What is Data Collection?

In Statistics, data collection is a process of gathering information from all the relevant
sources to find a solution to the research problem. It helps to evaluate the outcome of
the problem. The data collection methods allow a person to conclude an answer to the
relevant question. Most of the organizations use data collection methods to make
assumptions about future probabilities and trends. Once the data is collected, it is
necessary to undergo the data organization process.

The main sources of the data collections methods are “Data”. Data can be classified
into two types, namely primary data and secondary data. The primary importance of
data collection in any research or business process is that it helps to determine many
important things about the company, particularly the performance. So, the data
collection process plays an important role in all the streams. Depending on the type of
data, the data collection method is divided into two categories namely,

 Primary Data Collection methods

 Secondary Data Collection methods

In this article, the different types of data collection methods and their advantages and
limitations are explained.

Also, read:

 Categorical Data
 Data Handling
 Sampling Methods
 Data Collection and Organisation

Primary Data Collection Methods

Primary data or raw data is a type of information that is obtained directly from the first-
hand source through experiments, surveys or observations. The primary data collection
method is further classified into two types. They are

 Quantitative Data Collection Methods

 Qualitative Data Collection Methods
Let us discuss the different methods performed to collect the data under these two data
collection methods.

Quantitative Data Collection Methods

It is based on mathematical calculations using various formats like close-ended
questions, correlation and regression methods, mean, median or mode measures. This
method is cheaper than qualitative data collection methods and it can be applied in a
short duration of time.

Qualitative Data Collection Methods

It does not involve any mathematical calculations. This method is closely associated
with elements that are not quantifiable. This qualitative data collection method includes
interviews, questionnaires, observations, case studies, etc. There are several methods
to collect this type of data. They are

Observation Method

Observation method is used when the study relates to behavioural science. This
method is planned systematically. It is subject to many controls and checks. The
different types of observations are:

 Structured and unstructured observation

 Controlled and uncontrolled observation
 Participant, non-participant and disguised observation

Interview Method

The method of collecting data in terms of verbal responses. It is achieved in two ways,
such as

 Personal Interview – In this method, a person known as an interviewer is required to ask

questions face to face to the other person. The personal interview can be structured or
unstructured, direct investigation, focused conversation, etc.
 Telephonic Interview – In this method, an interviewer obtains information by contacting
people on the telephone to ask the questions or views, verbally.

Questionnaire Method
In this method, the set of questions are mailed to the respondent. They should read,
reply and subsequently return the questionnaire. The questions are printed in the
definite order on the form. A good survey should have the following features:

 Short and simple

 Should follow a logical sequence
 Provide adequate space for answers
 Avoid technical terms
 Should have good physical appearance such as colour, quality of the paper to attract the
attention of the respondent

Schedules

This method is similar to the questionnaire method with a slight difference. The
enumerations are specially appointed for the purpose of filling the schedules. It explains
the aims and objects of the investigation and may remove misunderstandings, if any
have come up. Enumerators should be trained to perform their job with hard work and
patience.

Secondary Data Collection Methods

Secondary data is data collected by someone other than the actual user. It means that
the information is already available, and someone analyses it. The secondary data
includes magazines, newspapers, books, journals, etc. It may be either published data
or unpublished data.

Published data are available in various resources including

 Government publications
 Public records
 Historical and statistical documents
 Business documents
 Technical and trade journals

Unpublished data includes

 Diaries
 Letters
 Unpublished biographies, etc.

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Sources of Data
The sources of data can be classified into two types: statistical and non-statistical.
Statistical sources refer to data that is gathered for some official purposes, incorporate
censuses, and officially administered surveys. Non-statistical sources refer to the
collection of data for other administrative purposes or for the private sector.

What are the different sources of data?

The following are the two sources of data:

1. Internal sources

 When data is collected from reports and records of the organisation itself, they are known as
the internal sources.
 For example, a company publishes its annual report’ on profit and loss, total sales, loans,
wages, etc.

2. External sources

 When data is collected from sources outside the organisation, they are known as the
external sources. For example, if a tour and travel company obtains information on
Karnataka tourism from Karnataka Transport Corporation, it would be known as an external
source of data.

Types of Data
A) Primary data

 Primary data means first-hand information collected by an investigator.

 It is collected for the first time.
 It is original and more reliable.
 For example, the population census conducted by the government of India after every ten
years is primary data.

