach companies, tour
the Middle East, and Africa, and promote operators, tourism associations, destination
reservation distribution systems, with a marketing organizations, and engages in
major achievement being the introduction of public service and lobbying activities.
a four-letter car classification code. The United Motorcoach Association
(UMA) is a North American association of
motor coach owners and suppliers, with
European Federation of Leasing over 1000 members in the USA and
Company Associations (Leaseurope) – Canada. Its role is to protect and promote
represents the leasing and automotive the interests of the industry, exchange
rental industries in 32 countries, producing
information, establish supplier networks, The Association of American Railroads
and represent members. (AAR) is a North American association
promoting the rail industry, focusing on
The American Bus Association (ABA) freight services and Amtrak, and working
represents around 1000 members in the with Washington DC officials to set
USA and Canada, including motor coach standards.
and tour operators, travel and tourism
industry organizations, and bus suppliers. It CHAPTER 6 WATER TRANSPORTATION
promotes business interests through
government advocacy, trade events, Two (2) Kinds of Water - based
networking, and cost-saving programs. Transportation

Union International de Chemin de Fer 1. Marine / Maritime Transportation-

(UIC) is a global non-profit organization refers to a means of transport where goods
promoting rail transport, sharing best (or people) are transported via sea routes.
practices, supporting business
development, improving technical and 2. Fresh Water / Water Transportation-
environmental performance, promoting Water transportation is the intentional
interoperability, creating world standards, movement of water over large distances
and developing competence centers.
TYPES OF WATER - BASED
The European Railway Agency (ERA) TRANSPORTATION
provides technical assistance to EU
member states and the Commission, CRUISE SHIP - a large ship that stops at
focusing on railway safety, interoperability, different ports and carries passengers who
ERTMS, economic evaluation, and cross are traveling for pleasure.
acceptance.
A cruise is a vacation spent on a ship that
Rail Forum Europe (RFE) is an sails the ocean, periodically stopping in
international non-profit association aiming to ports for sightseeing. Cruise can also be a
facilitate cooperation between EU decision- verb that describes sailing around aimlessly
makers and the rail industry, involving for fun. Gibson (2006)
scientific, technical, economic, industrial,
and professional groups. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Union des Industries Ferroviaires 18TH CENTURY- Passenger transportation

