Chapter INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT

3 SYSTEMS

3.1 Intelligent Transport System (1TS)

3.2 Smart Vehicles

3.3 Fuels of Future

3.4 GIS- For Transportation

3.5 GPS- For Transportation
3.6 Navigation Systems
3.7 Traffic Safety Management
3.8 E-Ticketing
3.9 Smart Mobility
Review Questions

3.1 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM (ITS) (June-2022)

Anintelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which aims to provide
innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable users to be
better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks.
Intelligent Transport Systems (1TS) are the control and information systems that use integrated
communications and data processing technologies for the various purposes.
Purposes/Objectives of ITS:
improving the mobility of people and goods
increasing safety, reducing traffic congestion and managing incidents effectively
or public transport
meeting transport policy goals and objectives - such as demand management
priority measures.
secure, and safer through the use of information,
Make transportation system more efficient,
communications and control technologies.
Improve the attractiveness of public transport.
costs.
Tackle rising congestion which increases travel times and industry
Reduce the environmental impacts of transport.
Save energy, reduce carbon foot print
improve traffic flow by reducing congestion
quickly detect incidents and appropriately respond to them
and minimizing travel delay
improve air quality by reducing pollution levels locally
crash situations
Improve safety by providing advance warning before potential accidentS
biohw9y and human factors that contribute to
minimize the impacts of environmental ustng
technologies include calling for emergency services when an accident occurs,
SOme oT tnese speed limit changes depending on conditions.
cameras to enforce traffic laws or sigÓs that mark
ntelligent Transport Systems 61
113 S dened as systems in which information and communication technologies are
of road transport, Including infrastructure vehicles and users. and in applied in the field
traffic management and mobility
managenment, as well as for interfaces with other modes of transport. ITS may improve the
eITiciency and
Salvysot n a number of situations. Le. road transport. traffic management, mobility, etc. 1TS
technolo8Y 1S being adopted across the worid to increase capacity of busy roads and reduce journey
times.
mn aie Conception of smart city transmuting cities into digital societies, making the lite of ts
easy in every facet, citizens
Intelligent Transport
city moolity is a key concern: be it goingSystem becomes the indispensable component among all. In any
to school. college and office or for any other purpose cimzens
use raisport System to travel within the city. Leveraging citizens with an
save their time and make the city Intelligent Transport System can
even smarter. Intelligent Transport System (ITS) aims to achieve traffic
efficiency by minimizing traffic problems. It enriches users with prior information about
convenience real-time running information seat availability etc. which reduces travel time of traffic, local
well as enhances their safety and commuters as
comfort.
Te aPPieaton of TTS is widely accepted and used in many countries today. The use is not
limited to traffic congestion control and information, but also for road just
safety and efficient intrastructure
Usage. Because of its endless possibilities, ITS has now become a
multidisciplinary conjunctive field of work
and thus many organizations around the world have developed solutions
meet the need.
for providing ITS applications to
ITS : Key Drivers and Tools :
Information technology
Communications technology
Mobile Apps
Cloud computing
Sensors
Cameras
GPS

Digital radio RFID (Radio Frequency ldentification)

Intelligent transport technologies are:
car navigation;
traffic signal control systems;
container management systems;
variable message signs;
automatic number plate recognition,
speed cameras to monitor applications, such as security CCTV systems,
automatic incident detection or stopped vehicle detection systems,
parking guidance and infomation systems;
weather information; bridge de-icing (US deicing) systems;
Application areas of Intelligent Transport System
The entire application of ITS is based on data collection, a0alysis and using the results of the analysis
in the operations, control and research concepts for traffic managementwhere location plays an important role.
Here sensors, information processors, communication systems, roadside messages, GPS updates and
automated traffic prioritization signals play an imperative role in the application of various systems:
Applications of ITS :
1. Real-time parking management
2 Electronic toll collection
 Infrastructure for Smart Citics
62
3 Emergency vehicle notification systems
4 Automated road speed enforcement
5 Speed alerts
6. RFID in freight transportation
7 Variable speed limits
8 Dynamic traffic light sequcnce
9 Collision avoidance systems administered
unit of ITS. IL is mainly a technical system
Iraffic Management Centre (TMC) is the vital control
collected and analyzed for further operations and
by the transportation authority. Here all data is local transportation vehicle.
management of the traffic in real time or information about
Centre depends on automatized data
Well-organized and proficient operations of Traffic Management generate accurate information and
data to
collection with precise location information than analysis of that
process in a more detailed way.
then transmitting it back to travelers. Let's understand the entire
prompt data collection with real-time
Data collection: Strategic planning needs precise, extensive and
that lay the base of further 1TS
observation. So the data here is collected via varied hardware devices
automatic vehicle locators, sensors,
functions. These devices are Automatic Vehicle Identifiers, GPS based
surveillance, travel speed and travel
camera ete. The hardware mainly records the data like traffic count,
connected to the servers generally
time, location, vehicle weight, delays etc. These hardware devices are
located at data collection centre which stores large amounts of data for further analysis.
in ITS
Data Transmission: Rapid and real-time information communication is the Key to proficiency
from the field to TMC
implementation so this aspect of ITS consists of the transmission of collected data
Traffic-related announcements are
and then sending back that analyzed information from TMC to travelers.
Other methods of
communicated to the travelers through internet, SMS or onboard units of Vehicle.
Air Interface
communications are dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) using radio and Continuous
links.
Long and Medium Range (CAILM) using cellular connectivity and infra-red
in various
Data Analysis: The data that has been collected and received at TMC is processed further
logical analysis.
steps. These steps are error rectification, data cleaning, data synthesis, and adaptive