B) Secondary data

 Secondary data refers to second-hand information.

 It is not originally collected and rather obtained from already published or unpublished
sources.
 For example, the address of a person taken from the telephone directory or the phone
number of a company taken from Just Dial are secondary data.

Students can also refer to Meaning and Sources of Secondary Data

Methods of Collecting Primary Data
1. Direct personal investigation
2. Indirect oral investigation
3. Information through correspondents
4. Telephonic interview
5. Mailed questionnaire
6. The questionnaire filled by enumerators
1. Give the meaning of the following terms:

(A) Investigator

(B) Enumerator

(C) Informant/Respondent
Answer:
Investigator ● One who conducts investigation, i.e., statistical enquiry and seeks information is known
as an investigator.
● It can be an individual person or an organisation.
Enumerator ● An enumerator is a person who helps investigators in the collection of data.
Informant ● An informant is the respondent who supplies the information to the investigators or
enumerators.
Direct Personal Investigation

Q.1 Explain direct personal investigation method of collecting primary data. Discuss its merits and
demerits.

Answer:

(A) Direct personal ● Under this method, the investigator obtains the first-hand information from
investigation the respondents themselves.

● He personally visits the respondents to collect the information

(data).
(B) Following are the merits of direct personal investigation:
(1) Reliable and ● The data collected is first-hand and original in nature. So, it is more reliable
Accurate and accurate.
(2) Flexibility ● In this method, the questions can be modified according to the level of the
respondent or other situations.
(3) Additional ● Some additional information may also be collected along with the required
information information.
● This additional information can be used in future investigations.
(C) Following are the demerits of direct personal investigation:
(1) Not suitable for a ● It is not suitable when the area of coverage is considerably wide.
wide area
(2) Time-consuming ● This method is time-consuming as the investigator personally visits various
places and meets different people to collect information.
(3) Expensive ● This method is expensive, particularly when the field of investigation is large.
(4) Personal bias ● The data collected in this method is subjected to personal bias.
Indirect Oral Investigation

Q.1 Explain indirect oral investigation method of collecting primary data. Give its merit and
demerits.

Answer:

(A) Indirect oral Under this method, instead of directly approaching the informants, the investigators
investigation interview several other persons who are directly or indirectly in touch with the
informants.

(B) Following are the merits of indirect oral investigation:

(1) Wide coverage ● A wide area can be brought under investigation through this method.

(2) Economical ● It is economical in terms of time, money, and manpower.

(C) Following are the demerits of indirect oral investigation:

(1) Indirect ● Since the information is not collected directly from the party, there is a
information possibility that it will not be fully true.

(2) Lack of accuracy ● As compared to direct personal investigation, the degree of accuracy of the
data is likely to be lower.

(3) Lack of uniformity ● Information collected from different persons for the same party may not be
homogeneous and comparable.

(4) Possibility of ● Respondent/witness can modify the information according to his personal
biased information interest.

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Information through Correspondents

Q.1 Explain information through correspondents’ method of collecting primary data. Give its merit
and demerits.

Answer:

(A) Information through Under this method, local agents or correspondents are appointed and trained
correspondents to collect the information from the respondents.

(B) Following are the merits of information through correspondents:

(1) Wide coverage ● This method is useful where the field of investigation is very wide and
the information is to be collected from different parts of the country.

(2) Economical ● This method is quite economical and time-saving.

(3) Suitable for special ● This method is suitable for some special purpose investigations.
purposes

(4) Continuity ● It is very useful for collecting information on a regular basis.

(C) Following are the demerits of information through correspondents:

(1) Lack of uniformity ● The information supplied by different correspondents often lacks
homogeneity; hence it is not comparable.

(2) Lack of reliability ● Data obtained using this method may not be very reliable because of the
possibility of personal bias and prejudice of the enumerator.

(3) Less accuracy ● This method cannot be used where a high degree of accuracy is
required.

(4) Costly ● A lot of time and money is spent to collect the information through
correspondence.

Telephonic interviews

Q.1 Explain the telephonic interviews method of collecting primary data. Give its merit and demerits.

Answer:

(A) Telephonic Under this method, data is collected through interviews over the telephone.
interviews
(B) Following are the merits of telephonic interviews:

(1) Wide coverage ● This method is useful where the field of investigation is very wide and the
information is to be collected from different parts of the country.

