28

DATE: _____________
DURATION: 2 HOURS

LEARNING STANDARD:
2.4.1 Describe the principle of pressure transmission in an enclosed fluid 2.4.3 Communicate about applications of Pascal’s principle
2.4.2 Communicate about hydraulic system as a force multiplier 2.4.4 Solve problems involving Pascal’s principle in daily life

NOTES:
1. THE PRINCIPLE OF PRESSURE TRANSMISSION IN AN ENCLOSED FLUID
 ACTIVITY 1: Put water into the Pascal’s piston. Push the piston inwards.
Observe the flow of water out of the Pascal’s piston.
Explain your observation.
OBSERVATION: Water flows out with equal speed.
REASON: When the piston is pushed, a force is exerted on the surface of the water
and pressure is produced. This pressure is transmitted uniformly
throughout the water in all directions

 ACTIVITY 2: Squeeze a toothpaste tube.

QUESTION: How does the pressure exert by the thumb transfer to the mouth of the tube?
ANSWER: The pressure is transferred from the place we press the thumb to the mouth
of the tube in every part of the liquid

 DEFINITION OF PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE:

Pascal's principle states that the pressure applied on an enclosed fluid is transmitted uniformly in all
directions in the fluid.

2. HYDRAULIC SYSTEM AS A FORCE MULTIPLIER

 ACTIVITY 1:
STEP 1: Press the piston of small syringes with your left thumb and hold the piston of large syringe with
your right thumb.
Small syringe Large syringe
Press Press

Water

QUESTION: Compare the force and pressure feel by both your thumbs.
ANSWER: Force feel by right thumb is bigger

STEP 2: Repeat this activity in opposite direction; press your right thumb and hold with your left thumb.
QUESTION: Compare the force and pressure feel by both your thumbs.
ANSWER: Force feel by left thumb is smaller

CONCLUSION: Which syringe produces a larger output force?

Syringe with larger piston produce bigger output force.
 29

 ACTIVITY 2: REFER TEXTBOOK PAGE 61

AIM: To study a simple hydraulic system as a force multiplier

DISCUSSION:
1. Compare the pressure on the surface of the water in small syringe and large syringe.
Equal

2. Compare the force acting on the small piston with the force acting on the large piston.
Force on the large piston is larger.

CONCLUSION: A force acting on the small piston can produce a larger force on the large piston. This shows
that a hydraulic system not only transmits pressure, but also multiplies force

 WHAT IS A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM?

A system that uses a liquid to transmit pressure and can act as force multiplier (a small input force will
produce larger output force)

 WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM?

☺ Can effectively transfer energy or power to remote locations with less moving parts and high efficiency.
☺ Hydraulic systems are easy to control and accurate. Because, a system operator can easily start, stop,
accelerate and slow down the system using simple levers and push buttons.
☺ Hydraulic systems are simpler and easier to maintain because these systems use fewer moving parts.
☺ Only hydraulic systems can deliver constant torque or force regardless of speed changes.
☺ A large amount of power can be transmitted through the hydraulic system using small flexible hoses and
tubes.
☺ These systems do not cause sparks. So, these systems are safe to use in chemical plants and mines.
☺ Hydraulic systems have the ability to maintain its viscosity of airworthiness, its density and the
temperature of the fluid in a very hot environment.
☺ Using hydraulics power can be transmitted through flexible, varying lines.
☺ The amount of force on the driving system can be adjusted with force multiplication.
☺ Minimize undesirable noises.
 30

 WHY IS WATER NOT USED IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM?

☺ Form air bubbles. Existence of air bubbles will reduce the efficiency of the system as part of the applied
force will be used up to compress the air bubbles.
☺ Become compressible liquid at very high temperature and pressure (compressible: liquid with variable
density// density changes caused by pressure and temperature are large)
☺ Has low boiling point (easily boil / vaporize at very high temperature)
☺ Can freeze at very low temperature (oil can withstand with extreme temperatures: hot or cold)
☺ High rusting effect and produce corrosion on system/ pistons and cylinder (O2 is present in water)
☺ Water does not have the lubricating properties that hydraulic fluids provide.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC FLUID

☺ High boiling point
☺ Low rate of evaporation
☺ Does not form bubbles in hydraulic system
☺ Low rusting effect - pipe does not get rusty easily
☺ Low density - hydraulic fluid can flow smoothly in the pipes

 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYRAULIC SYSTEM

A small input force, F1 is applied Large piston moves upward
to the input(small) piston, A1

A pressure is
exerted on the
small piston.
P1 = F1/A1 The same pressure
exerted on output(big)
piston, A2 will produce an
Pressure is transmitted uniformly output force, F2.
throughout the hydraulic fluid to The large output force, F2
the output piston acts on the output piston
P1 = P2 P2 = F2 / A2
F1 / A1 = F2 / A2 F2 = P2 × A2

 FORMULA FOR FORCE MULTIPLIER

A2 > A1 F2 > F1

𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝐴2
F2 = × 𝐹1
𝐴1
A2 / A1
The value of the multiplying factor is
 31

 METHODS TO ENLARGE THE OUTPUT FORCE

☺ Smaller piston, A1
☺ Bigger piston, A2
☺ Increase pressure at small piston A1

3. Applications of Pascal's Principle

 HYDRAULIC BRAKE

✓ The master cylinder is smaller than slave cylinder to produce high pressure.
✓ The wheel/slave piston is larger than the master cylinder to produce bigger force.
✓ The liquid used for hydraulic system should be oil because it is incompressible

Working Principle of Hydraulic Brake

Salve cylinder
Salve cylinder

Piston B
Brake pad
Piston A

1. When the pedal brake is pressed, the master piston in master cylinder exerts pressure in the brake fluid.
2. The pressure is then transmitted equally to the wheel cylinder on all the wheels.
3. The pressure causes the slave pistons to press the brake shoe against the wheel to slow down the car.
4. When pedal brake is released, the return spring will force the wheel piston back to the original position.
5. The brake fluid oil flows back to the master cylinder.
 32

 HYDRAULIC JACK

Working Principle of Hydraulic Jack

When the handle is pulled up, small piston is lifted. The hydraulic oil rushes in from the reservoir
1 through the open valve A. In the same time, valve B is closed. The cylinder connected to the small
piston is filled with hydraulic oil.

2 When the handle is pushed down, valve A is closed and valve B is opened.

3 Pressure from small piston is transmitted uniformly through hydraulic oil to the large piston.

4 Large force is produced at the large piston and pushes the piston upward.

5 To lift the car at higher level, the handle should be pushed up and down repeatedly.

The release valve is opened to allow hydraulic oil flows back to the reservoir and the piston is
6
lowered and back to its original position.

4. Solving Problems in Daily Life Involving Pascal's Principle

Figure below shows a hydraulic system. (a)

Calculate:
(a) the multiplying factor,
(b) the output force, F2