Traffic Travelers
70 CiSED traffic information

request for
traffic information

Transit Emergency
Fig. 3.1 Working of ITS
 Intelligent Transport Systems 63
Inconsistencies in data are identified with specialized software and rectified. After that data is further altered
and pooled for analysis. This mended collective data is analyzed further to predict traffic scenario which
is available to deliver appropriate information to users.
Traveler Information: Travel Advisory Systems (TAS) is used to inform transportation updates to the
traveling user. The system delivers real-time information like travel time, travel speed, delay, accidents on
roads. change in route, diversions, work zone conditions etc. This information is delivered by a wide range
of electronic devices like variable message signs, highway advisory radio, internet, SMS., automated cell.
Advantages of ITS : (Dec.-2021)
Reduction in stops and delays at intersections.
Improvement in safety
Speed control & improvement.
Travel time improvement.
Capacity management.
Incident management.
ofiers a range of convenient and affordable transport options making best use of infrastructure
Types of ITS:
ITS covers and improves almost all the aspects of Transportation engineering. There are many
subsidiaries of the Intelligent Transportation System out of which most important and widely used all over
the world to solve the traffic and transportation problem are as follows:
Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS)
Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS)
Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS)
Emergency Management System (EMS)
() Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS)
Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) implements a wide range of technologies, such as
internet, telephones, cellular phones, television, radio, ete. to assist travelers and drivers in making informed
decisions regarding trip departures, optimum routes, and available modes of travel. ATIS provides the drivers
both en route and pre-trip information which is advantageous in many ways. Pre-trip information availability
enhance_ the self-belief of the drivers to use freeways and allows commuters to make better-informed transit
choices. En route information and guidance saves travel time, helps a traveler avoid congestion, can improve
traffic network performance.
(i) Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS)
Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) is used by traffic police department and traffie
regulation authorities as a tool to manage and control traffic by monitoring the flow of traffic and making
appropriate decisions in a timely manner. Traffic management systems optimize the movement of vehicles,
by using real-time information to intervene and adjust controls such as traffic signals to improve traffic
flow,
(iii) Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS)
Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) is concerned with increasing operational efficiency
of all public transportation modes and increasing ridership by making the transportation system more reliable.
With the help of APTS the way public transportation systems operate is transformed, and the nature of the
transportation services that can be offered by public transportation systenms is changed.
(iv) Emergency Management System (EMS)
Emergency Management System (EMS) is the newest research field in intelligent transportation system.
EMS is mainly concerned with the application of different intelligent transportation
system technologies to
 64 Infrastructure for Smart Cities
develop atransport system which can provide help in the emergency conditions.EMS can provide great hclp
in reducing the fatality rate in the accidents.
Table 3.1 Intelligent Transportation Services
Title Services

Traveler Information Pre-trip Information, on-trip driver information, on-trip public

transport informalion, personal information services, and route
guidance and navigation
Traffic Management Transportation planning support, traffic control, incident
management, demand management, traffic regulations.
infrastructure maintenance management.
Vehicle Systems Vision Enhancement, automated vehicle operation, longitudinal
collision avoidance, lateral collision avoidance, safety readiness.
pre-crash restraint deployment.
Commercial Vehicles Commercial vehicle pre-clearance, vehicle ad1ministrative processes,
automated road side safety inspection, commercial vehicle on-board
safety monitoring, commercial \ehicle fleet management
Public Transport Public transport management, demand responsive transport
management, shared transport management.
Emergency Management Emergency notification and personal security, emergency vehicle
management, hazardous materials and inçident notification
Electronic Payment (EP) Safety Electronic financial transactions, public travel security, safety
improvement for vulnerable road users, intelligent junctions.
3.2 SMART VEHICLES

In past few years, Driving the car in crowd or on highways environments increasing lot of difficulties.
Due to the drivers restless driving or some silly mistake serious accidents happened, it causes human lives.
While driving, the person is to drive must be relax, comfortable, no confusions in mind, compatible with
all car features. Human life effected mostly due to in proper driving or not following traffic rules. Manual
car driving also make person tired on long route.
Smart Car innovation overcomes all such types of difficulties and makes driving smart, safe and
efficient. Smart car have such features which minimizes human efforts and make traveling comfortable. Smart
car made driving and traveling on long route with ease and safe.
There are various research is going on to overcome all these driving related issues. The smart car
concept is innovated by Google named "Google Self Driving car", It is fully automated smart car which
is driven automatically. Rider just needs to give functioning order through their mobile phone software design
for these systems only and the car itself came and pick and drop driver to their requested destination. This
IS now in service in Burope, USA and many other foreign countries. This smart car includes fully customized
functionalities which follows all the rules and regulation of traffic system and all driving safety measure.
Features of smart cars : (June-2022)
1. Biometrie car lock and car ignition : This system enables the security of the car by bio-metric
reorganization for car access. To start the car by pressing a button and that button has fingerprint analysis.
The users and owner of the car all have their finger print recorded in the system. The limitation is, that
if system is failed or malfunction one could access the car. Whole system should be change either which
will be costly. Another point can we should not forget if any injury happen to recorded finger thén that
erson will not be able to access the car
2. Lane detection and changing : The lane detection and change is major concern about move around
the road. The sensors attach around the car that will detect distances of vehicles around car based on that
 Intelligent Transport Systems 65
Iane change operation is happen. But is that systcm laser sensors are used whose range is limited and
accuracy problem is there which may leadto wrong detection and in result of that accidents may happen
which cause human lives.