(2) Economical ● This method is quite economical and time-saving.

(3) Reliability ● The collected data is reliable as it is obtained directly from the party.

(C) Following are the demerits of telephonic interviews:

(1) Limited use ● The disadvantage of this method is limited accessibility to people. This method
is not possible for people who do not own a telephone or mobile.

(2) Visual feedback is ● Telephone interviews also obstruct visual reactions of the respondents, which
not possible become helpful in obtaining information on sensitive issues.

Mailed Questionnaire Method

Q.1 Discuss the mailed questionnaire method of collecting primary data. What are its merits and
demerits?

Answer:

(A) Mailed ● Under this method, a questionnaire containing a number of questions related
questionnaire method to the investigation is prepared.

● It is then sent to informants by post along with the instructions to fill.

● The informants, after filling up the questionnaire, send it back to the

investigator.
(B) Following are the merits of the mailed questionnaire method:
(1) Wide coverage ● This method is useful where the field of investigation is very wide and the
information is to be collected from different parts of the country.
(2) Economical ● This method is quite economical as it requires less money and labour.
(3) Originality ● The data is very much original because informants are directly involved in the
collection of data.
(4) Free from bias ● Every question is interpreted by the respondent in his own way. Hence, it is
free from the personal bias of the investigator.
(5) Maintains secrecy ● This method is suitable for sensitive questions and maintains the anonymity of
respondents.
(C) Following are the demerits of the mailed questionnaire method:
(1) Limited scope ● This method is applicable only where the respondents are educated.
(2) Less response ● Most informants do not return the questionnaire.
● The informants are least interested in the investigation; hence, there
 is a lack of response from their side.
(3) Chance of ● Informants may not understand the correct sense of some questions, and may
misinterpretation not answer them. Sometimes, informants may provide vague and ambiguous
answers.
(4) Time-consuming ● The process is time-consuming, particularly when the information is to be
obtained by post.

Q.2 What is a questionnaire? State the prerequisites of a good questionnaire.

Or

What are the qualities of a good questionnaire?

Answer:
(A) Meaning of A questionnaire is a list or set of printed questions, which is filled by the
questionnaire informants. If it is filled by the enumerators, then it is known as a schedule.
(B) A good questionnaire should have the following characteristics:
(1) Simple and short Questions should be short, simple, and straightforward.
questions
(2) Limited questions in a The number of questions should be limited and they should be in a logical
proper order order.
(3) Clear instructions To assist the informants, clear instructions should be given.
(4) Pre-testing To know the shortcomings of a questionnaire, it should be tried on a small
selected group.
(5) Avoid mathematical Questions containing mathematical calculations should be completely avoided.
calculations
(6) Avoid personal or Personal questions affecting sentiments and controversial questions related to
controversial questions religion, politics, etc., should be avoided.
(7) Secrecy assurance Respondents should be given assurance that their response will not be shared
with anyone.
(8) Cover letter To convey the purpose of how it will help the parties involved, a precise cover
letter should be enclosed.

Questionnaire Filled By Enumerators Method

Q.1 Explain the questionnaires filled by enumerators method of collecting primary data along with
its merits and demerits.

Answer:

(A) Questionnaires Under this method, an enumerator personally visits informants along with a
filled by enumerators questionnaire, asks questions, and notes down their response in the questionnaire
in his own language.

(B) Following are the merits of questionnaires filled by enumerators:

(1) Accurate and Since the investigator has direct contact with the respondents, it is possible to get
reliable accurate and reliable information.

(2) Better responses The presence of the enumerator may induce the respondents to give information.

So, the chances of no response like in the case of mailed questionnaire

method are less.
(3) Useful in case of Unlike the mailed questionnaire method, this method can be used even if the
illiterate respondents respondents are illiterate.
(C) Following are the demerits of questionnaires filled by enumerators:
(1) Costly method This method is very expensive as expenditure on training, remuneration, and
conveyance is to be borne by the investigator.
(2) Time consuming This method is very time consuming as the enumerator has to visit the informants
personally.
(3) Inefficiency and Inefficiency or inability on the part of the enumerators due to the lack of proper
personal bias training, coupled with personal bias, may adversely affect the results of the enquiry.
Students can explore this important concept by clicking on this link provided
below:

Meaning of Statistical Enquiry, Meaning of Collection of Data and Sources of Data

Collection Of Secondary Data

Q.1 What is secondary data? Discuss the various sources of secondary data.