Européennes (UNIFE) represents on merchant vessels was an expensive,
European companies involved in rail uncomfortable, and often risky endeavor
transport systems, subsystems, and reserved for the rich and those on special
equipment, representing their interests at missions.
EU and international levels. Its main role is
to develop competitive systems for 1838
increased rail traffic. The steamship Sirius crossed the Atlantic in
only 18 days and 10 h, compared to
early transatlantic crossings by sail, which France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey,
could take anywhere from 70 to 100 days or Lebanon and Israel (Rasmussen, 2007).
more (Schüssler, 2005) Interestingly, the trip is rather well
documented, as Mark Twain was one of the
1838 passengers (Rasmussen, 2007; Dickinson
The first ship to be awarded the Blue and Vladimir, 2008).
Riband was the British vessel Great
Western 19TH CENTURY Transatlantic voyages on
ocean liners between Europe and America
BETWEEN 1 8 8 0 ' S AND 1 9 2 0 'S represent the first luxurious form of
The transition from wooden sailing ships to commercial marine passenger
steel steam ships enabled much larger transportation
and more luxurious vessels to be built;
coupled with the mass migration of people 1900-1922
from Europe to America These early examples of pleasure cruises
were carried out on vessels that were not
1835 designated purely for such trips; rather they
One of the co-founders, a Scotsman named exemplify early forms of product
Arthur Anderson, had the vision to offer diversification within maritime
cruises around the Shetland Isles, to the transportation. The first ship specifically
Faroes and Iceland, and back again, placing designed and built for cruising was the
a newspaper advertisement for such a trip. Prinzess in Victoria Luise which was taken
While it was a dummy advertisement in the into service in 1900 by the German
first edition of his Shetland Journal HamburgAmerika Line according to
publication and never actually took place, Schüssler (2005) while Morgan and Power
an idea was born (P&O Cruises, 2012) (2011) document the first official cruise
taking place on a luxurious ship specifically
1844 built for leisurely travel between various
It was not until 1844 that the P&O liner ports as taking place in 1922.
Ceylon was converted into a cruise ship for
the purpose of pleasure trips. Around this 1907
time, other shipping companies also began Mauretania held the trophy for almost 23
to undertake pleasure trips to the years, foran Atlantic crossing in 1907 that
Norwegian Fjords or the Mediterranean; the took only 4 days and 22 h (Schüssler,
German Hamburg - Amerikanische - 2005).
Packetfahrt - Actien - Gesellschaft (HAPAG
1957-1958
1867 According to Hobson (1993), over a million
According to Dickinson and Vladimir (2008), people under took the atlantic voyage on
the first American cruise probably took an ocean liner in 1957; however, with the
place in 1867 on a paddle-wheel steamer advent of commercial jet services, more
named Quaker City. The six-month voyage people
started in New York and included crossed the Atlantic by plane than by ship in
destinations such as Bermuda, Gibraltar, 1958.
GROSS, 2 0 1 1 AND SOURCES THEREIN
Many feel that the Peninsular and Oriental 1. Free assistance should be provided to
Steam Navigation Company (P&O) were disabled individuals after at least 48
the true pioneers of modern cruising hours prior to boarding, so avoiding
boarding refusal;
20TH CENTURY
While the First and Second World Wars had 2. Give passengers rights in the event of
a detrimental impact on the cruising a delay or cancellation. If a passenger is
industry, the period between the turn of the delayed, must stay the night at a hotel; the
20th century and the Second World War is ferry operator is responsible for covering the
often viewed as the golden age of cruising cost of lodging and food The new law grants
(Gross,2011). During this era, there was passengers the right to an early reroute in
great competition between the shipping the event of cancellation. chance and
companies to attract immigrants and tourists without further expense, or obtain a
alike. complete refund;

International Maritime Organization (IMO) 3. Make sure there are minimal

- is a specialized agency of the United guidelines for the disclosure of
Nations that is responsible for measures to information for travelers' rights both before
improve the safety and security of and during their trip, as well as general
international shipping and to prevent marine information on carrier ships, in ports, and in
pollution from ships. The IMO sets terminals (European Union, 2010).
standards for the safety and security of
international shipping ASSOCIATIONS

1. Cruise Line International Association

According to the Maritime Facts and Figures (CLIA) - Founded in 1 9 7 5 , CLIA is a non
published by the European Commission’s - profit organization and is North America’s
Mari- t ime Affairs (European Commission, largest cruise industry organization in terms
2010 a), there are six agencies at the of cruise line, industry supplier and travel
European level dealing matters related to agency member - shop according to their
the seas. website

