PowerFactory 2024

What’s New
F2024

POWER SYSTEM SOLUTIONS

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January 2024
r11444
Welcome to PowerFactory 2024!

In this year’s PowerFactory release we have, as always, improvements across all aspects of the soft-
ware, from the user interface right down to the most detailed equipment models.

PowerFactory 2024 puts much focus on enhancements for easier use of PowerFactory. This includes
faster access to commonly used functionalities via user-configurable hotkeys and a customisable Quick-
Access menu; details of these new features can be found in section 3.2. Options for the graphical
representation of grouping objects and controllers likewise allow easy visualisations and access from
any network diagram, while the automatic creation of detailed substation diagrams has been improved,
as described in section 2.2. In addition, the Data Manager and Network Model Manager can now be
used in tabbed windows and docked into the main graphic window; see section 3.1.

We would also like to highlight some of the extensions to our analysis functions. For the analysis of
distribution networks in particular, the State Estimation now offers unbalanced calculations, and the Low
Voltage Load Flow is supported within existing functionalities, such as Hosting Capacity (see section
1.10), Connection Request Assessment (see section 1.8) and Cable Analysis, which is also enhanced
with various additional options, detailed in section 1.7.

The Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation module has been extended to enable users to include
curative redispatch, as described in section 1.9. The curative actions make it possible to bring a network
back into normal operation mode after a fault has occurred. Therefore, the network can be operated in
a cost-optimal way that still accounts for 𝑛 − 1 security.

More details on all these, and other analysis function developments, can be found in section 1.

Any analysis and simulation is always only as good as the underlying model. Knowing that, we always
aim to give our customers all the tools needed to have the best possible model available. New power
equipment models therefore have been introduced (see section 4) including the Multi-winding Trans-
former and additional models for PV installations. Many existing models have also been extended to
add flexibility and facilitate the wide-ranging calculation options.

Finally, it is not just the PowerFactory model and analysis functionality itself that have new features:
changes relating to scripting and interfaces are described in sections 5 and 6.

We hope you enjoy reading about all the new developments and we wish you continued success with
PowerFactory 2024.

Your DIgSILENT team

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New i

 CONTENTS

Contents

1 Analysis Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Load Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1.1 Consideration of Bay constraints in loading calculation . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1.2 Thermal ratings for Busbars and Bays, and the use of Meteorological
Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Short-Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2.1 Refactoring of the current iteration calculation in the Complete Short-

circuit method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3 Contingency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3.1 Phase angle assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.4 Quasi-Dynamic Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.4.1 QDSL enhancement for synchronous machines and static generators . 4

1.5 RMS and EMT Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.5.1 Modelica language in PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.5.2 Internal Co-simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.6 Arc-Flash Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.6.1 EPRI calculation method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.7 Cable Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.7.1 Cable Sizing calculation options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.7.2 Cable Sizing reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.7.3 Cable Ampacity enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.8 Connection Request Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.8.1 D-A-CH-CZ Edition 3 - high voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.8.2 User-defined limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.8.3 Calculation based on Low Voltage Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.9 Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.9.1 Support of curative redispatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.10 Distribution Network Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.10.1 Support of LV Load Flow in Hosting Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.10.2 Tie Open Point Optimisation reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.11 State Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

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1.11.1 Unbalanced State Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.12 Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.12.1 Additional PDF reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.12.2 Printing from PDF Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2 Network Diagrams and Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.1 Modelica diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.1.1 Highlighting model errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.1.2 Improved handling of Type Instances and Submodels . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.1.3 Parameter expressions in Properties view of components . . . . . . . . 18

2.1.4 Rotation of Type Instances and Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.1.5 Simplified routing of signals using labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.1.6 Support of annotation images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.2 Other Diagram developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.2.1 Auto-layout of substation diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.2.2 Extensions of the Drawing and Diagram Layout Tools . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.2.3 Smooth option for polylines and polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.2.4 Poster-size printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.2.5 Support of smooth curves in model icons and diagrams . . . . . . . . . 24

2.3 Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.3.1 Protection plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.3.2 Harmonic distortion plot limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3 Handling and Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.1 Data Manager and Network Model Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.1.1 Docking of Data Manager and Network Model Manager . . . . . . . . . 26

3.2 User-defined Hotkeys and Quick Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.2.1 User-defined hotkeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.2.2 Quick Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.3 Variable Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.4 Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.4.1 Database performance improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.5.1 Result file format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

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4 Power Equipment Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

4.1 New Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

4.1.1 Multi-Winding Transformer NEW MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

4.1.2 PV Panel NEW MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4.1.3 PV MPP Tracker NEW MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4.2 Lines, Cables and Series Impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4.2.1 Consideration of shunt conductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4.2.2 Tower Type natural potential coefficients matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.2.3 New circuit positions mode for cable systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.2.4 Duplex Reactor enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.3 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.3.1 Step-Voltage Regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.4 Generators and Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4.4.1 Q(V)-Characteristic of Static Generator as reference . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4.4.2 Q(P)-Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4.4.3 GENQEC synchronous generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

4.4.4 Synchronous generator saturation representation . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.4.5 Forced voltage angle control of reference machines . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.4.6 Selection of reactive power control for loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.4.7 EMT Simulation: R,X input signals for loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.4.8 Dynamic Composite Load Model according to WECC . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.4.9 Phase-wise scaling factors for loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.4.10 LV load model enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.5 Power Electronic Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

4.5.1 DC-DC converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

4.6 Measurement Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.6.1 Unbalanced measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.7 Protection Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

4.7.1 Relay model library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

4.7.2 Fault loop signals handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

5 Scripting and Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

5.1 Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

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CONTENTS CONTENTS

5.1.1 Python version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

5.1.2 Python virtual environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

6 Interfaces and Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

6.1 CIM CGMES Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

6.1.1 Support of additional network elements and data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

6.1.2 New scripting function: SearchObjectsByCimId() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

6.2 PSS/E Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

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 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

1 Analysis Functions

1.1 Load Flow Analysis

1.1.1 Consideration of Bay constraints in loading calculation

The Bay’s nominal current is now used to calculate a dedicated Bay loading in the Load Flow Analysis
and related calculations such as the Contingency Analysis. This Bay loading is taken into account when
evaluating the maximum Branch loading, depending on the project settings. Bays are now coloured in
the network graphics according to their loading.

Figure 1.1: Bay loading colouring in schematic network diagram

1.1.2 Thermal ratings for Busbars and Bays, and the use of Meteorological Stations

Busbars and Bays located within a Site, Substation or Secondary Substation can now have thermal
rating objects assigned, including short-term ratings for Bays.

This also enables the consideration of meteorological conditions when determining the loading of
Busbars and Bays. The Meteorological Station is specified in the parent Site (ElmSite), Substation
(ElmSubstat) or Secondary Substation (ElmTrfstat) object and will be inherited by the Busbar or Bay.

Furthermore, other elements that allow selection of thermal rating objects but not Meteorological Sta-
tions can now also take meteorological conditions into account because they will “inherit” the Meteoro-
logical Station from the Site, Substation or Secondary Substation. For elements such as transformers,
for which Meteorological Stations can be individually selected, a Meteorological Station selected in the
element will take precedence over that of the parent object.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 1

1.2 Short-Circuit Analysis 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

1.2 Short-Circuit Analysis

1.2.1 Refactoring of the current iteration calculation in the Complete Short-circuit method

Following enhancement of the Complete Short-circuit method in PowerFactory 2021, where the method
was aligned with Engineering Recommendation G74 issue 2 calculation approach, a re-engineering of
the existing current iteration calculation has been carried out.