Answer:

(A) Meaning of ● Secondary data refers to the data that has already been collected by some other
secondary data person or agency and is used by us.

(B) Sources of secondary data can broadly be classified under two

categories:

1. Published sources

2. Unpublished sources
(1) Published Published sources mean data available in printed form. It includes the following:
sources
1. Magazines, journals, and periodicals published by various government, semi-
government, and private organisations; Data related to birth, death, education,
etc., by the government at various levels; data regarding prices, production, etc.,
published by Economic Times, Financial Express, etc.
2. Reports of various committees or commissions like reports of pay commission
report, finance commission report, etc.
 3. Reports of international agencies that are regularly published by agencies like
UNO, WHO, IMF., etc.
(2) Unpublished ● All the statistical material is not always published.
sources
● This category includes the records maintained by various government
and private offices.

● It includes the research done by scholar students or some institutions.

● Sources like reports prepared by private investigation companies can

also be used depending upon the need.

Q.2 What precautions shall we take while using secondary data?

Answer:

Following are the main precautions to be taken while using secondary data:

(1) Reliable agency ● We must ensure that the agency that has published the data should
be reliable.

(2) Suitability for the purpose ● The investigator must ensure that the data is suitable for the purpose
of enquiry of the present enquiry.

● The suitability of the data is determined by investigating the

nature, objectives, time of collection etc., of the secondary data.
(3) Adequacy and accuracy to ● It is necessary to use adequate data to avoid biases and prejudices
avoid impact of bias leading to incorrect conclusions.
(4) Method of collecting data ● The investigator should also ascertain as to what method was used in
used collecting the data.
● Sampling methods may be biased depending upon the
mode of selection of samples.

● All these should be ascertained before making use of the

secondary data.

What Is a Representative Sample?

A representative sample is a subset of a population that seeks to accurately
reflect the characteristics of the larger group. For example, a classroom of 30
students with 15 males and 15 females could generate a representative
sample that might include six students: three males and three
females. Samples are useful in statistical analysis when population sizes are
large because they contain smaller, manageable versions of the larger group.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

 A representative sample is one technique that can be used for

obtaining insights and observations about a targeted population group.
 A representative sample is a small subset group that seeks to
proportionally reflect specified characteristics exemplified in a target
population.
 For large surveys, researchers may divide the population into strata
according to ethnic markers, gender characteristics, age groups,
income, or geographical locations to ensure that they are using a
representative sample.
 In the U.S., the Census Bureau conducts several surveys of the
business and demographic environments, using representative
samples to ensure accurate coverage.
 Representative samples often yield the best results but they can be the
most difficult type of sample to obtain.
Investopedia / Danie Drankwalter

Understanding Representative Samples

Sampling is used in statistical analysis methodologies to gain insights and
observations about a population group. Statisticians can use a variety of
sampling methods to build samples that seek to meet the goals of their
research studies. Representative samples are one type of sampling method.
This method uses stratified random sampling to help identify its components.
Other methods can include random sampling and systematic sampling.

A representative sample seeks to choose components that match with key

characteristics in the entire population being examined.
Statisticians can choose the representative characteristics that they feel best
meet their research goals. Typically, representative sample characteristics
are focused on demographic categories. Some examples of key
characteristics can include sex, age, education level, socioeconomic status,
and marital status. Generally, the larger the population being examined, the
more characteristics that may arise for consideration.

Types of Sampling Methods

Choosing a sampling method can depend on a variety of factors.
Representative samples are usually an ideal choice for sampling analysis
because they are expected to yield insights and observations that closely
align with the entire population group.

When a sample is not representative, it can be known as a random sample.

While random sampling is a simplified sampling approach, it comes with a
higher risk of sampling error which can potentially lead to incorrect results or
strategies that can be costly. Random sampling can choose its components
completely at random, such as choosing names randomly from a list. Using
the classroom example again, a random sample could include six male
students.

Systematic sampling is another type of sampling method that seeks to

systemize its components. This type of sampling may include choosing every
fifth person from a population list to gather a sample. While this method takes
a systematic approach, it is still likely to result in a random sample.

