ANALYTICAL – COMPONENT METHOD

• Uses the components of the vectors along the axes

• 2-D: components along the x-axis and y-axis
• 3-D: components along the x, y and z axes

𝐴⃗ = 𝐴% +𝐴& . Eq. 3

𝐴⃗
+𝐴" 𝐴⃗ +𝐴"
𝜃
𝜃
+𝐴!
+𝐴!
ANALYTICAL – COMPONENT METHOD
To calculate the magnitude components, Ax and Ay,
we can use trigonometric functions
𝐴⃗
+𝐴"
𝐴& = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Eq. 4

𝐴% = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Eq. 5
𝜃
+𝐴! ⃗ we can use
To calculate the magnitude of 𝐴,
Pythagorean Theorem.
𝑐 ' = 𝑎' + 𝑏 ' 𝐴 = 𝐴% ' + 𝐴& ' Eq. 6
𝑐 = 𝑎' + 𝑏 '
ANALYTICAL – COMPONENT METHOD
⃗
To calculate the direction of 𝐴:
𝐴⃗ tan 𝜃 =
(!
+𝐴" ("

)* (!
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ("
Eq. 7
𝜃
+𝐴!
 Four coordinate plane quadrants
• Affect the signs of the components
ANALYTICAL – COMPONENT METHOD
Now, let us solve the vector sum of two forces, 𝐹⃗ 1 and 𝐹⃗ 2.

Step 1. Find out the 2 components of all vectors using Eq. 4 and 5.
𝐹# 𝑥 = − 𝐹1 cos 𝜃 Eq. 8
+𝐹!𝑦

𝑅 𝐹# 𝐹# 𝑦 = +𝐹1 sin 𝜃 Eq. 9

+𝐹!𝑦
𝜃
𝐹$ 𝑥 = +𝐹2 cos β Eq. 10
−𝐹! 𝑥
+𝐹"𝑦 𝐹$ +𝐹"𝑦 𝐹$
𝐹# 𝐹$ 𝑦 = +𝐹2 sin β Eq. 11
+𝐹"𝑦
+𝐹!𝑦
𝛾
𝜃 𝛽 𝛽
−𝐹! 𝑥 +𝐹# 𝑥 +𝐹# 𝑥
ANALYTICAL – COMPONENT METHOD
Now, let us solve the vector sum of two forces, 𝐹⃗ 1 and 𝐹⃗ 2. 𝐹# 𝑥 = − 𝐹1 cos 𝜃 Eq. 8

𝐹# 𝑦 = +𝐹1 cos 𝜃 Eq. 9

Step 2. Sum up all components along the x and y axes.
𝐹$ 𝑥 = +𝐹2 cos β Eq. 10

𝐹$ 𝑦 = +𝐹2 sin β Eq. 11

𝑅 𝐹# +𝐹!𝑦
𝜃 𝑅% = − 𝐹1 cos 𝜃 + 𝐹2 cos β Eq. 12
−𝐹! 𝑥
+𝐹"𝑦 𝐹$ 𝑅& = +𝐹1 sin 𝜃 + 𝐹2 sin β Eq. 13

𝛾
𝛽
+𝐹# 𝑥
ANALYTICAL – COMPONENT METHOD
Now, let us solve the vector sum of two forces, 𝐹⃗ 1 and 𝐹⃗ 2.

Step 3. We find the magnitude of resultant R using components, Rx and Ry.

Also, the direction 𝛾 can be computed.

𝑅= 𝑅% 2 + 𝑅& 2 Eq. 14
𝑅 𝐹# +𝐹!𝑦
𝜃
−𝐹! 𝑥 8!
+𝐹"𝑦 𝐹$ 𝛾 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛)* 8"
Eq. 15

𝛾
𝛽
+𝐹# 𝑥
EXAMPLE:
2. Vector 𝐹! has a magnitude of 15cm and a direction of 140°.
Vector 𝐹" has a magnitude of 8cm and a direction of 54°. Find the
magnitude and direction of the resultant using component
method.