1. FRONTEX (the European agency for the 2. Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association

management of operational (FCCA) The FCCA was created as a non-
cooperation at the external borders of the profit trade organization in 1972 and is
member states) currently composed of 14 cruise operators
2. European Defense Agency active in Floridian, Caribbean and Latin
3. European Space Agency American waters (FCCA,2010).
4. European Maritime Safety Agency
5. Community Fisheries Control Agency 3. North West and Canada Cruise Ship
6. European Environment Agency Association (NWCCA) The NWCCA is a
non-profit organization founded in 1986 and
PASSENGERS RIGHTS represents major cruise lines operating in
the Pacific Northwest – British Columbia,
Washington State, Alaska and Hawaii – as 6. ‘Ship aficionados’ - This is the segment
well as in Atlantic Canada and Quebec most advanced in years. Individuals in this
(NWCCA, 2011) group have already been on several cruises
and enjoy the cruise ship life, which they
4. European Cruise Council (ECC) The consider agreeable and very comfortable.
ECC is a non-profit association representing
cruise operators in Europe and has 30 On the supply side, cruise ships are
cruise members and 34 associate generally classified by size (gross tonnage)
members. Similarly, to their North American and passenger capacity (Schüssler, 2005;
counter parts, their main mission is to Ward, 2011), the average cruise ship size
expand the European cruise market while has dramatically increased over the last ten
promoting years in terms of both gross tonnage and
passenger capacity
DEMAND AND SUPPLY
On the demand side, cruise passengers The size of the ship and cruises - ship
have been profiled and segmented based capacity ratios impact the type o f cruise
on demo - graphics, socio-graphics and experience, with mega - ships typically
psychographics. featuring multiple pools, Jacuzzis, fitness
areas, spas, several dining options and lots
1. ’Restless baby boomers’ - This group of entertainment facilities including casinos,
includes individuals looking for new travel theaters, a variety of nightclubs, etc., while
experiences. small ships typically do not offer such an
2. ‘Enthusiastic baby boomers’ - abundance of activities and instead focus
Individuals in this segment are already on a different type of experience ( Gibson,
convinced. They are attracted by cruise 2006 ) . While ships with capacity of up to
travel and the variety of activities that go 10 00 passengers dominated.
with it
3. ’Lovers of luxury’ - This group is PASSENGERS LINES AND FERRIES
prepared to spend money on high quality The main purpose of passenger liners and
products, which is what most of the ferries is the transportation of people and
specialized cruise lines offer. goods from one point to another with
4. ‘Demanding consumers’ - Individuals in both tourist and nontourist use.
this group are in search of the best price–
quality ratio. This segment is the most 1. Passenger Line / Passenger Ship
faithful to holiday cruises. They are very Passenger ferries and ro-pax (roll on/roll off
sensitive to promotions and special passenger) ferries rank among the
discounts conventional types. Generally, passenger
ferries’ main purpose is the
5. ‘Explorers’ - This group consists of well- transportation of passengers and their
informed individuals widely experienced in cars. However, freight and trucks are
travel. They are particularly interested in handled as well. Several car decks
destinations and the areas visited by the accommodate between 500 and 3000
cruise.
passengers and have a capacity for up to 2. HOUSEBOAT CHARTER- Houseboat
900 passenger cars charters are somewhat similar to a holiday
2. Ferries A boat or ship for conveying home for two to 12 passengers and
passengers and goods, especially over a intended for traveling along rivers at a
relatively short distance and as a regular maximum speed of 12 km/h.
service. Fast ferries, also high - speed
craft, are commercial vessels capable of a According to Schulz (2009) houseboats
service speed in excess of 30 knots may be classified into the following
(approximately 56 km/h) and with the ability categories:
to carry a minimum of 35 passengers and/or
commercial cargo. 1. Traditional house boats - All
cabins are at the same level and an
There three (3) Main Categories in the additional steering wheel may be
high - speed craft sector installed on the rear deck.