Stratified Random Sampling

Stratified random sampling can be an important part of the process in
creating a representative sample. Stratified random sampling examines the
characteristics of a population group and breaks down the population into
what is known as strata. Dividing out the population by strata helps an analyst
to easily choose the appropriate number of individuals from each stratum
based on proportions of the population. While this method is more time
consuming—and often more costly as it requires more upfront information—
the information yielded is typically of higher quality.

One example of representative sampling is the American Community Survey,

an annual study of the nation's key demographic characteristics. In order to
ensure a representative sample, the Census Bureau stratifies the population
according to county, living situation, and other demographic features. This
ensures that the sampled population is an accurate snapshot of the
population as a whole.1

Special Considerations
A representative sample is generally expected to yield the best collection of
results. Representative samples are known for collecting results, insights,
and observations that can be confidently relied on as a representation of the
larger population being studied. As such, representative sampling is typically
the best method for marketing or psychology studies.

While representative samples are often the sampling method of choice, they
do have some barriers. Oftentimes, it is impractical in terms of time, budget,
and effort to collect the data needed to build a representative sample. Using
stratified random sampling, researchers must identify characteristics, divide
the population into strata, and proportionally choose individuals for the
representative sample.

In general, the larger the population target to be studied the more difficult
representative sampling can be. This method can be especially difficult for an
extremely large population such as an entire country or race. When dealing
with large populations it can also be difficult to obtain the desired members
for participation. For example, individuals who are too busy to participate will
be under-represented in the representative sample. Understanding the pros
and cons of both representative sampling and random sampling can help
researchers select the best approach for their specific study.

What Is the Best Way to Avoid Sampling Bias?

The simplest way to avoid sampling bias is to use a simple random sample,
where each member of the population has an equal chance of being included
in the sample. While this type of sample is statistically the most reliable, it is
still possible to get a biased sample due to chance or sampling error.

How Do You Ensure a Representative Sample?

In order to ensure that their are sampling an accurate cross-section of the
population, researchers will sometimes use systematic or stratified sampling
methods to ensure that the sample resembles the known features of the
population. For example, if the subject population is 55% male and 45%
female, they will deliberately choose a sample that is 55% male. Note that
this method requires the researchers to have a certain level of certainty about
the population being sampled.

What Are the Downsides of Representative Sampling?

Like other statistical tools, representative sampling can sometimes produce
biased or inaccurate results. Moreover, the time and cost of creating a
representative sample may be prohibitive, especially if the population is
spread out over a wide geographical area. There may also be self-selection
bias, if some members of the sample fail to respond to the researchers'
attempts to make contact.

The Bottom Line

A representative sample is a statistical snapshot that is used to make
inferences about a wider population. While it is possible to get accurate
results from a simple random sample, a representative sample is one that
shares the same demographic characteristic of the larger population. These
samples are more difficult to create but can lead to more accurate analysis,
especially for a large study

What are the sampling methods or Sampling Techniques?

In Statistics, the sampling method or sampling technique is the process of studying
the population by gathering information and analyzing that data. It is the basis of the
data where the sample space is enormous.
There are several different sampling techniques available, and they can be subdivided
into two groups. All these methods of sampling may involve specifically targeting hard or
approach to reach groups.

 Random Sampling
 Sampling Error Formula
 Population and Sample
 Sampling error

Types of Sampling Method

In Statistics, there are different sampling techniques available to get relevant results
from the population. The two different types of sampling methods are::

 Probability Sampling
 Non-probability Sampling

Also, read: Sample statistic

What is Probability Sampling?

The probability sampling method utilizes some form of random selection. In this method,
all the eligible individuals have a chance of selecting the sample from the whole sample
space. This method is more time consuming and expensive than the non-probability
sampling method. The benefit of using probability sampling is that it guarantees the
sample that should be the representative of the population.

Probability Sampling Types

Probability Sampling methods are further classified into different types, such as simple
random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and clustered sampling. Let
us discuss the different types of probability sampling methods along with illustrative
examples here in detail.

Simple Random Sampling

In simple random sampling technique, every item in the population has an equal and
likely chance of being selected in the sample. Since the item selection entirely depends
on the chance, this method is known as “Method of chance Selection”. As the sample
size is large, and the item is chosen randomly, it is known as “Representative
Sampling”.