This iterative calculation is used to more accurately solve the non-linear problem that exists whereby the
short-circuit current infeed of models that provide voltage support under fault conditions also depend
upon the voltage deviation experienced by the model.

With PowerFactory 2024, the performance and application of this option has been enhanced as de-
scribed below:

Limitation of constant current injection models

For models that can be configured to provide a constant current injection during Complete method
short-circuit calculations, the current iteration approach now ensures that current injections from these
models are constrained by the configured maximum current injection of the model, in accordance with
the equations detailed in the corresponding technical references.

Evaluation of the operating point of metal oxide varistor protecting series capacitors

For close up faults where higher fault currents are flowing, series capacitors may be bypassed by metal
oxide varistors (MOV) in order to protect the capacitor from high voltages. With PowerFactory 2024, it
is now possible to more accurately evaluate the operating point of the MOV. Instead of considering the
capacitor to be completely bypassed when the MOV is conducting, a linearised model of the MOV can
be considered, where its impedance depends on its operating point. Since the operating point of the
MOV is dependent on the voltage it is subjected to, which in turn depends on the current flowing through
the series capacitor, a current iteration approach can be used to iteratively vary the short-circuit current
until a solution emerges. Details of the approach can be found in the technical reference of the Series
Capacitor.

1.3 Contingency Analysis

1.3.1 Phase angle assessment

The Contingency Analysis function is used to analyse the circuit loading and voltage impact of faults
in a network. The results of each fault calculation, together with the base-case results, are stored in a
result file. The size of this result file is managed by allowing the user to set limits to restrict the data
being recorded to just the results that are significant.

Until now, the command has offered standard and advanced options relating to the recording of absolute
values and step changes of loading and voltage. In PowerFactory 2024, additional recording options
are available, to record results relating to voltage angle (m:phiu).

The results of interest are:

• Voltage angle changes between base case and n-1 (or n-k): This quantity is important for the
identification of potential dynamic stability issues arising from the fault.
• Voltage angle differences between line-end nodes: This quantity, referred to as asynchronism,
is significant when considering whether the outaged circuit should be reenergised and put back
on load.

The new options are shown in Figure 1.2 below.

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1.3 Contingency Analysis 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Figure 1.2: Voltage angle recording options in the Contingency Analysis command

Reporting of results

Additional reports are available.

The report for the recorded voltage angle step changes is shown in Figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3: Report of voltage angle step changes

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 3

1.4 Quasi-Dynamic Simulation 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

The reporting of voltage angle differences between line-end nodes is handled differently. The summary
variables per contingency option is used in this case; when this option is selected, the maximum
asynchronism is reported for each fault outage, as shown in Figure 1.4 below. Note that this quantity is
not calculated for transformers, as large phase angle shifts are to be expected when transformers are
faulted.

Figure 1.4: Summary report of maximum asynchronism per contingency

Remedial Action Schemes

The voltage angle step can also be used to act as a trigger in Remedial Action Schemes. The voltage
angle step is available directly as a post-fault condition.

1.4 Quasi-Dynamic Simulation

1.4.1 QDSL enhancement for synchronous machines and static generators

In some cases it is necessary to control the voltage phase angle of a synchronous machine or static
generator directly. This can now be realised with QDSL models in Load Flow Calculations and Quasi-
Dynamic Simulations, as the Voltage Angle Setpoint has been added as an available output parameter
of the QDSL Load Flow Equations for Synchronous Machines (ElmSym) and Static Generators (Elm-
Genstat). Combined with the settings introduced in section 4.4.5, this means that it is also possible to
control the voltage angle of several units at the same time.

1.5 RMS and EMT Simulations

1.5.1 Modelica language in PowerFactory

Backward initialisation

Modelica Model Types (TypMdl) now support backward initialisation in a similar way as DSL Model
Types (BlkDef ). As an example, a network model (e.g. Synchronous Machine) is initialised with a
certain set point according to the load flow calculation. This set point is an input of the network model
and can be connected to a controller; the controller is implemented using a Modelica Model Type. The

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 4

1.5 RMS and EMT Simulations 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

output value of the controller has to be the same as the input set point of the network model to start the
simulation at a steady state. It therefore should be known (i.e. backward) during the initialisation of the
Modelica Model Type. The Modelica Model Type and its functionalities are enhanced to support such
backward initialisation.

An example is illustrated in Figure 1.5, which also shows the data input pages. All output and input
signals can now be initialised locally, i.e. in the model itself, or externally, i.e. by the model it is connected
to. Setting this local or external initialisation of inputs and outputs is done under the column Initialisation
in the sub-pages Inputs and Outputs. The Modelica Model Type edit dialog has a new page Local
Initialisation to write the initialisation of the complete model. The page Local Initialisation is active if the
Initialisation is set to Local for any of the inputs.

Figure 1.5: Use of backward initialisation in a Modelica Model Type

Support of parameterised size of arrays

It is now possible to configure the size of model inputs, outputs, parameters and internal variables
based on model integer parameters. This way, increased flexibility is achieved, especially for dynamic
models that need to represent a variable system size, e.g. a generic state space model or to control a
variable number of similar power system components. Examples of the latter would be a wind power
plant controller of 𝑛 wind turbines, a controller of 𝑚 mechanically switched shunt (MSS) units, each
MSS having a number of shunt positions, or a controller for an HVDC-MMC Model with 𝑛 levels. An
example of a time-discrete state space representation of a dynamic system is provided in Figure 1.6.

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1.5 RMS and EMT Simulations 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Figure 1.6: Example of a generic state space model of variable size

Support vector of components

It is now possible to create complex models by taking advantage of the vector of components concept.
This functionality allows users to use simple blocks intended for processing scalar inputs/outputs and
create blocks that are applicable for vector inputs/outputs. A simple example is shown in Figure 1.7,
where two vector inputs of size 3 are applied to a product block (which is intended for scalar inputs) and
a per-phase instantaneous power calculation is obtained as a vector size 3. Each Modelica Component
dialog now has an entry field called Size(s), where the size of the vector of components (integer number)
can be entered. In the trivial case of components representing model inputs/outputs (in example, inputs
𝑢_𝑎𝑏𝑐 and 𝑖_𝑎𝑏𝑐 as well as output 𝑝_𝑎𝑏𝑐), the Size(s) field represents the size of the variable (e.g. keep
empty for a scalar, or enter an integer number 𝑛 for a vector signal of size 𝑛).

Figure 1.7: Example of a simple per-phase instantaneous power calculation

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1.5 RMS and EMT Simulations 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Support of conditional components

It is often the case that the structure of a dynamic controller model depends on various configuration
parameters. It is therefore advantageous to be able to customise this structure depending on certain
conditions applicable to model parameters, which can be regarded as configuration parameters.

PowerFactory 2024 addresses these needs by introducing the support of Modelica conditional compo-
nents for model inputs and outputs. For example, Figure 1.8 shows a simple integrator block that can be
customised to support an external reset input signal or an external initial conditions signal depending
on the value of given configuration parameters.