The car will detect the obstacle or pedestrian through the IR sensor and alert the system according
to that automatically breaks will apply to slow down the car. Major drawback is IR sensors range is very
Jess and some amount of moisture on the sensors will lead to the deactivation.
Similarly, Adaptive cruise control system used in cars in which radar is used in plact of sensors.
The radar atached in front of the car detect spced and distance of car from ahead car accordingly slow
down or speed up the car. Limitation of the system that it very complex and affect the car performance
also.
3. Night vision camera : This camera provide clear and negative image in whole dark black road.
It will increase driving safety and reduces chances of accidents. Increases a vehicle driver's perception and
watching distance in darkness or poor weather beyond the reach of the vehicle's headlights.
4. Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA), also known as Speed Alerting, being the system that monitors
vehicle speed and the local speed limit on a road and warns the driver when the vehicle is detected to be
exceeding the speed limit.
5. Ultra-classic Airbags : Ultra-classic airbags help stop cars when accidents threaten. The friction
in the bags helps to stop the car or slow it down.
To prevent accidents, today there are more versions of airbags including seatbelts, aibag, knee airbag.
curtains airbag and underneath airbag. As a result, the car won't dip when you hit hard brakes. It also helps
passengers stay intact in their safety belts.
Pioneering Technologies For Next-Generation Smart Vehicles :
1 Vehicle-to-Cloud Connectivity (V2C) :
Clouds are being positioned as the best-in-class infrastructure (servers, storage arrayS and network
modules) for effectively and efficiently hosting a variety of platforms. Integrated development environments
(DEs) and rapid application development (RAD) tools. System takes full advantage of various sensors and
real time conneciivity with cloud, which have been integrated with the vehicle. Servers analyze data through
complex data analytic algorithms and suggest any upcoming service requirement, navigation. apps, etc.
2. Vehicle-to-Vehicle Connectivity(V2V) :
This is the real-time exchange of decision-enabling data among vehicles. Such kinds of dynamic data
exchange at acritical point and place offer ample opportunities for significant improvements, especially on
the vehicle safety aspect. By interchanging valuable vehicle data regarding its speed. direction, position.
and location dynamically, the much-anticipated V2V communication capability enables vehicles to sense any
impending threats and hazards with a360° view and visualization of vehicles in synchronization with other
vehicles' position.
This vehicular interaction results in issuing appropriate advisories to drivers to take counter measures
proactively and pre-emptively, to completely avoid or to mitigate the intensity of erashes. There are specific
sensors and GPS systems collaboratively working to arrive at accurate data (latitude, longitude, etc.) to make
cars self-, surroundings- and situation-aware.
The vision for V2V connectivity is that eventually each vehicle on the road will be able to connect
and communicate with one another benelicially. The data that are getting generated and transmitted in time
facilitates the production and delivery of next-generation applications for enhanced safety. The much
anticipated
on the road.
V2V communications will come handy in drastically reducing fatal and even minor aceidents
3. Field Oriented Control (FOC) :
Field Oriented Control is one of the methods used in variable frequency drives or variable speed drives
o vontrol the 3rque (and thus the speed) of three-phase AC electric motors by controlling the current. With
ISC/BE Sem-VIl-2022 / 9
 |66 Infrastructure for Smart Cities
FOC. the torque and the flux can be controlled ndependently. FOC provides faster dynamic response tha
is required for applications. There is no torque ppie and smoother, accurate motor control can be
achieved
at low and high speeds using FOC.
The toraue of an induction motor Is at a mamum, when the stator and
the rotor magnetic fields are
orthogonal to each other. In FOC, the statO Cuets are measured and adjusted so that the
angle between
the rotor and stator flux is 90° to achieve the maxinum torque. FOC also
provides better efficiency at higher speeds man Susoldal control. It also known as vector control, and
even during transient operation by perfectiy nalntaining the stator and rotor guarantees optim ised efficiency
fluxes
4. Geofencing :
Geofencing is a feature in a software programme that uses the global
radio freauency identification (RFID) to derine positioning system (GPS) or
up triggers so when a device enters (or exIts) the
geographical boundaries. It allows an administrator to set
bOundaries defined by the administrator. an alert is issued
Many geofencing applications incorporate Googie tarth,
of asatellite view of a specific geographical area. Otherallowing administrators to define boundaries on top
latitude or through user-created and Web-based maps.
applications define boundaries by longitude and
Geofencing gives complete flexibil1ty and solutions in setting-up real time
unauthorized vehicle movements and other exceptions. he geofencing alarms to inform of
system
geographic zones together with the time based rules of when vehicles should be allows setting-up series of
5.
inside or outside each zone.
Electronic Braking System (EBS) :
Electronic activation of the EBS braking
cvlinders. This in turn reduces braking distance bycomponents reduces response and build-up times in brake
several meters, which can be decisive in some
The integrated ABS function ensures driving situations.
stability and steerability throughout the braking procedure.
6. Kinetic Energy Recovery System :
A kinetic energy recovery system
(often known Simply as KERS,) is an automotive system for
recovering a moving vehicle's kinetic energy under braking. The recovered energy is stored in a
(for example, a flywheel or high voltage batteries) for reservoir
7.
later use under acceleration.
Sensors :
In the broadest definition, a sensor is a
device, module, or sub-system. Its purpose is to detect events
or changes in its environment and send the
information to other electronics, frequently a processor. A
is always used with other
electronics, whether as simple as a light or as complex as a computer. sensor
8 System for Automated Parking :
Some vehicles are already equipped with the
Parktronic
themselves and independently take appropriate actions in ordersystems and can identify parking spaces
to park. To simplity and expand the
possibilities of autonomous parking, it is necessary to create an
infrastructure connecting a car.
Self-driving Cars :
A car thatoperates on obeying commands is the next asset you want to acquire. Imagine
hands which you can use on anything while having free
running your errands.
Google and Audi successfully tested this technology on their cars,
incredible things. The self-driving car uses ultrasounds. lasers and radar towhich means it promises more
gather
driving experience. information about the
If there are objects ahead, the car avoids them
only need to give commands and bum! You get automatically to avoid collisions. In doing s0, you
to your destination.
If you want comfort alongside a drive. a self.
driving car will give you that. This car reads road
signs, gets to traffic lights and finds alternatiye
routes faster than a human can.
It's an intelligent technology you can't wait to have vet as it saves vou lots of
will reduce many highway accidents caused by distracted hassle. Driverless cars
traffic? drivers. Imagine having to spend fewer hours n
Intelligent Transport Systems 67