𝐹$
𝑅

𝐹#
𝐹$
𝜃 = 40° 140° 54° = 𝛽 𝛾
• https://www.physicsclassroom.com/morehelp/vectaddn
 ⃗:
LET’S HAVE VECTOR A (𝐴)

(𝐴! , 𝐴" , 𝐴( )
𝐴⃗

(0,0,0)

𝐴⃗ = 8𝑥% + 5𝑦% + 3𝑧̂

UNIT VECTORS
• has a magnitude of 1, with no units
• Its purpose is only to point (describe the direction in space)
• ^ - “hat” for symbol
• All vector quantities have corresponding unit vectors
⃗ unit vector = 𝑎, ; magnitude = 𝐴⃗
• For Vector A (𝐴):
• 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴⃗ 𝑎,
UNIT VECTORS
To get the unit vector:

• 𝑎, =
$⃗ 𝐴⃗ = 8𝑥% + 5𝑦% + 3𝑧̂
$⃗
𝐴⃗ = 8𝚤̂ + 5𝚥̂ + 3𝑘/
To get the magnitude: 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴! 𝚤̂ + 𝐴" 𝚥̂ + 𝐴# 𝑘/

• 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴% " + 𝐴& " + 𝐴' " 𝐴#

𝐴⃗ = 𝐴$
𝐴%
 example
• Find the vector A in terms of unit vectors. Then find an
⃗
equivalent unit vector of 𝐴.

𝐴⃗ = −𝐴⃗% + 𝐴⃗&

𝐴⃗ = 𝐴% (−𝚤)̂ + 𝐴& (𝚥)̂

Solve for x and y components:

𝐴% = 100𝑁 cos 65° = 42.26 𝑁
𝐴& = 100𝑁 sin 65° = 90.63 𝑁

𝐴⃗ = 42.26 −𝚤̂ + 90.63(𝚥)̂

𝐴⃗ = −42.26 𝚤̂ + 90.63 𝚥̂ 𝐴⃗ = − 42.26 𝚤̂ − 90.63 𝚥̂ 𝑁
Example 1.
⃗
• To find the equivalent unit vector of 𝐴:
𝐴⃗
𝑎! =
𝐴⃗
− 42.26 𝚤̂ − 90.63 𝚥̂ 𝑁
𝑎! =
100 𝑁
𝑎! = − 0.4226 𝚤̂ − 0.9063 𝚥 ̂ 𝑁
EXAMPLE 2.
Given 𝐴⃗ = −𝑥, + 3𝑦, + 2𝑧.̂ Find the magnitude and the unit vector.
• Magnitude:
𝐴⃗ = (−1)" +(3)" +(2)" = 14
• Unit vector:
−𝑥L + 3 𝑦L + 2𝑧̂ 1 3 2
𝑎L = =− 𝑥L + 𝑦L + 𝑧̂
14 14 14 14
Vector sum ( IN TERMS OF uNIT VECTORS)
Given two vectors 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝑘> and 𝐵 = 𝐵% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵' 𝑘,
>

The vector addition would be:

> + 𝐵% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵' 𝑘>
𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 = (𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝑘)
𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 = (𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵% 𝚤)̂ 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ 𝐴' 𝑘> + 𝐵' 𝑘>
𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 = (𝐴% +𝐵% )𝚤̂ + 𝐴& + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' + 𝐵' 𝑘>
Vector DIFFERENCE ( IN TERMS OF uNIT VECTORS)
Given two vectors 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝑘> and 𝐵 = 𝐵% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵' 𝑘,
>

The vector subtraction would be:

> − 𝐵% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵' 𝑘>
𝐴⃗ − 𝐵 = (𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝑘)
𝐴⃗ − 𝐵 = (𝐴% 𝚤̂ − 𝐵% 𝚤)̂ 𝐴& 𝚥̂ − 𝐵& 𝚥̂ 𝐴' 𝑘> − 𝐵' 𝑘>
𝐴⃗ − 𝐵 = (𝐴% −𝐵% )𝚤̂ + 𝐴& − 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' − 𝐵' 𝑘>
EXAMPLE 3
Given: 𝐴⃗ = −3𝑥! − 𝑦! + 2𝑧̂ 𝐵 = −2𝑥! + 3𝑦! − 𝑧̂
Find (𝐴⃗ + 𝐵) and (𝐴⃗ − 𝐵) and normalize the vectors.
Note: normalizing is just finding the unit vectors.
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Scalar (Dot) Product
• This will result in a scalar quantity (magnitude only)
• Unit vectors will be eliminated in the process