Figure 1.8: Enhancement of an integrator block by means of conditional components functionality

Support of while statements

In PowerFactory 2024, while loops are supported in the context of algorithms. Various applications
may require it, such as individual capacitor balancing functions in HVDC-MMC systems, optimal power
dispatch algorithms within Wind/Solar Power Plants and on-line controller tuning algorithms.

Further improvements to the Modelica diagrams

A number of improvements are included in PowerFactory 2024 to enhance the graphical modelling
environment for Modelica models. The improvements are detailed in Section 2.1.

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1.6 Arc-Flash Analysis 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

1.5.2 Internal Co-simulation

Automatic Co-simulation region detection and definition

The workflow of the single-domain (RMS-RMS, EMT-EMT) internal Co-simulation function has now
been enhanced by allowing the automatic detection and definition of Co-simulation regions within a
power system model. This is a particular advantage for users with large networks where the number of
regions and the identification of boundary elements is not straightforward.

The function uses advanced heuristics in determining an optimal network split irrespective of the net-
work size and topology, while still allowing users to set various criteria on the region selection, e.g.
number of regions, minimum travel time of valid boundary elements, etc.

The automatic region detection function is readily available in the Initial Conditions for Co-Simulation
command dialog, via the Partition Network button (Single/Multiple Domain page → Regions tab→
Network partitioning pane).

Depending on the options selected in the Network partitioning pane, the function is able to consider
as boundary branches any AC line within the power system model, irrespective of whether it has
been configured as a lumped or as a distributed-parameters line model. This feature is highly useful
when users wish to increase the performance of a monolithic (whole-network) simulation by means of
parallelisation (using the Co-simulation engine), while avoiding the additional effort of manually defining
the Co-simulation regions.

Simplified plotting procedure for Co-simulation results

When executing a Co-simulation, a result file is generated for each region of the network. These result
files are stored as sub-result files in one single main result file. In previous versions it was necessary,
when plotting results, to identify the correct sub-result file corresponding to a certain network element,
among a potentially large number of sub-result files.

In PowerFactory 2024, when plotting results of a Co-simulation, users do not need to identify the sub-
result file any more, but can simply select the main result file and then proceed with the element and
variable selection. PowerFactory automatically searches and identifies the correct location of results
within the main result file. As such, the procedure of presenting results is identical for both the monolithic
simulation (RMS or EMT) and the co-simulation.

1.6 Arc-Flash Analysis

1.6.1 EPRI calculation method

With previous PowerFactory versions, the Lee method as used by PowerFactory ’s implementation of the
IEEE 1584 Arc-Flash Calculation was the only approach available for the determination of arc incident
energy for voltage levels higher than 15 𝑘𝑉 . For some applications it is perceived that this method
produces overly conservative results. For this reason, and in response to user demand, PowerFactory
2024 has introduced the EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) calculation method. The EPRI
method is designated by EPRI and is thought to produce more accurate results for certain applications.
Although aimed at high voltage applications, the method is applicable at all voltage levels. Unlike the
other Arc-Flash methods in PowerFactory, it has been implemented so as to consider single phase to
ground short circuits when evaluating arcing currents, which are the more commonly encountered fault
type in high voltage networks.

In accordance with the method, parameters are available so that an arc length, statistical correction
factor and working distance can be specified at all accessible locations.

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1.7 Cable Analysis 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

1.7 Cable Analysis

1.7.1 Cable Sizing calculation options

Several developments have been made to the Cable Sizing calculation command, as described in the
following sections.

Load flow options

While in previous versions the Cable Sizing was always done according to the load flow calculation in
the modelled network, new options have been added for sizing cables:
• Standard Load Flow: The default option according to the linked Load Flow command.
• Low Voltage Load Flow: The Low Voltage Load Flow based on coincidence definitions can be
used to size cable types with a more conservative approach.
• User defined current: For each investigated cable a user-defined current can be defined, for a
very simplified sizing approach without using a load flow calculation.
The recommendation of new cables types allows the possibility to include Short-Circuit Calculation
constraints as well. The investigated faults and their durations can be flexibly adjusted by the user.

Calculation of derating factors

The standard VDE 0276-1000 for medium-voltage cables is introduced into the Cable Sizing command,
allowing the user to size cables and determine derating factors according to that standard.
In addition, the calculation of derating factors has now been integrated into the sizing process and does
not have to be executed separately, which makes the calculation much more convenient.

New options for recommendation process

A number of new options have been introduced to the recommendation process of new cable types to
offer greater flexibility. Figure 1.9 shows the updated process, with the options as follows:

New constraints can be considered and verified for each selected cable:

• Maximum voltage drop along a cable

• Maximum short-circuit current

Downsizing is now allowed for cables that do not violate the initial constraints. This allows the user
to optimise oversized cables to required cross-sections.

Additional verification options are available for the sizing process to cover real restrictions:

• When parallel lines are considered, the maximum number of cables in the same trench can be
defined.
• The availability of cable types can be defined to indicate whether they are in stock or not.
• The terminals at the line ends can be considered, in order to limit the installation of parallel lines,
e.g. when coupling sleeves are represented by terminals.

Previously, the focus was on higher cross-sections to comply with constraints, but now different options
are available to optimise the cable sizing:
• The option Cross Section prioritises higher-cross sections before considering parallel lines.
• When prioritising Parallel Lines, the installation of parallel lines with the same cross-section as the
existing one is preferred.
• Optimising the Costs, including cable types and installation costs, finds the optimal solution where
both options of increasing the cross-section and adding new parallel lines are taken into account.

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1.7 Cable Analysis 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Figure 1.9: Cable Sizing process to find the optimal cable type

1.7.2 Cable Sizing reports

The Cable Sizing reports, previously produced as ASCII reports in the Output Window, are now gen-
erated by default in PDF format. It is possible to export the reports from PowerFactory, either as PDF
documents or in other commonly used formats.

1.7.3 Cable Ampacity enhancements

The modelling of cable installation in the Cable Layout object has been improved to cover more config-
urations.

• Cable systems or phases of a cable system can now be flexibly installed in separate ducts as
illustrated in Figure 1.10.
• When cables are located in ducts, it is now possible to fill the duct with a user-defined material.
• For cables buried in trenches, options have been added to define up to three different soil layers.

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1.8 Connection Request Assessment 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Figure 1.10: Single core cable with each phase located in separate duct

To give the user more insight, additional quantities are given in the results to verify the calculation. In
particular, the exact temperatures at the different isolating layers are provided. This allows the user to
monitor the surface temperature of a cable to verify its impact on the surrounding soil.

1.8 Connection Request Assessment

1.8.1 D-A-CH-CZ Edition 3 - high voltage

With PowerFactory 2023, Edition 3 of the D-A-CH-CZ guideline was added, covering low- and medium-
voltage networks. PowerFactory 2024 now also features the newly published guideline extension for
high-voltage networks. The relevant voltage level of the D-A-CH-CZ guideline is automatically selected
during the execution of the Connection Request Assessment by evaluating the junction point of the
connection request that is either searched automatically or is user-defined in the ElmConreq element.

1.8.2 User-defined limits

The connection request standards provide methods for assessing the acceptability of connecting new
loads and generation units. However, due to the individual needs and particularities of different grid
operators, it may be necessary and useful to deviate from the recommended limits. With PowerFactory
2024, the possibility to select user-defined limits was therefore extended to include the latest versions of
the VDE-AR-N 4100/4105 and VDE-AR-N 4110 standards. In Figure 1.11, the selection is shown using
the example of VDE-AR-N 4110. Within the same dialog, the default values can be easily restored if
necessary. The limits are included in the PDF report, so that adjustments can also be documented and
traced at a later date.