Self-driving cars can drive close to each other and act as a unit. As more space is not used up, they
reduce congestion on the roads.
Augmented Reality Cars :
Commonly referred to as AR, tBhis system uses in-car displays to relay information on enabled
dashboards. If a car is fast approaching and you are almost on a head-on collision, AR comes into play.
By showing a red box when you get too close to a car, the car alerts that all is not well. It also
gives arrows tO show the best route to take down the road.
All this happens to help you stay focused on driving. The future is bright for car lovers with augmented
reality cars in mind of top car companies.
These cars are projected to use GPS systems to detect an object through the windshields. Augmented
reality cars relay information on the windscreens then give suggestions to the driver.
For instance, they can tell the model of the car ahead of you, how slippery the road is. and how
wide the road is. Consequently, you can decide how to maneuver the road.
AR dashboards will not only provide data on windshields but also facilitate inspection of car machinery
like engines. They will then offer possible steps to fix any problem found.
3.3 FUELS OF FUTURE
Direct combustion of fuel for transportation accounts for over half of greenhouse gas emissions and
a significant fraction of air pollutant emissions. Because of growing demand, especially in developing
countries, emissions of greenhouse and air pollutants from fuels will grow over the next century even with
improving of technology efficiency. Most issues are associated with the conventional engines, 1CEs (internal
combustion engines), which primarily depend on hydrocarbon fuels. In this contest, different low-polluting
vehicles and fuels have been proposed to improve environmental situation.
Some vehicle technologies include advanced internal combustion engine (1CE), spark-ignition (SI) or
compression ignition (Cl) engines, hybrid electric vehicles (1CE/HEVS), battery powered electrie vehicles
and fuel cell vehicles (FCVS). Fuel cell vehicles using hydrogen, can potentially offer lower emissions than
other alternative and possibility to use different primary fuel option
Afuel cell vehicles fed by pure hydrogen are a zero emission vehicle", in fact the only local emission
are water vapour. But in this case it is important to consider the full fuel cycle or "well-to wheels" emissions
(fuel production, transport and delivery emissions). Primary source for hydrogen production is crucial for
the environmental performance of vehicles. Hydrogen produced from renewable energy (i.e. wind or solar
power connected with electrolysis process) and used in fuel cells can reduce significantly emissions. Recent
studies concerning alternative fuels have been identified the fuel cell vehicles, using hydrogen, as the most
promising technology with reference to fuel cycle emissions.
In order to develop technologies in ultra-low-cabon vehicles, European Commission considers three
principal power train:
alternative fuels to burn in combustion engines to substitute gasoline or diesel fuel include liquid
biofuels and gaseous fuels (including LPG CNG and biogas);
Electric vehicles;
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
Biofuels :
Biodiesel or biogas vehicles are seen as an element on the path towards energy independence irom
fossil fuels and relief from unstable oil prices.
produced from
Tne two most common types of biofuel are bioethanol and biodiesel. Biofuel can be
Plants (1.e. energy crops), or from agricultural, commercial, domestic. and/or industrial wastes (if the waste
 68
Infrastructure for Smart Cities
has a biological origin). Biofuels arc transportation fuels such as ethanol and biomass-based diesel fuel that
are made from biomass materials. These fuels are usually blended with petroleum fuels (gasoline and
distillate/
diesel fuel and heating oil), but they can also be used on their own. Using ethanol or biodiesel
reduces the
consumption of gasoline and diesel fuel made irom crude oil, which can reduce the amount of crude oil
imported from other countries. Ethanol and biodiesel are also cleaner-burning fuels than pure
diesel fuel.
gasoline and
Ethanol is an alcohol fuel made trom the sugars found in grains such as
corn, sorghum. and barley.
Other sources of sugars to produce ethanol include
Sugar cane
Sugar beets
Potato skins
Rice
Yard clippings
Tree bark