Example:

Suppose we want to select a simple random sample of 200 students from a school.
Here, we can assign a number to every student in the school database from 1 to 500
and use a random number generator to select a sample of 200 numbers.

Systematic Sampling
In the systematic sampling method, the items are selected from the target population by
selecting the random selection point and selecting the other methods after a fixed
sample interval. It is calculated by dividing the total population size by the desired
population size.

Example:

Suppose the names of 300 students of a school are sorted in the reverse alphabetical
order. To select a sample in a systematic sampling method, we have to choose some
15 students by randomly selecting a starting number, say 5. From number 5 onwards,
will select every 15th person from the sorted list. Finally, we can end up with a sample
of some students.

Stratified Sampling
In a stratified sampling method, the total population is divided into smaller groups to
complete the sampling process. The small group is formed based on a few
characteristics in the population. After separating the population into a smaller group,
the statisticians randomly select the sample.

For example, there are three bags (A, B and C), each with different balls. Bag A has 50
balls, bag B has 100 balls, and bag C has 200 balls. We have to choose a sample of
balls from each bag proportionally. Suppose 5 balls from bag A, 10 balls from bag B and
20 balls from bag C.

Clustered Sampling
In the clustered sampling method, the cluster or group of people are formed from the
population set. The group has similar significatory characteristics. Also, they have an
equal chance of being a part of the sample. This method uses simple random sampling
for the cluster of population.

Example:

An educational institution has ten branches across the country with almost the number
of students. If we want to collect some data regarding facilities and other things, we
can’t travel to every unit to collect the required data. Hence, we can use random
sampling to select three or four branches as clusters.

All these four methods can be understood in a better manner with the help of the figure
given below. The figure contains various examples of how samples will be taken from
the population using different techniques.
What is Non-Probability Sampling?
The non-probability sampling method is a technique in which the researcher selects the
sample based on subjective judgment rather than the random selection. In this method,
not all the members of the population have a chance to participate in the study.

Non-Probability Sampling Types

Non-probability Sampling methods are further classified into different types, such as
convenience sampling, consecutive sampling, quota sampling, judgmental sampling,
snowball sampling. Here, let us discuss all these types of non-probability sampling in
detail.

Convenience Sampling
In a convenience sampling method, the samples are selected from the population
directly because they are conveniently available for the researcher. The samples are
easy to select, and the researcher did not choose the sample that outlines the entire
population.

Example:

In researching customer support services in a particular region, we ask your few

customers to complete a survey on the products after the purchase. This is a
convenient way to collect data. Still, as we only surveyed customers taking the same
product. At the same time, the sample is not representative of all the customers in that
area.

Consecutive Sampling
Consecutive sampling is similar to convenience sampling with a slight variation. The
researcher picks a single person or a group of people for sampling. Then the researcher
researches for a period of time to analyze the result and move to another group if
needed.

Quota Sampling
In the quota sampling method, the researcher forms a sample that involves the
individuals to represent the population based on specific traits or qualities. The
researcher chooses the sample subsets that bring the useful collection of data that
generalizes the entire population.
Learn more about quota sampling here.

Purposive or Judgmental Sampling

In purposive sampling, the samples are selected only based on the researcher’s
knowledge. As their knowledge is instrumental in creating the samples, there are the
chances of obtaining highly accurate answers with a minimum marginal error. It is also
known as judgmental sampling or authoritative sampling.

Snowball Sampling
Snowball sampling is also known as a chain-referral sampling technique. In this method,
the samples have traits that are difficult to find. So, each identified member of a
population is asked to find the other sampling units. Those sampling units also belong to
the same targeted population.

Probability sampling vs Non-probability Sampling Methods

The below table shows a few differences between probability sampling methods and
non-probability sampling methods.

Probability Sampling Methods Non-probability Sampling Methods

Probability Sampling is a sampling technique in which Non-probability sampling method is a technique in

samples taken from a larger population are chosen which the researcher chooses samples based on
based on probability theory. subjective judgment, preferably random selection.

These are also known as Random sampling These are also called non-random sampling
methods. methods.

These are used for research which is conclusive. These are used for research which is exploratory.

These involve a long time to get the data. These are easy ways to collect the data quickly.

There is an underlying hypothesis in probability The hypothesis is derived later by conducting the
sampling before the study starts. Also, the objective research study in the case of non-probability
of this method is to validate the defined hypothesis. sampling.