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1.9 Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Figure 1.11: Selection of user-defined limits for the VDE-AR-N 4110 assessment

1.8.3 Calculation based on Low Voltage Load Flow

The Low Voltage Load Flow introduced in PowerFactory 2023 can now also be used for the Connection
Request Assessment. If this load flow calculation method is selected, it will be used in the calculation
of voltage changes and the loading of network components.

1.9 Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation

1.9.1 Support of curative redispatch

PowerFactory now supports the distinction between preventive and curative redispatch actions. The
available control options are extended by a curative margin, which represents the possible deviation
of a control from the optimised base case in a contingency. Available preventive and curative controls
are active and reactive power controls of generating units and HVDCs, tap controls of transformers
and shunts and load-shedding. For each individual controlling network element, it can be determined
whether it is to be used for preventive and/or curative redispatch actions.

The result of the Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation is therefore an optimised base case that
satisfies all 𝑛 − 0 constraints and a set of curative post-fault actions for each contingency and time point.
The network including curative controls can be operated with more relaxed constraints because of the
additional control margins that can be used in different ways depending on the contingency.

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1.9 Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Figure 1.12: Visualisation of the operating margins of a thermal generating unit with curative control
margin enabled

Figure 1.13 below shows the difference in the curtailment of a variable renewable energy source (VRE)
in a purely preventive redispatch case (blue) and a redispatch including curative actions (green).

Figure 1.13: Infeed of a VRE in curative vs preventive redispatch and used curative power reserve

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1.10 Distribution Network Tools 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

The maximum curative power margin of the VRE shown in Figure 1.13 is 3 𝑀 𝑊 . The generating unit can
operate up to this additional margin compared to a preventive solution and less curtailment is required
in this case. For other bidirectional controls, such as active power injection of thermal generating units
and transformer tap changes, the curative actions can be applied in opposite directions for different
contingencies based on the preventive solution.

A special report for curative redispatch actions is available for evaluating the results. The Curative
Controls report provides the summary results as well as the individual actions for each control and each
contingency.

Figure 1.14: Curative redispatch report

1.10 Distribution Network Tools

1.10.1 Support of LV Load Flow in Hosting Capacity

The Low Voltage Load Flow introduced in PowerFactory 2023 can now also be used for Hosting
Capacity Analysis. When the spare load capacity is calculated with the Low Voltage Load Flow, a
Low-Voltage load (ElmLodlv ) will be connected to the terminals being investigated, instead of a General
Load. For this Low-Voltage load, the Coincidence Definition can be selected, so that the coincidence
with existing loads can be considered. Additionally, it can be decided whether the individual power of
a single customer or the number of customers with this coincidence definition shall be increased by
the Hosting Capacity tool, as shown in Figure 1.15. If “Customer number increase” is selected, the
permissible number of customers at each terminal will be displayed as additional result variable in the
tabular report.

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1.11 State Estimation 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Figure 1.15: Configuration of the Low-Voltage Load

It is also possible to use the Low Voltage Load Flow as calculation type for estimating the capacity
for distributed energy resources. In this case, the configuration of the generation unit to be connected
remains the same as in previous versions, but coincidence curves are taken into account.

These developments have been complemented by greatly improved calculation performance.

1.10.2 Tie Open Point Optimisation reports

The Tie Open Point Optimisation reports, previously produced as ASCII reports in the Output Window,
are now generated by default in PDF format. It is possible to export the reports from PowerFactory,
either as PDF documents or in other commonly used formats.

1.11 State Estimation

1.11.1 Unbalanced State Estimation

State estimation has traditionally been used for transmission systems, where many redundant mea-
surements exist. Bad data from the measurement equipment should be identified and treated in order
to determine the most feasible currents and voltages within the grid. In particular, it has been a task for
grid operation and has only required a symmetrical (balanced) calculation.

However, due to the constantly increasing number of distributed generation units and new loads, the
challenges at distribution level are also increasing. At the same time, there are more and more
measurement devices in distribution systems (e.g. advanced metering systems). This makes state
estimation at distribution level possible. Due to the unbalanced load conditions in the distribution
system, an unbalanced state estimation is therefore necessary. In addition to the classic use case, state
estimation also becomes relevant for distribution system planning purposes in order to make realistic
power assumptions.

The State Estimation module now also supports unbalanced calculation. With unbalanced State Esti-
mation, unbalanced measurement values can be considered and unbalanced states are calculated.

The State Estimation command has been revised, as shown in Figure 1.16. In addition, to support the
development, a number of measurement device models have been extended; details can be found in
section 4.6.

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1.12 Reports 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Figure 1.16: The State Estimation command dialog

1.12 Reports

1.12.1 Additional PDF reports

New PDF reports, to replace former ASCII reports, are now available for:
• Cable Sizing; see section 1.7.2
• Tie Open Point Optimisation; see section 1.10.2

1.12.2 Printing from PDF Viewer

The printing functionality for reports generated in the PDF Viewer has been improved. Printing now
works in the same way as for graphics, with preview and setting options available in the print dialog.
Prints can be generated using File → Print. . . or via the print icon in the PDF Viewer toolbar.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 16

 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS

2 Network Diagrams and Plots

2.1 Modelica diagrams

Modelica diagrams have been further enhanced with a number of features, as detailed below.

2.1.1 Highlighting model errors

During the development of dynamic models, various modelling errors may inherently appear. Especially
for complex model diagrams, the model developer may find it very difficult to quickly identify the location
where these errors exist and need correction. Addressing these challenges, PowerFactory 2024 auto-
matically highlights problematic components and connections that users must correct. Many issues are
now automatically detected, for example: invalid syntax in a component, wrong component configuration
and invalid connections between components. Error debugging processes are thus greatly simplified,
enabling users to create Modelica-compliant models more quickly and easily.

Two new buttons are available in the Model canvas toolbar:

• Check Model : Performs a model check of the model whose diagram is now shown, including
subsystems.

• Highlight Invalid Components : Highlights (in red) the invalid model components. The button
operates as a toggle, such that this highlight mode can be switched on and off depending on the
button state.

Figure 2.1 shows typical output when the Highlight Invalid Components check is carried out on a faulty
model. The errors are listed in the output window and the invalid components highlighted in red.

Figure 2.1: Highlighting errors in Modelica diagrams

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2.1 Modelica diagrams 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS

2.1.2 Improved handling of Type Instances and Submodels

The term Type Instance is used for library components deployed in a model, and the term Subsystem
for parts of a model grouped into one block. It is now easy to convert a Type instance into a Subsystem
and vice-versa, by making use of the context menus, as shown in Figure 2.2 below.

Figure 2.2: Right mouse click context menu options for improved handling of Modelica blocks

2.1.3 Parameter expressions in Properties view of components

Parameter expressions can now be entered within the Properties view of components for any model
parameter. Any Modelica-compliant parameter expression that is supported in the Modelica Algorithm
pages can also be used in this way, as illustrated below in Figure 2.3. This can greatly simplify modelling
by reducing the number of blocks required.