Biomass-based diesel fuels include biodiesel and renewable diesel. They are both called
diesel fuels because they are mostly produced for use in diesel biomass-based
engines, but they can also be used as heating
fuels. Both fuels are made from biomass or materials derived from
biomass. but they differ in how they
are produced and in their physical properties. Biomass-based diesel fuels
can be used in diesel engines
without modifying the engines.
Fuel cells :
Fuel cells and batteries convert chemical energy into
electrical energy and are very useful forms
of galvanic cell.
A galvanic or voltaic cell is an electrochemical cell that
converts chemical energy into electrical
energy through the redox reactions that occur within the cell.
Galvanic cells that are designed to convert the energy of combustion of fuels like
methane,
hydrogen,
methanol, etc. directly into electrical energy are called fuel cells. One of the most
successful fuel cells uses the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water.
The Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) combines hydrogen and Oxygen to generate an
electric current
and water is the only byproduct.
Hydrogen + Oxygen = Electricity + Water Vapour
2H, (g) + 0, (g) ’ 2H,0 (1)
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) engines are similar to the conventional internal combustion
engines because they also rely on a constant supply of fuel (hydrogen) and oxygen.
Advantages of FCEV :
FCEVs produce much smaller quantities of greenhouse gases and none of the air pollutants that
cause health problems.
Fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct and are far more energy-etticient than
traditional combustion technologies.
FCEVs do not need to be plugged in for charging, like battery-powered EVS.
There is a wide availability of resources for producing hydrogen.
Disadvantages of FCEV:
The process of making hydrogen needs energy, often from fossil fuel sources, which raises
questions over hydrogen's green credentials.
Intelligent Transport Systems 69
Handling of hydrogen is a safety concern becausc it is more explosive than petrol.
These vehicles are expcnsive and fuel dispensing pumps are scarce.
When hydrogen is used as a fucl in fuel ccll electric vehicles (FCEs), the only vehicle emission
is water. When lhydrogen is used in an internal combustion cnginc, the emissions are water, some nitrogen
oxides, and somc tracc chemicals mostly as a result of using lubricants. Although CO, emissions are absent
from vehicle emissions wvhen hydrogen is used as an LDV fuel, varying amounts of GHGs are emitted during
hydrogen production.
The two major challenge areas are the following:
Making low-cost hydrogen with low GHG emissions.
Building the hydrogen infrastructure will be a large, complex, and expensive undertaking.
Hydrogen-fueling stations would have to be available before FCEVs can be sold.
3.4 GIS- FOR TRANSPORTATION (Dec.-2021)
The focus of most transportation professionals in the urban areas of the world has shifted from the
construction of new highway facilities to maximizing the utility of existing infrastructure, and the
development of new public transport facilities and capabilities. At the same time, a renewed focus has
emerged on using technology effectively to make urban centers more efficient, livable and sustainable. These
trends have produced two overlapping initiatives: intelligent transportation systems ([TS) and the concept
of smart cities. It is clear that GIS technology will play an ever increasing role in both initiatives. As a
platform to integrate and fuse vast amounts of information, GIS has already come to play a significant cole
in a large number of ITS systems.
Geographic Information System (GIS) are becoming more widely used in transportation planning
agencies, especialiy among metropolitan transportation organizations. In many developed countries. highway
maintenance management is becoming a critical issue. Many more authorities are now able to use GIS for
Highways and transport management, due to falling costs and GIS increasing overfriendliness. GIS offer
transport planners a medium for storing and analyzing data on population densities, land uses, travel behavior.
etc. The most important objectives for using GIS are map/display and data integration. Agencies must identify
potential issues that can be addressed through a GIS application IMore efficiently and effectively, and more
economically than with prevailing methods.
A fundamental requirement for most transportation GIS is a structured road network. Additional
information concerning general topography, land cover and land use is pertinent to the consideration of the
impact of construction. The lack of appropriate data for GIS remains achronic problem. GIS deseribes a
world in terms of longitudes and latitudes and other projection systems consisting of a hierarchical structure
of graphical objects. The typical GIS represent the world as a map.
The major requirements and issues surrounding GIS management technology are building and
maintaining adatabase, selecting and upgrading hardware and software, using the technology to solve
problems, funding, networking, providing access, and others. Standard GIS functions include thematic
mapping, statistics, charting, matrix manipulation, decision support system, modeling and algorithms and
Simultaneous access to several databases.