• 𝐴⃗ P 𝐵 = 𝐴⃗ 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = A𝐵cos θ (Eq. 1)

• product of the magnitude of 𝐴⃗ and the component 𝐵 parallel to 𝐴.
⃗
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Scalar (Dot) Product
• 𝐵 P 𝐴⃗ = 𝐵 𝐴⃗ cos 𝜃 = 𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (Eq.2)
• product of the magnitude of 𝐵 and the component 𝐴⃗ parallel to 𝐵.
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Scalar (Dot) Product
• A𝐵cos θ = 𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
• 𝐴⃗ ? 𝐵 = 𝐵 ? 𝐴⃗
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Scalar (Dot) Product

𝒂 𝒃 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙

𝒂 P 𝒃 = 𝒂 𝒃 cos 𝜃 = − 𝒂 𝒃 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Scalar (Dot) Product
• Let 𝑨 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑩 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
• 𝑩 = 3𝑥L 𝑨 = 2𝑥L 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑨 P 𝑩 = 2 3 cos 0 = 6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
• 𝑩 = 3𝑥L 𝑨 = 2𝑦L 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟. 𝑨 P 𝑩 = 2 3 cos 90 = 0
• 𝑩 = 3𝑥' 𝑨 = −2𝑥' 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑨 5 𝑩 = 2 3 cos 180 = −6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Scalar (Dot) Product of Unit Vectors
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Scalar (Dot) Product of 2 vectors in terms of unit vectors
• Given two vectors
𝐴⃗ = 𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝑘> 𝐵 = 𝐵% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵' 𝑘>
> A (𝐵% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵' 𝑘)
𝐴⃗ A 𝐵 = (𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝑘) >

= 𝐴% 𝐵% 𝚤̂ A 𝚤̂ + 𝐴% 𝐵& 𝚤̂ A 𝚥̂ + 𝐴% 𝐵' 𝚤̂ A 𝑘> + 𝐴& 𝐵% 𝚥̂ A 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝐵& (𝚥̂ A

𝚥̂) + 𝐴& 𝐵' 𝚥̂ A 𝑘> + 𝐴' 𝐵% 𝑘> A 𝚤̂ + 𝐴' 𝐵& 𝑘> A 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝐵' (𝑘> A 𝑘)
>
= 𝐴% 𝐵% + 𝐴& 𝐵& + 𝐴' 𝐵' = 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Scalar (Dot) Product of 2 vectors in terms of unit vectors
• Given two vectors
𝐴⃗ = 𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝑘> 𝐵 = 𝐵% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵' 𝑘>
To get the angle 𝜃:
𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝐴% 𝐵% + 𝐴& 𝐵& + 𝐴A 𝐵A
𝐴% 𝐵% + 𝐴& 𝐵& + 𝐴A 𝐵A
cos 𝜃 =
𝐴𝐵
)*
𝐴% 𝐵% + 𝐴& 𝐵& + 𝐴A 𝐵A
𝜃 = cos
𝐴𝐵
Example
9
>
Given the vectors 𝐺⃗ = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 = 𝚤̂ − 6𝑘,
1
Find 𝐺⃗ A 𝐻 and the 𝜃 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚.
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Vector (Cross) Product (𝐴⃗ 𝑥 𝐵)
𝐴⃗ 𝑥 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑛L
𝐵 𝑥 𝐴⃗ = 𝐵𝐴 sin 𝜃 (−𝑛)
L
𝐴⃗ 𝑥 𝐵 = −(𝐵 𝑥 𝐴)
⃗
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Vector (Cross) Product (𝐴⃗ 𝑥 𝐵)
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Vector (Cross) Product of 2 vectors in terms of unit vectors
• Given two vectors
𝐴⃗ = 𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝑘> 𝐵 = 𝐵% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵' 𝑘>
> 𝑥 (𝐵% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵' 𝑘)
𝐴⃗ 𝑥 𝐵 = (𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝑘) >