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2.1 Modelica diagrams 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS

Figure 2.3: Support of parameter expressions within the Properties view of components

2.1.4 Rotation of Type Instances and Subsystems

The appearance of graphically-defined Modelica models can now be further customised by allowing
Type Instances and Subsystems to be rotated and mirrored within the corresponding diagrams.

2.1.5 Simplified routing of signals using labels

PowerFactory 2024 includes support of signal labels, making it easier to connect blocks placed at
various locations.

For this purpose, the ReceiverLabel and SenderLabel components are introduced in the category
Labels of the Drawing Tools. Any number of SenderLabels can be added in a diagram. Each of them
can be connected with a signal in the diagram. Likewise, any number of ReceiverLabels can be created
in a diagram. Each ReceiverLabel can then be linked with one of the already defined SenderLabels,
from a drop-down list of available signals, thus allowing the transfer of signals from the SenderLabel
input to the ReceiverLabel output. This is illustrated in Figure 2.4 below.

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2.1 Modelica diagrams 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS

Figure 2.4: Support of signal labels for Modelica

2.1.6 Support of annotation images

It is now possible to include images in a Modelica Diagram, as shown in Figure 2.5. A dedicated
toolbar icon within the Drawing Tools is provided for this purpose. The images can either be external or
embedded entirely within the Modelica model, the latter being a good option for model portability.

WTG_PitchControls
CommandOutputs1

WTG_Aerodynamics

WindModel
CommandOutputs2

Measurements

EnvironmentModel

WTG_Controls

Figure 2.5: Support of annotation images

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2.2 Other Diagram developments 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS

2.2 Other Diagram developments

2.2.1 Auto-layout of substation diagrams

PowerFactory 2024 comes with a new layout algorithm for substations, sites, branches and terminals in
diagrams. Some of the new functionalities are:

• Recognition of busbar systems

• Ordering of bays
• Minimisation of overlapping

These enhancements make the substation and site graphics look more like typical diagrams, reducing
the amount of manual correction needed and the time required for such changes.

2.2.2 Extensions of the Drawing and Diagram Layout Tools

In PowerFactory 2024, it is possible to show graphical representations of all the network elements,
even user-defined ones (created using Data Extensions). This means that now, elements such as load
flow controllers, Towers and Boundaries can be shown in the diagram with new icons, as shown in
Figure 2.6. Existing elements can be inserted into the diagram either via drag and drop from Data
Manager or Network Model Manager or by using the Diagram Layout Tool; most can also be created
graphically using the drawing tools.

Figure 2.6: Single Line Diagram showing additional elements

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2.2 Other Diagram developments 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS

Related elements are highlighted when hovering over their respective symbols, as shown in Figure 2.7
for a feeder.

Figure 2.7: Single Line Diagram with a highlighted feeder

To include this new functionality, the following tools have been changed:

Drawing Tools: there are new elements and categories on this window, as shown in Figure 2.8:
• Towers and Cable Systems in the category Lines, Cables and Series Impedances: the line
couplings and cable systems can be defined by using the corresponding icon in the drawing
toolbox and then selecting the lines/cables.
• New Load Flow Controllers category: to include new station, power frequency, shunt and tap
controllers.
• New Measurements Devices category: to include new current, voltage, power and PLL
phase/frequency measurements.
• New Network Grouping category: grouping elements, for example Zones, Areas, Owners
and Feeders, can be defined graphically by selecting the corresponding icon and then the
group of elements that belongs to the group.
The visibility of the elements is defined in the Net elements layer.

Figure 2.8: New categories and elements in the Drawing Tools

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2.2 Other Diagram developments 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS

Diagram Layout Tool: includes a new option on the Action page for Insert elements into current
diagram, and a new Miscellaneous page, where the graphical representations of the following
elements can be included in an existing diagram (see Figure 2.9):
• Areas
• Zones
• Boundaries
• Operators
• Owners
• Feeders
• Towers
• Cable systems
• Load flow controllers
• Measurement devices
• User-defined elements

Figure 2.9: Page Miscellaneous in the Diagram Layout Tool

2.2.3 Smooth option for polylines and polygons

The appearance of polylines and polygons can now be further customised by selecting the “Smooth”
option. This makes their definition more flexible, allowing the creation of more complex figures An
example is provided in Figure 2.10 below, where smooth curves have been generated using polylines.

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2.2 Other Diagram developments 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS

Figure 2.10: Support of smooth curves in diagram objects

2.2.4 Poster-size printing

PowerFactory 2024 includes in the Print Diagram dialog an option to print the diagram as a poster. The
user selects the available paper size and the diagram will then automatically be divided up accordingly
and printed on several sheets.

2.2.5 Support of smooth curves in model icons and diagrams

The appearance of polylines and polygons can now be further customised by selecting the “Bezier”
smooth option. An example is provided in the snapshot below, where smooth curves can be generated
using polylines.

Figure 2.11: Support of smooth curves in diagram objects

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2.3 Plots 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS

2.3 Plots

2.3.1 Protection plots

The redesign of the plot functionality, started in PowerFactory 2021, includes, in the latest version, the
time-overcurrent plot and the biased current differential plot. The new plots use independent object
dialogs to configure data series selection, axis, title or legend settings. The user can simply click on the
plot component to access its settings.

In the time-overcurrent plot, the direction, characteristic and sub curves to be shown can now be
selected for each element separately, as shown in Figure 2.12.

Figure 2.12: Time-overcurrent plot. Sub curves options

2.3.2 Harmonic distortion plot limits

The list of harmonic limits selection for harmonic distortion plots has been extended according to
following standards:

• DIN EN 50160:2011
• DIN EN 50160:2020
• EN 50160:2010
• EN 50160:2019 (EN 50160:2010 + Cor.:2010 + A1:2015 + A2:2019 + A3:2019)

• IEC 61000-2-2:2002
• IEC 61000-2-12:2004
• IEC TS 62749:2020

• IEEE Std 519-2022

• IEEE Std 1547-2018
• IEEE Std 2800-2022

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 3 HANDLING AND DATA MANAGEMENT

3 Handling and Data Management

3.1 Data Manager and Network Model Manager

3.1.1 Docking of Data Manager and Network Model Manager

Users will be familiar with the separate windows that are presented when the Data Manager and
Network Model Manager are opened from the main toolbar.

Now, these two windows have the same possibilities as other “floating windows”. Tabs in these windows
can be docked into the main graphic window alongside existing tabs, as shown in Figure 3.1 below, or
moved from one floating group to another.

Figure 3.1: Network Model Manager docked into main graphic window

By default, the Network Model Manager and Data Manager will open as tabs in the same floating
window. This is part of a general logic that is applied to ensure that tabs in floating windows are by
default grouped together according to their type. However, the user has the flexibility to freely organise
tabs in fixed or docked groups in whatever way is convenient.

Note: By default, the Data Manager and Network Model Manager can only be opened once, but the
legacy behaviour of multiple instances can be allowed by selecting the relevant options on the
Data/Network Model Manager page of the User Settings dialog.

Although only one instance each of the Data Manager and Network Model Manager will be opened by
default, it is still possible to duplicate Data Manager and Network Model Manager tabs, and rename
them.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 26

3.2 User-defined Hotkeys and Quick Access 3 HANDLING AND DATA MANAGEMENT

3.2 User-defined Hotkeys and Quick Access

3.2.1 User-defined hotkeys

Users familiar with PowerFactory may already make use of the inbuilt hotkeys, such as F10 for running
a Load Flow Calculation. Now, user-defined hotkeys have been introduced, enabling individual users to
create their own hotkeys for standard commands and other actions.