The main advantage of using GIS is its ability to access and analyze spatially distributed data with
respect to its actual spatial location overlaid on a base map of the area of coverage that allows analysis
hot possible with the other database management systems. The main benefit of using the GIS is not merely
the user-friendly visual access and display, but also the spatial analysis capability and the applicability to
apply standard GIS functionalities such as thematic mapping, charting, network-level analysis, simultaneous
2ccess to several layers of data and the overlayment of same, as well as the ability to interface with external
programs and software for decision support, data management, and user-specific functions.
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Infrastructure for Smart Cities
Potential applications fr GIS in transportation planning include the following : (June-2022)
highway maintenance,
Iraffic modeling.
accident analysis,
route planning
environmental inmpact assessment of road schemes
Executive information system.
Pavement management system.
Bridge management.
Maintenance management.
Safety management.
Transportation system management (TSM)
Travel demand forecasting
Corridor preservation and right-of-way
Construction management
Hazardous cargo routing
Overweight/oversize vehicles permit routing.
Its graphical display capabilities allow not only
visualization of the
sequence in which they are built, which allows the understanding of the logicdifferent routes but also the
behind the routing network
design. The interaction between the transportation system and its
surrounding environment makes the GIS
technology ideally suited for hazardous material, routing design, risk analysis, and decision
can also be integrated with sophisticated mathematical models and making. GIS
search procedures to analvze different
management options and policies.
Some of the applications of GIS in Transportation planning are described as
under:
Planning
Transportation agencies face an enormous challengc in keeping their
and efficiently. The world's leading travel demand forecasting packages are infrastructure operating smoothly
integrated with GIS technology.
helping transportation professionals conduct the complex analyses required to plan the
of the future. transportation systems
Increasingly, transportation planners are integrating land-use, environmental, and greenhouse
gas considerations, along with energy consumption factors, into their planning
have discovered that GIS can bring all these factors together in the type of
processes. In doing so, they
that will be required to help effectively plan the future. comprehensive planning models
Design :
Iransportation engineers are discovering the advantages of integrating GIS into their design processes.
By bringing imagery, elevation, and environmental information into the CAD
environment, engineers can
continue working with familiar software while gaining access to important GIS data.
brought into a GIS and Iinked to financial software for better labor and materials andDesign nies can oe
otal project cost
estimation. With these types of capabilities, GIS is an essential component of the engineerng mtormation
systems of the future.
Traffic Engineering
COngestion management programs can be most suitably developed in aGIS environment. GIS based
Congestion management systems can start with the highway base mapS and attribute databases used for long
range transportat1on planning in urban areas. These regional base maps will provide the framework tor
identitying and monitoring congestion from a regional perspective. Additional more detailed base maps and
databases can be developed to manage congestion in real time in critical corridors.
Intelligent Transport Systems 71
Traveller Information System:
These systems were one of the first applications in 1TS, and were designed to provide the public with
current information on traffic conditions and alternative travel options. Such systems brought together
information from various sensors and automated systems to provide a single source of up-to-the-minute travel
information and choices. It combines information on real-time traffic speeds along with travel options (and
a journey planner) for public transport, car sharing, bicycling and parking availability into a single application
which is widely used by locals and tourists alike.
Safety Management
The analysis of accident data coupled with roadway features and characteristics, traffic volumes, bridge
inventory and other data and the geographical presentation of this information in GIS environments will be
very usetul to develop safety management system. Inventory files such as traffic signals, narrow bridges
and railroad crossings could be analyzed more efficiently using GIS.
Bridge Maintenance
A major benefits derived from GIS use will be in obtaining bridge information through general query
capability. Example includes bridge condition surveys, sufficiency ratings, functionally deficient bridges,
posted capacity distribution, clearness etc. Through relational database, bridge maintenance engineers could
access important information like average daily traffic, as well as system and functional classification from
planning and research maps.
Routing analysis of hazardous materials
GIS is an ideal environment for routing analysis of hazardous materials because this requires overly
of many highway network attributes as well as other databases (e.g. demographic, topographic, weather etc.)
on individual road segments in order to properly characterize accidents and consequence to population and
environment.
Environmental Management
Transportation infrastructure management requires careful consideration of the environment. GIS is
uniquely capable of assisting tran'sportation professionals in understanding these issues and selecting the most
environmentally sensitive solutions. With GIS, you can understand the impact of land-use decisions and
evaluate smart-growth alternatives. GIS integrates environmental factors with land-use, housing, and
employment density analysis to help communities address growth issues.
Construction Management
When integrated with construction management and financial software, GIS can help track the
performance of one or multiple infrastructure projects. GIS makes a wealth of information, such as schedules,
estimates, and contracts, easily available from a spatial interface. For project tracking, GIS can help organize
all relevant information, from survey data, soils, and geotechnical studies to planning, environmental studies,
and engineering drawings. Having quick and easy access to data during construction can greatly increase
efficiency and reduce time spent searching for needed information.
Transportation applications of GIS have become increasingly popular in recent years, so much so that
they are now routinely referred to by the acronym GIS-T(Geographical Information Systems in
Transportation).
3.5 GPS- FOR TRANSPORTATION
It is estimated that delays from congestion on highways, streets, and transit systems throughout the
world result in productivity losses in the hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Other negative effects of
congestion include property damage, personal injuries, increased air pollution, and inefficient fuel
consumption.
The availability and accuracy of the Global Positioning System (GPS) offers increased efficiencies
and safety for vehicles using highways, streets, and mass transit systems. Many of the problems ass0
72
Infrastructure for Smart Cities
with the routing and dispatch of commercial vehicles is significantly reduced or
of GPS. This is also true for the management of mass eliminated with the hel
transit systems, road maintenance crews, and
emergency vehicles.
GPS enables automatic vehicle location and
in-vehicle
throughout the world today. By combining GPs position technologynavigation systems that are widely used
with systems that can display geographic
information or with systems that can automalicany transmit data to display
dimension in surface transportation is realized. screens or computers, a new
A geographic information system (GlS) stores,
information provided in large part by GPS. Today GIS isanalyzes,
used to
and displays geographically referenced
effective strategies that can keep trans1t vehicies on schedule and monitor vehicle location, making possible
Mass transit systems use this capabilty to tracK rall, bus, inform passengers of precise arrival times.
and other services to improve on-time
Using GPS technology to help track and forecast the performance.
movement
revolution, including an application known as time-definite delivery. In of freight has made a logistical