= 𝐴% 𝐵% 𝚤̂ 𝑥 𝚤̂ + 𝐴% 𝐵& 𝚤̂ 𝑥 𝚥̂ + 𝐴% 𝐵' 𝚤̂ 𝑥 𝑘> + 𝐴& 𝐵% 𝑗Q𝑥 𝚤̂ +

𝐴& 𝐵& 𝚥̂ 𝑥 𝚥̂ + 𝐴& 𝐵' 𝚥̂ 𝑥 𝑘> + 𝐴' 𝐵% 𝑘> 𝑥 𝚤̂ + 𝐴' 𝐵& 𝑘> 𝑥 𝚥̂ +
𝐴' 𝐵' (𝑘> 𝑥 𝑘)
>
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Vector (Cross) Product of 2 vectors in terms of unit vectors
• Given two vectors
𝐴⃗ = 𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝑘> 𝐵 = 𝐵% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵' 𝑘>
= 𝐴% 𝐵% 𝚤̂ 𝑥 𝚤̂ + 𝐴% 𝐵& 𝚤̂ 𝑥 𝚥̂ + 𝐴% 𝐵' 𝚤̂ 𝑥 𝑘> + 𝐴& 𝐵% 𝑗Q𝑥 𝚤̂ +
𝐴& 𝐵& 𝚥̂ 𝑥 𝚥̂ + 𝐴& 𝐵' 𝚥̂ 𝑥 𝑘> + 𝐴' 𝐵% 𝑘> 𝑥 𝚤̂ + 𝐴' 𝐵& 𝑘> 𝑥 𝚥̂ +
𝐴' 𝐵' (𝑘> 𝑥 𝑘)
>

= 𝐴% 𝐵% 0 + 𝐴% 𝐵& 𝑘> + 𝐴% 𝐵' −𝚥̂ + 𝐴& 𝐵% −𝑘> + 𝐴& 𝐵& 0 +

𝐴& 𝐵' 𝚤̂ + 𝐴' 𝐵% 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝐵& −𝚤̂ + 𝐴' 𝐵' (0)
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Vector (Cross) Product of 2 vectors in terms of unit vectors
• Given two vectors
𝐴⃗ = 𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝑘> 𝐵 = 𝐵% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵' 𝑘>
= 𝐴% 𝐵% 0 + 𝐴% 𝐵& 𝑘> + 𝐴% 𝐵' −𝚥̂ + 𝐴& 𝐵% −𝑘> + 𝐴& 𝐵& 0 +
𝐴& 𝐵' 𝚤̂ + 𝐴' 𝐵% 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝐵& −𝚤̂ + 𝐴' 𝐵' (0)
𝐴⃗ 𝑥 𝐵 = 𝐴% 𝐵& 𝑘> − 𝐴% 𝐵' 𝚥̂ − 𝐴& 𝐵% 𝑘> + 𝐴& 𝐵' 𝚤̂ + 𝐴' 𝐵% 𝚥̂ − 𝐴' 𝐵& 𝚤̂
> − (𝐴' 𝐵& 𝚤̂ + 𝐴% 𝐵' 𝚥̂ + 𝐴& 𝐵% 𝑘)
𝐴⃗ 𝑥 𝐵 = (𝐴& 𝐵' 𝚤̂ + 𝐴' 𝐵% 𝚥̂ +𝐴% 𝐵& 𝑘) >
Vector PRODUCTs Scalar (dot) & vector (cross)
• Vector (Cross) Product of 2 vectors in terms of unit vectors
• Given two vectors
𝐴⃗ = 𝐴% 𝚤̂ + 𝐴& 𝚥̂ + 𝐴' 𝑘> 𝐵 = 𝐵% 𝚤̂ + 𝐵& 𝚥̂ + 𝐵' 𝑘>
EXAMPLE
Given the 2 vectors 𝐹⃗ = 3𝚤̂ − 5𝚥̂ + 2𝑘> 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 7𝑘>
Find 𝐹⃗ 𝑥 𝐺⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺⃗ 𝑥 𝐹⃗