The Edit Hotkeys. . . dialog, accessed from the main menu via Tools or from the User Settings (Profile
page), is shown in Figure 3.2. Hotkeys can be assigned, edited or removed here, with an option to reset
to the default values.

Figure 3.2: The Edit Hotkeys. . . dialog

The hotkeys are classified into two categories according to their scope:
• Global: These are available throughout the application, independent from current window, offering
access to global functions such as those in the toolbar or application menus.
• Context-dependent: These hotkeys are applicable only if a specific window or control (context)
is currently active.
The list of context-dependent actions can be seen in Figure 3.3.

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3.2 User-defined Hotkeys and Quick Access 3 HANDLING AND DATA MANAGEMENT

Figure 3.3: Context-dependent hotkeys

There is a third category:

• Fixed Hotkeys: This is a list of pre-defined hotkeys, which cannot be edited. These are hotkeys
that are commonly the same in all Windows applications, e.g. Ctrl+C for Copy.
The functionality includes checks to prevent the fixed hotkeys from being used, and to warn users if they
are about to overwrite existing hotkeys.

At the bottom of the Edit Hotkeys. . . dialog, there is an option to create a hotkey sheet. This generates
a PDF report of all the hotkey assignments, including the fixed hotkeys.

Users also have the possibility of assigning hotkeys to their own commands, such as scripts. This
is done by adding such commands to the User-defined Tools toolbar, then assigning hotkeys to each
toolbar entry.

Although the configuration of hotkeys is a user-specific setup, an export/import option allows users to
share these definitions.

3.2.2 Quick Access

All users have their own workflows, based on business processes and personal preferences. In order
to allow everyone to make these workflows as efficient as possible, a Quick Access feature has been
introduced. This feature, by default itself accessed via Ctrl+Q, is a way for the user to easily select
actions or commands that are frequently used.

Users can define their own Quick Access list as shown in Figure 3.4.

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3.3 Variable Selection 3 HANDLING AND DATA MANAGEMENT

Figure 3.4: Using and configuring Quick Access options

As for the hotkeys configuration, it is possible to export and import the Quick Access configuration,
allowing sharing of consistent settings between users.

3.3 Variable Selection

The Variable Selection functionality is accessed through the IntMon dialog. It is used in PowerFactory
whenever object attributes need to be selected by the user, for example in a Flexible Data page, or when
choosing result variables to be recorded during a simulation. It has now been updated in order to make
it more intuitive and easier to use.

A typical Variable Selection dialog is shown in Figure 3.5. In this example, variables relevant to a Load
Flow Calculation are being selected for a Flexible Data page for synchronous machines. This illustrates
the following features:

1. A drop-down list allows the user to select the Group (the category of data items).
2. The Calculation drop-down list corresponds to the pages of the element dialog.

3. A filter field allows for easy searching for relevant variables.

4. Where appropriate, bus and phase selection are shown.

Items can be selected or deselected in the top panel and the currently selected items are shown in the
lower panel, and also on the Editor page.

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3.4 Database 3 HANDLING AND DATA MANAGEMENT

Figure 3.5: Variable Selection dialog

3.4 Database

3.4.1 Database performance improvements

A PowerFactory installation where users share a common multi-user database (so-called PowerFactory
Team Edition) is a highly effective way of working when many users need to access and share common
data and projects. However, restrictions in data transfer caused by network latency and bandwidth,
coupled with potentially very large databases, can result in suboptimal performance.

As part of ongoing work to enhance the performance of the multi-user database, particularly in cloud
environments, a number of improvements have been put in place. These will also benefit users of local
databases.

Clearing unresolvable references

Projects that have very large numbers of unresolvable references can take a long time to activate, as
each reference must be individually searched for. An option to “Clear Unresolvable References” already
existed in earlier versions of PowerFactory, but it has now been incorporated as an automatic part of
project activation.

Database tuning

Some modifications have been made to drop or optimise indexes in Oracle and PostgreSQL multi-user
databases, as well as in local databases; this should result in improved performance for database
activities such as project import and merge processes. (Some of these changes were already available
for SQL Server databases since PowerFactory 2023 SP5.)

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3.5 Results 3 HANDLING AND DATA MANAGEMENT

3.5 Results

3.5.1 Result file format

For many calculations, the results are recorded in a result file, which by default is stored in a proprietary
binary format, generally sparsely populated according to recording options selected by the user. The
PowerFactory result object (ElmRes) refers to this result file, which is typically stored in the workspace
directory.

Now, the user has the option (via a project setting) to have result files written in an open database format
(SQLite). This allows post-processing based on direct file access to be more easily implemented.

All existing scripting functionality for accessing result files from within PowerFactory remains the same.
Therefore, existing scripts for post-processing of result files can be used without any changes being
required.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 31

 4 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

4 Power Equipment Models

4.1 New Models

In this section, all new models or elements are described. In section 4.2 onwards, readers will find
details of improved modelling capabilities that have been delivered as enhancements to existing models.

4.1.1 Multi-Winding Transformer NEW MODEL

A model of a Multi-Winding Transformer has been added. Until now, the maximum number of
transformer windings that could be modelled in PowerFactory was four (the ElmTr4 model). With
the new Multi-Winding Transformer (ElmTrmult), transformers with 5 to 15 windings can now also be
modelled as shown in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1: Multi-Winding Transformer in a network model

In the new model, the number of windings can be changed and is now one of the input parameters; see
Figure 4.2. The electrical parameters of the transformer are defined separately for each winding in the
associated new transformer type TypTrmult. A special feature here is the leakage reactances, which
can either be entered in the “Complete” mode, where they are defined for each pair of windings (e.g.
W1 - W2), or in the “Simplified” mode, where a value is defined for each winding (e.g. W1). The use of
saturation and hysteresis is also supported in the new model.

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4.1 New Models 4 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

Figure 4.2: Dialog of the Multi-Winding Transformer

4.1.2 PV Panel NEW MODEL

A new PV Panel model (ElmPvpanel) with two DC terminals is added, allowing explicit modelling of
the DC side. The element can either represent a single PV panel or multiple parallel strings of serial PV
panels, and is associated with a PV Panel Type (TypPvpanel). A single PV Panel element connected
between two DC terminals is shown in Figure 4.3.

The active power model can be based on one of two options:

• Solar calculation
• Radiation on PV panel

Figure 4.3: The PV Panel (ElmPvpanel) element in a network

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4.2 Lines, Cables and Series Impedances 4 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

4.1.3 PV MPP Tracker NEW MODEL

A maximum power point (MPP) tracker controller, namely, “MPPT Controller” (ElmPvmpp), is added.
This tracker model can be used with the new PV Panel model (ElmPvpanel) described above, or
with a PV converter model, i.e. DC/DC Converter (ElmDcdc) or PWM Converter (ElmVsc). The
model is suitable for both Load Flow Calculations and RMS and EMT simulations. For simulations,
the built-in tracking algorithms supported by the new model are Perturb and Observe and Incremental
conductance. The edit dialog of the model is shown in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4: Edit dialog of the MPPT Controller (ElmPvmpp)

4.2 Lines, Cables and Series Impedances

4.2.1 Consideration of shunt conductance

Shunt conductance can now be directly modelled inside a Tower Type (TypTow); see Figure 4.5. In
addition, a shunt conductance can be modelled in a Line Coupling element (ElmTow), if there is more
than one circuit defined in the Tower Type (TypTow) or a Tower Geometry Type (TypGeo) is referenced.