companies use GPS for tracking to guarantee delivery time-definite delivery. trucking
and pickup at the time promised, whether over short
distances or across time zones. When an Order comes in, a
dispatcher punches a computer
displaying a full array of detailed information on the function,
list of trucks appears on the screen, and a
of them. If atruck is running late or strays status of each
off route, an alert is sent to the
Many nations use GPS to help survey their road and dispatcher.
of features on, near, or adjacent to the road highway networks, by identifying the location
networks. These include service stations., maintenance and
emergency services and supplies, entry and exit ramps, damage to the road
serves as an input to the GIS data gathering process. This system, etc. The information
to reduce maintenance and service costs and database of knowledge helps transportation agencies
enhances the safety of drivers using the roads.
Vehicle tracking :
In the transportation and logistics business, GPS or GPS technology today extends further than just
a tool to help drivers to navigate from locations. GPS
technology has fully
industry. They are mobile app developers that can hand you advanced GPS transformed the transportation
include business-effectual tools required by your business and vehicle tracking systems that
customer needs.
From your smart mobile device, you can easily
locate your vehicles,
assignments and manage costs. These features are ideal for running a successful effectively planor drivers'
business without making so many calls or going through bulky reports to make transportation logistics
decisions.
With GPS tracking technology, you can monitor vehicle speed, routes,
engine start-up and shut down,
idling and routes.
Intelligent Transport System (1TS) is an example of a GPS application. GPS can be applied in the following
3 fields of traffic engineering effectively due to its
higher accuracy.
a. Automatic vehicle location
b. General fleet operation
c. Dynamic route guidance
The application also includes support to emergency vehicles (police search & rescue, etc) and tor the
monitoring of cars, taxis dangerous/hazardous or valuable cargos. trucks and railways. GPS can also be
applied in the following fields, but yet not found effective compared to other positioning systems.
- Advanced Traffic Management System
(ATMS)
- Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS)
- Commercial Vehicle Operation (CVO)
- Advanced Public Transport System (APTS)
 ntelligent Transport Systems 73
(a) Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL):
AVL System, tracks the positions of a fleet of vehicles in a particular area and
reports the information
to a host via a communication infrastructure. GPS positioning system is
more appropriate because the
accuracy needed is of the order of centimeters. Determination of the location of each vehicle
typically
involves a transMission initiated by the mobile vehicle. In this system, the
communication system transmits
the actual location to the host server. The transmission contains a position report data packet,
which includes
the vehicles latitude and longitude derived using a GPS receiver installed in the mobile vehicle.
A generic distributed AVL System: In this system, the only location determination
component is an
on board GPS receiver. After receiving the reported position from the mobile GPS unit, the known
route
plus the position information will provide enough information for the host to obtain a rough estimate of
location.
(b) General Fleet Operation :
The major benefit of positioning for fleet applications is that it makes it possible to send the closest
vehicle to adispatch point, with conseguent saving of fuel and time. This can be used both for commercial
vehicle operation and emergency vehicle management. The accuracy required depends on the size of fleet and
total area being serviced. For fleet operation in metropolitan areas a wide area of coverage is sufficient. For
interstate/inter-country fleet operations, a positioning system wvith global coverage satisfies the requirement.
Hence positioning requirement for interstate/ inter-country fleet operation is better fulfilled by GPS.
(c) Dynamic Route Guidance :
A dynamic navigation system uses real time traffic information to assist users traveling on the road
networks. This technigue is also known as dynamic route guidance. The other sensors along with GPS
receiver used for route guidance in a vehicle are described below:
The sensors those are used along with GPS for dynamic route guidance are as follows:
Generic GPS Aided vehicle Navigation system :
a. Odometer : It is a distance sensor that may be mounted singly or in pairs on to either the wheel
or the transm ission of the vehicle.
b.
Magnetic Compass : It measures the heading of a vehicle. The most popular electronic compass
technology for land vehicle application uses the flux-gate principle.
C.
Tilt Sensor : It gives information about the pitch and roll angles of the vehicle. it may include
one or more inclinometers.
d. Gyroscope : It measures the rate of change of heading of the vehicle
e.
Digital Maps : These are used through GIS to relate mathematical coordinates to locations on
the street segments and intersections. In turn, the stored coordinates of the map features provide
a means in coordinate space, and hence allow the digital map to contribute the navigation
function. Enroute guidance of vehicles is done using the position data received by aGPS receiver.
Once the position is known, proper signals and instructions can be prepared for the driver after
comparison of the position against the planned route. This planned route consists of a sequence
of road segments stored by digitizing the map through GIS.
Benefits of GPS :
Higher levels of safety and mobility for all surface transportation system users.
More accurate position determination to provide greater passenger information
More effective monitoring to ensure schedule adherence, creating a transit system more responsive
to transportation users needs.
Better location information with electronic maps to provide in-vehicle navigation systems for
both commercial and private users.
Increased efficiencies and reduced costs in surveying roads.
ISC/BE Sem-VII-2022 / 10
|74 Infrastructure for Smart Cities
3.6 NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement
of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. The field of navigation includes four general categories:
land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space
navigation.
It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to pertorm navigation
tasks. All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator's position compared to known locations or
patterns.
Navigation, in a broader sense, can refer to any skill or study that involves the determination of
position and direction. In this sense, navigation includes orienteering and pedestrian
Land Navigation :
navigation.
Navigation for cars and other land-based travel tvpically uses maps, landmarks, and in recent
times computer navigation ("satnav', short for satellite navigation), as well as any
means available on Water.
Computerized navigation commonly relies on GPS for current location information, a navigational map
database of roads and navigable routes, and uses algorithms related to the shortest path problem to
identity
optimal routes.
Satellite Navigation service is an emerging satellite based system with commercial and strategiC
applications. ISRO is committed to provide the satellite based Navigation services to meet the emerging
demands of the Civil Aviation requirements and to meet the user requirements of the positioning,
and timing based on the independent satellite navigation system. To meet the Civil Aviation
navigation
requirements.
ISRO is working jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI) in establishing the GPS Aided Geo Augmented
Navigation (GAGAN) system. To meet the user requirements of the positioning, navigation and timing
services based on the indigenous system, ISRO is establishing a regional satellite navigation system called
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
(a) GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) :
This is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority of
India (AAl). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy
and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian
Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless
navigation across regional boundaries. The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 and
GSAT-10.

