Digital Communication

Geometric Representation of Modulation Signal

 Digital Modulation involves

– Choosing a particular signal waveform for transmission for a
particular symbol or signal
– For M possible signals, the set of all signal waveforms are:

S  {s1 (t ), s2 (t ),..., sM (t )}

 For binary modulation, each bit is mapped to a signal from

a set of signal set S that has two signals
 We can view the elements of S as points in vector space
 Example

2 Eb
s1 (t )  cos(2f c t ) 0  t  Tb Two signal
Tb waveforms to
be used for
2 Eb transmission
s2 (t )   cos(2f c t ) 0  t  Tb
Tb
2
1 (t )  cos(2f c t ) The basis signal
Tb Q

S  E  (t ),
b 1 Eb 1 (t )   Eb Eb I

Constellation Diagram
Dimension = 1
 Constellation Diagram
 Properties of Modulation Scheme can be inferred from
Constellation Diagram
– Bandwidth occupied by the modulation increases as the
dimension of the modulated signal increases
– Bandwidth occupied by the modulation decreases as the
signal points per dimension increases (getting more dense)
– Probability of bit error is proportional to the distance
between the closest points in the constellation.
 Bit error decreases as the distance increases (sparse).
Concept of a constellation diagram
Example of samples of matched filter output
for some bandpass modulation schemes
 Linear Modulation Techniques
 Classify digital modulation techniques as:
– Linear
 The amplitude of the transmitted signal varies linearly with
the modulating digital signal, m(t).
 They usually do not have constant envelope.
 More spectral efficient.
 Poor power efficiency
– Non-linear
 Binary Phase Shift Keying
 Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits
– Phases are separated by 180 degrees.
– Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth.
– Very robust, used extensively in satellite communication.

s1 (t )  Ac cos(2f c   c ) binary 1
s2 (t )  Ac cos(2f c   c   ) binary 0
Q

0 1
State State
 BPSK Example

1 1 0 1 0 1
Data

Carrier

Carrier+ 

BPSK waveform
 Differential PSK encoding
 Differential BPSK
– 0 = same phase as last signal element
– 1 = 180º shift from last signal element
 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
 Multilevel Modulation Technique: 2 bits per symbol
 More spectrally efficient, more complex receiver.
 Two times more bandwidth efficient than BPSK

Q
  
A cos  2 f c t  
01 State
11 State   4
11

 
A cos  2 f c t 
3 
 01
s t    

4
3


A cos  2 f c t   00
  4 

00 State 10 State
 
A cos  2  f c t 
 
 10
 4 

Phase of Carrier: /4, 2/4, 5/4, 7/4

 4 different waveforms

1.5 cos+sin 1.5 -cos+sin

1 1
0.5 11 0.5 01
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.50 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1.50 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

1.5 1.5
1 1 00
10
0.5 0.5
cos-sin -cos-sin
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.50 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1.50 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
QPSK Example
QPSK modulation
QPSK receiver
 QAM – Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 Modulation technique used in the cable/video networking
world
 Instead of a single signal change representing only 1 bps –
multiple bits can be represented by a single signal change
 Combination of phase shifting and amplitude shifting (8
phases, 2 amplitudes)
 QAM
 QAM
– As an example of QAM, 12
different phases are combined
with two different amplitudes
– Since only 4 phase angles have 2
different amplitudes, there are a
total of 16 combinations
– With 16 signal combinations, each
baud equals 4 bits of information
(2 ^ 4 = 16)
– Combine ASK and PSK such that
each signal corresponds to
multiple bits
– More phases than amplitudes
– Minimum bandwidth requirement
same as ASK or PSK
16-QAM Signal Constellation
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 The frequency of the carrier is changed according to the
message state (high (1) or low (0)).
s1 (t )  A cos(2f c  2f )t 0  t  Tb (bit  1)
s2 (t )  A cos(2f c  2f )t 0  t  Tb (bit  0)

Continues FSK s (t )  A cos(2f c   (t )) Integral of m(x) is continues.

t
s (t )  A cos(2f c t  2k f  m( x)dx)

 One frequency encodes a 0 while another frequency
encodes a 1 (a form of frequency modulation)
 FSK Bandwidth
 Limiting factor: Physical capabilities of the carrier
 Not susceptible to noise as much as ASK

 Applications
– On voice-grade lines, used up to 1200bps
– Used for high-frequency (3 to 30 MHz) radio transmission
– used at higher frequencies on LANs that use coaxial cable