Figure 4.5: Dialog of the Tower Type

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 34

4.3 Transformers 4 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

4.2.2 Tower Type natural potential coefficients matrix

For a Tower Type (TypTow), the feature Calculate will now also output the “Natural Potential Coefficients”
matrix. With that matrix it is possible to calculate the “Natural Admittance Matrix”.

4.2.3 New circuit positions mode for cable systems

There is a new option to set the circuit position of circuits in a Cable Definition object (TypCabsys). In
addition to the previous phase coordinates input there is an automatic equidistant assignment, allowing
to set standard flat or trefoil formations. Figure 4.6 shows an example for three circuits.

Figure 4.6: Circuit positions defined via the Cable Definition dialog

4.2.4 Duplex Reactor enhancements

The Duplex Reactor model has been enhanced with the addition of two new input parameters to more
accurately represent measurement data available from manufacturer data sheets.

Previously, the equivalent circuit considered only a reactance in the branch impedance associated with
the common terminal, neglecting the resistance associated with this coupling path. The model now
allows this resistance to be considered.

The construction of real duplex reactors is such that the positive and zero sequence reactance of the
windings can differ. In order to better represent the real behaviour of a duplex reactor in unbalanced
studies, the ratio of the zero sequence reactance to the positive sequence reactance of the model can
now be specified.

4.3 Transformers

4.3.1 Step-Voltage Regulator

Unbalanced tap signals of a Step-Voltage Regulator (CalVoltreg) are now available for QDSL and the
unbalanced State Estimation (see section 1.11.1).

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 35

4.4 Generators and Loads 4 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

4.4 Generators and Loads

4.4.1 Q(V)-Characteristic of Static Generator as reference

The available 𝑄(𝑉 )-Characteristic of a static generator can now be defined by its dedicated object, as
presented in Figure 4.7. This object is stored in the library and can be linked to all generators with the
same characteristic.

Figure 4.7: New 𝑄(𝑉 )-Characteristic object

4.4.2 Q(P)-Characteristic

The 𝑄(𝑃 )-Curve IntQpcurve used with the option 𝑄(𝑃 )-Characteristic in the generators have two
enhancements: (a) It is possible to define the "Polynomial" curve in p.u. (options available on the
page Configuration), and (b) Orientation can now be Load or Generator-oriented. As a default, the
characteristic is generator-oriented. The edit dialog of a 𝑄(𝑃 )-Characteristics with a generator-oriented
Polynomial curve in p.u. is shown in Figure 4.8. As for 𝑄(𝑉 )-Characteristics, 𝑄(𝑃 )-Characteristics can
be applied to multiple elements.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 36

4.4 Generators and Loads 4 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

Figure 4.8: Edit dialog of a 𝑄(𝑃 )-Characteristic (IntQpcurve)

4.4.3 GENQEC synchronous generator

A new synchronous machine model, namely, the GENQEC model, has been added. The WECC-
approved model for RMS simulation is based on a white paper from the WECC Modeling and Validation
Subcommittee1 . In PowerFactory 2024, in addition to the GENQEC RMS model, also an EMT version of
the model has been implemented. The GENQEC model can be selected in the Synchronous Machine
Type (TypSym) as shown in Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.9: Edit dialog of the Synchronous Machine Type GENQEC

1 WECC PPMVDWG, White Paper on GENQEC Model in Power System Studies, August 12, 2021

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 37

4.4 Generators and Loads 4 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

4.4.4 Synchronous generator saturation representation

In the synchronous generator type (TypSym) (see Section 4.4.3), the same magnetic saturation can be
applied to both the d-axis and the q-axis. Therefore, the saturation options selection drop-down list of
the Synchronous Machine Type TypSym now supports one additional option, d- and q-axis equal (flux
magnitude), as shown in Figure 4.10. Using this option, the saturation factors of both the d- and q-axis
are the same.

Figure 4.10: Options for calculating the saturation factors in a Synchronous Machine Type (TypSym)

4.4.5 Forced voltage angle control of reference machines

In some cases it is necessary to control the voltage phase angle of a machine or generator directly,
for example if grids with different frequencies (e.g. 50 and 162/3 Hz) are coupled by two synchronous
machines. To account for this, a new option “Forced voltage angle control” has been added for Syn-
chronous Machines ElmSym and Static Generators ElmGenstat, accessible if the element is set as a
reference machine. In addition, the voltage angle can also be set via QDSL models, as described in
section 1.4.1.

4.4.6 Selection of reactive power control for loads

Similar to generators, additional local controllers for the reactive power are introduced to loads to specify
different types and behaviours. The following options are available:
• “Const. Q”: constant reactive power according to the operating point
• “𝑄(𝑃 )-Characteristic”: reactive power characteristic dependent on the active power set point of
the load
• “𝑄(𝑉 )-Characteristic”: reactive power characteristic dependent on the local voltage
Both the 𝑄(𝑃 )- and 𝑄(𝑉 )-Characteristic can be defined by dedicated objects stored in the library. An
example is shown in Figure 4.7.

4.4.7 EMT Simulation: R,X input signals for loads

A new option “Variable resistance, inductance and capacitance via input signals”, located on the EMT
page of the General Load Type (TypLod) has been introduced for the EMT model of the General Load
(ElmLod). This allows the control of the resistance, inductance and capacitance per phase. Additional

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 38

4.4 Generators and Loads 4 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

EMT simulation calculation quantities have been added for all loads (ElmLod, ElmLodmv, ElmLodlv ), in
order to show the resistance, inductance and capacitance per phase.

4.4.8 Dynamic Composite Load Model according to WECC

According to the WECC Dynamic Composite Load Model (CMPLDW), a new load type is supported for
General Load elements (ElmLod). The load type name is “WECC Composite Load Type - CMPLDW”
(TypLodwecc), shown in Figure 4.11.

Figure 4.11: Edit dialog of the WECC Composite Load Type - CMPLDW (TypLodwecc)

4.4.9 Phase-wise scaling factors for loads

With the Estimate Scaling Factor flag of a General Load (ElmLod), Low-Voltage Load (ElmLodlv ) or
an MV Load (ElmLodmv ) selected, each of the three phases will be estimated according to a phase-
wise scaling factor within a State Estimation calculation (see section 1.11.1). These phase-wise scaling
factors are also available for QDSL.

4.4.10 LV load model enhancement

The Low-Voltage Load (ElmLodlv ) now supports the unbalanced input for a 2ph-N phase technology;
see Figure 4.12.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 39

4.5 Power Electronic Devices 4 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

Figure 4.12: Edit dialog of the Low-Voltage Load with 2ph-N phase technology

4.5 Power Electronic Devices

4.5.1 DC-DC converter

The control model of the DC-DC Converter (ElmDcdc) now allows the control of the DC voltage on
either side of the terminals to which the converter is connected. In this control mode, a built-in controller
for RMS and EMT simulation is also available, as shown in Figure 4.13.