Catamaran, a twin- hulled boat with usually 2. Sedan boats - The living area and
a deck connecting the hulls and a service the open rear deck are at the same
speed of 35 knots (65 km/h). It usually has a level
capacity for 400 to 700 passengers and up
to 150 cars. 3. Boats with central bridges - The
bridge is integrated in the elevated
Monohull, a boat on which the line of living area and there- fore the area is
intersection of the water surface and the separated into two living areas.
boat at any operating draft forms a single c l
o s e d curve with a service speed of 3 5 k n 4. Boats with sliding roofs -
o t s and a capacity of 650 passengers and Somewhat similar to boats with
150 cars. central bridges where upon the roof
above the living area/bridge can be
Hydrofoil, a boat with two foil supports on opened.
which the boat rises to reduce water drag
and travel at a speed of 37 knots to 5. Boats with elevated rear helm
transport 200 passenger stand - The living area is in the front
of the boat, helm stand
OTHER FORMS OF WATER - BASED
TRANSPORTATION 6. Flying bridge boats -Two helm
stands can be found in the living
1. YACHT CHARTERING - it ranges from area as well as on the deck in the
the ‘share a yacht’ concept (in which the middle of the boat.
yacht is shared with other guests and an
experienced crew), bare boat charters 3. KAYAK AND CANOE A kayak is a small
(yacht only for a doit-yourself skipper), bare light boat that is used by the Eskimos for
boat with skipper and/or crew (depending seal hunting. The oar has a paddle on each
on size of yacht). side and is used in an alternating manner to
stroke through the water. A canoe is similar
to a kayak, the difference being that it is 9. DESTINATION AS‘ FASHION
open, can accommodate several people if ACCESSORY’ : DESTINATIONS HAVE A
so desired and the oar has only one paddle LIFE CYCLE TARGETED PRODUCT
and the stroke is executed on one side of MARKET DEVELOPMENT ( THREE ES-
the vessel (Bhatia,2006). ORIENTED) : ACTIVE TOURISM
MARKETING AND PRODUCT
TOURISM MEGATRENDS DEVELOPMENT IS INDISPENSABLE.
FOCUS ON ONE OR A COMBINATION OF
1 . GLOBALIZATION – LOCALIZATION: ENTERTAINMENT, EXCITEMENT AND
THE TOURISM MARKET IS EDUCATION
CHARACTERIZED BY A TREND TO
GLOBALIZATION . SIMULTANEOUSLY 10. MORE DESTINATIONS FOCUS ON ‘
THERE IS AN OPPOSITE TREND IMAGE’ : CUSTOMER PERCEPTIONS
TOWARDS LOCALIZATION WITH WILL PLAY A MORE IMPORTANT ROLE.
AUTHENTICITY AND ‘DIFFERENTIATION ’
OF THE OFFER. 11. EVERYONE CHASING THE ASIAN
TOURIST: IMMENSE IMPORTANCE OF
2 . POLARIZATION OF TOURIST TASTES THE ASIAN MARKET ( AS OUT- GOING
: BETWEEN COMFORT BASES AND AND INCOMING MARKET).
ADVENTURE EDUCATION - ORIENTED
DEMAND . 12. CONSUMER- LED CAMPAIGNS FOR
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: CONSUMERS
3. THE TOURIST' S ‘ SHRINKING WORLD HAVE BECOME MORE CONSCIOUS OF
’ : SYSTEMATIC REDUCTION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
BOUNDARIES AND RESTRICTIONS
13. GROWING CONFLICT BETWEEN
4. ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY YEARNING FOR TRAVEL
BECOMING POWERFUL : INFLUENCING CONSUMPTION AND THE INCREASED
DISTRIBUTION , DESTINATION CHOICE SUSTAIN- ABLE CONSCIOUSNESS:
AND BOOKING BEHAVIOR . MANIFESTED IN MORE STRINGENT
EXAMINATION OF DESTINATIONS AND
5. FASTTRACK TRAVEL : NEWTECHNO THEIR RESPONSIBLE DEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGIES AND BORDER BY TRAVELERS
CONTROL ACCELERATE THE TRAVEL
PROCESS. FUTURE INNOVATIONS AND VISIONS

8 . CUSTOMER WILL 'CALL THE SHOTS Finnair A60 0 – 850 M

’ : TRANSFORMATION TO A BUYERS Wide-bodied, zero-emission supersonic
MARKET – THE CUSTOMER MAY aircraft for long-haul routes (flying range
INCREASINGLY DETERMINE THE 26,0km) and for 600 to 850 passengers.
TOURISM OFFER WITH THE HELP OF
NEW TECHNOLOGIE . Finnair A600–850
Zero-emission aircraft for short-haul routes
(flying range 9,600 km) and for 600 to 850
passengers.

Finnair A 1 7 0 0 – 2400 Cruise Aircraft for

long-haul routes (flying range 21, 600 km)
and for 1700 to 2400 passengers.The
vessel has e.g. hologram theaters,
restaurants, bars, shops, meeting rooms, a
beauty parlor, a first- aid station,
gymnasiums and a quiet room.