Figure 4.13: Voltage control mode selection in the dialog of DC-DC converter (ElmDcdc) and dialog for
built-in controller in pages Simulation RMS and Simulation EMT.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 40

4.6 Measurement Devices 4 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

4.6 Measurement Devices

4.6.1 Unbalanced measurements

For the State Estimation function (see section 1.11.1), the following additional data inputs are supported
through various measurement devices:

• (External) P-Measurement (StaExtpmea)

• (External) Q-Measurement (StaExtqmea)
• (External) I-Measurement, current magnitude (StaExtimea)
• (External) V-Measurement, voltage magnitude (StaExtvmea)

• (External) Tap-Position Measurement (StaExttapmea)

The first four elements, i.e. P-,Q-,I- and V-Measurement, now support unbalanced measurements in
addition to the balanced ones. For unbalanced measurements, the V-Measurement element offers
Line-Line and Line-Ground options. The edit dialog of the P-Measurement (StaExtpmea) with the
option balanced and unbalanced measurement is shown in Figure 4.14. The Tap-Position Measurement
(StaExttapmea) element is enhanced to support Step-Voltage Regulator (ElmVoltreg) in the Remote
Measurement Point (see Figure 4.15) and the page Error Status is active with a detailed error descrip-
tion.

Figure 4.14: Edit dialog for an external P Measurement (StaExtpmea)

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 41

4.7 Protection Devices 4 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

Figure 4.15: Edit dialog for an external Tap Position Measurement (StaExttapmea)

4.7 Protection Devices

4.7.1 Relay model library

The relay library has been extended with new relay models for PowerFactory 2024. All new models are
supplied with documentation and StationWare mapping table data. The new relay models are:
• ABB REM615

• ABB REU615
• ABB RED615
• Siemens 7SL8x

• Siemens 7SD8x

4.7.2 Fault loop signals handling

Signals with loop information, for example “s:yloop” of starting units or “s:fwdphph” and “s:revphph” of
distance directional units, now store the loop information differently, resulting in more intuitive handling
and readability.

The retrieval of the information about a fault loop in order to build a relay logic based on loop signals is
now more convenient. To achieve this, there are functions available for “RelLogdip” objects.

Detailed information can be found in the corresponding Technical References.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 42

 6 INTERFACES AND CONVERTERS

5 Scripting and Automation

5.1 Python

5.1.1 Python version

Python 3.12 has been released. This version will be supported in PowerFactory 2024, and selected
as default Python version. Former versions 3.11, 3.10, 3.9 and 3.8 are also still supported and can be
selected within the configuration, but Python 3.7, having reached end-of-life, is not.

For information about the changes of Python 3.12, please refer to the official Python release notes.

5.1.2 Python virtual environments

In Python it is possible to create virtual environments, each with their own packages installed in their
site directory. A virtual environment is created on top of an existing Python installation, called the “base”
Python, and may be optionally be isolated from the packages in the base Python. It is also possible
to create a requirements file, which describes the content of a virtual environment and makes it easily
deployable.

In PowerFactory 2024, Python virtual environments are now supported.

6 Interfaces and Converters

6.1 CIM CGMES Converter

6.1.1 Support of additional network elements and data

With PowerFactory 2024, additional elements and data are supported for the CIM to Grid and Grid to
CIM conversion.

Tower Geometry Type: The Grid to CIM conversion now also supports line couplings with a Tower
Geometry Type (TypGeo) in addition to the already supported Tower Type (TypTow). The line
coupling is converted to a CIM MutualCoupling object.
Additional unbalanced network elements: CGMES import and export for unbalanced network ele-
ments has been improved to support additional network elements. 1- and 2-phase CIM Equiv-
alentInjections are now converted as loads. Another newly supported unbalanced network ele-
ment is the 1PH PH-N shunt, which is converted to CIM LinearShuntCompensators. Unbalanced
network elements are only supported with CIM profile CGMES 3.0 selected.
SynchronousMachine of “condenser” type: CIM SynchronousMachine objects of the type “condenser”
will now be converted to synchronous machines with the plant category set to “Reactive Power
Compensation”. This will help the user to identify the synchronous condenser within the Power-
Factory network model.
SynchronousMachine dynamic data: The CGMES converter now supports the exchange of dynamic
data for synchronous generators and wind turbines type 3 and 4, based on IEC 61970-457 Edition
2.

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6.2 PSS/E Converter 6 INTERFACES AND CONVERTERS

6.1.2 New scripting function: SearchObjectsByCimId()

There is a new Python and DPL functionality to search for elements by CIM RDF ID. The function
SearchObjectsByCimId() returns a list of all objects with the corresponding CIM RDF ID. This is useful
when working with large grids where all or most elements have a CIM RDF ID.

6.2 PSS/E Converter

The PSS/E import converter now supports import of models exported from PSS/E v35.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024, What’s New 44

 ABOUT DIGSILENT
DIgSILENT was founded in 1985 and is a fully independent
and privately owned company located in Gomaringen close Our Power System Monitoring PFM300 p­ roduct
to Stuttgart, Germany. DIgSILENT continued expansion by line features grid and plant super­vision, fault ­
establishing offices in Australia, South Africa, Italy, Chile, recording, and power quality and grid characteristics
Spain, France, the USA and Oman, thereby facilitating analysis. The Grid Code C
­ ompliance ­Monitoring
improved service following the world-wide increase in PFM300-GCC system also offers compliance
usage of its software products and services. DIgSILENT has auditing of power plants with respect to grid code
­established a strong partner network in many c­ ountries requirements. This monitoring and non-compliance
such as Mexico, Malaysia, UK, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, ­China detection provides the complete transparency and
and India. DIgSILENT services and software i­nstallations assurance required by both plant operators and
are used in more than 170 countries. utilities.

The DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025 accredited DIgSILENT

DIgSILENT produces the leading integrated power Test Laboratory for NAR Conformity carries out
system analysis software PowerFactory, which measurements in accordance with FGW TR3 on the
covers the full range of functionality from stand- operational type 1 generation plant (directly cou-
ard features to highly sophisticated and advanced pled synchronous machines). These measure­ments
applications including wind power, distributed are carried out in accordance with the “individual
generation, real-time simulation and performance verification procedure” as required by the German
monitoring for system testing and supervision. For grid connection guidelines VDE-AR-N 4110/20/30.
various applications, P­ owerFactory has become DIgSILENT has many years of international exper-
the power industry’s de-facto standard tool, due tise in the field of generation and consumption/
to PowerFactory models and algorithms providing load systems testing. The in-house developed and
unrivalled accuracy and p­ erformance. produced measuring systems enable the testing
laboratory to offer customised measuring solutions
for a wide range of power plants and applications.

StationWare is a central asset management

system for primary and secondary equipment.
In addition to handling locations and devices in DIgSILENT GmbH is staffed with experts of v­ arious
a user-definable hierarchy, the system allows disciplines relevant for performing ­consulting
­manufacturer-independent protection settings services, research activities, user training, educa-
to be stored and managed in line with customer-­ tional programs and software development. Highly
specific workflows. It facilitates the management specialised expertise is available in many fields
of a wide variety of business processes within of electrical engine­ering applicable to liberalised
a company and centralises the storage of docu- power markets and to the latest developments
ments. StationWare can be integrated seamlessly in power ­generation technologies such as wind
into an existing IT environment and the inter- power and distributed generation. DIgSILENT has
face with PowerFactory enables the transfer of provided expert consulting services to several
­calculation-relevant data for p­ rotection studies. prominent PV and wind grid integration studies.
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