(b) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) : NavlC:

IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is designed
to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to
1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary service area. IRNSS has operational name
of NavIC (acronym for Navigation with Indian Constellation).
IRNSS will provide two types of services, namely,
1. Standard Positioning Service (SPS) which is provided to all the users and
2. Restricted Service (RS), which is an encrypted service provided only to the authorized users.
The IRNSS System is expected to provide aposition accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary
service area. The main goal behind designing the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is
to provide accurate position information services to assist in the navigation of ships in lndian Ocean waters.
NavlC based trackers are compulsory on commercial velhicles in India and it is planned to become
available in consumer mobile phones shortly. India becomes 4th Nation to have its own navigation system:
IRNSS 1s India's Own GPS!

The IRNSS system comprises a space segment, ground segment and user segment.
intelligent Transport Systems 75
Space segment :
The constellation consists of 8 satelites. Three of the eight satellites are located in geostationary
orbit (GEO) at, approximately 36,000 km above earth surface. Remaining five satellites are in
inclined geosynchronous orbit (GSO).
Ground segment :
The
Ground Segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRNSS constellation.
Ground segment comprises:
IRNSS Spacecraft Control Facility (IRSCF)
ISRO Navigation Centre (NC)
IRNSS Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations (IRIMS)
IRNSS Network Timing Centre (IRNWT)
IRNSS CDMA Ranging Stations (IRCDR)
Laser Ranging Stations
IRNSS Data Communication Network (IRDCN)
User segment :
The User segment mainly consists of:
- Single frequency IRNSS receiver capable of receiving SPS signal at LS5 or S band frequency.
- A dual frequency IRNSS receiver capable of receiving both L5 and S band frequencies.
- A receiver compatible to IRNSS and other GNSS signals.
Figure specifies the radio frequency interface between space and user segments. Each IRNSS satellite
provides SPS signals in L5 and S bands.

IRNSS Space Segment

Space Vehicles (SV)

L5

SPS SPS

IRNSS
User Segment

Fig. 3.2 IRNSS Space segment interface with User segment

 76 Infrastructure for Smart Citiea
Some applications of IRNSS are :
Terrestrial, Aerial and Marine Navigation
Disaster Management
Vehicle tracking and fleet management
Integration with mobile phones
Precise Timing
Mapping and Geodetic data capture
Terrestrial navigation aid for hikers and travellers
Visual and voice navigation for drivers
Terrestrial Navigation :
Terrestrial navigation is applied to all techniques that are based on terrestrial sightings and/or
measurements: however, radio navigation systems are not included. Terrestrial navigation comprises dead
reckoning, visual navigation, and some other generic position fixing techniques. These methods are applied
in land, maritime, and aeronautic applications.
It is the method of navigation used by mariners that uses landmarks as reference points,
ship's stability,
fuel consumption and ship's speed along with tides and currents. This is the opposite of celestial navigation.
which plots positions in relation to the stars.
Instruments for terrestrial Navigation
Odometers distance measurement
Laser ranging Time of arrival/pulses, Continuous waves
RF techniques, radar (radio detection and ranging).... Time of arrival/pulses - Continuous waves
Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) - time of arrival l pulses
Barometer Imeasure altitude

Radar Altimeter measure altitude

Doppler sensors
Accelerometers and Gyroscopes
Gyroscopes measure angular rotation rate
Accelerometers measures non-gravitational acceleration
Compass - measure direction of magnetic north
3.7 TRAFFIC SAFETY MANAGEMENT :

India ranks high when it comes to number of accidents on the road. However, in the recent years,
mprovement has been seen in this area. With the rapid increase in the number of vehicles on the road, the
traffic conditions are under a lot of pressure. Therefore. road safety is one of the most serious public health
ISsues in our country. It has an impact on everyone. whether one drives a vehicle, walks or rides a cycle.
Koad Satety is a multi-sectoral and multi-dimensional issue. It incorporates the development and
management of road infrastructure, provision of safer vehicles, legislation and law enforcement, mobility
planning, provision of health and hospital services, child safety. urban land use planning etc. In other worlds,
its ambit spans engineering aspects of both. roads and vehicles on one hand and the provision of health
and hospital services for trauma case (in post-crash scenario) on the other. Road safety is a shared, muitl
sectoral, responsibility of the government and a range of civil society stakeholders. The success of roa0
safety strategies in all countries depends upon a broad base of support and common action from all
stakeholders
ptelligent Transport Systems 77
Road safety refers to the measures which must be adopted by everyone
while using roads. These safety
methods are meant for reducing the risk of accidents and injuries or causalities on the
road. These rules
must be followed by all users of roads including pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, and
bus and truck drivers.
Safety methods also relate to the construction, layout of roads as well as traffic
regulation systems. So, we
can summarize that road safety involves:
(i) the design of roads and
highways:
(ii) laws pertaining to traffic and vehicles;
(ii) systems of traffic safety and control;
(iv) driver education;
(v) school students' education;
(vi) mass education;
(vii) traffic regulation and road safety signs;
(vii) vehicle design; and
(ix) motor vehicle safety inspection and maintenance.
IMPORTANCE OF ROAD SAFETY :
Road Safety
Some of the major causes of road accidents are as follows.
(i) Lack of highway safety
(ii) Drunken driving
(ii) Driving in an exhausted state for long hours
(iv) Using cell phone while driving
(v) Over speeding or rash driving
(vi) Driving in wrong lanes
(vii) Turning without giving signal
(viii) Overtaking from wrong side
It can be seen that road safety is a collective responsibility. Therefore each one of us has to take
steps required of us.
Collective Responsibilities :
.
Role of Government and Public Sector
(i) Develop stricter road safety polices
(ii) Generate funds for road safety awareness
(iii) Stricter enforcement of rules by government
(iv) Building better roads and highways
Role of General Community
(i) Acceptance of road safety rules, regulations and policies
(i) Participation in road safety awareness drives to enhance people's knowledge about road safety
Role of Education Sector
(i) Inclusion of road safety modules in school curriculum
(ii) Impart road safety education with the help of experts in thËs area
(ii) Impart effective driver training for learners as well as existing drivers
Role of Media
) Communicate road safety messages througlh print and electronic media
(i) Support road safety initiatives through responsible and objective reporting
 78 Infrastructure for Smart Citie
Role of Health Professionals

() Strengthen trauma facilities in our country.

(ii) Organize workshops for saving the lives of people in road accidents.
Improvement in Infrastructure -guidelines
() Adopt effective and safe traftic management measures while planning and designing infrastructure
For example. government approved road design. design of over bridges, road signages. ete.
(ii) A Road Safety Authority should be installed both at national and state level.
(iii) An appropriate policy and tramework based on the Safe System approach should be adopted to
guide safe road infrastructure design.
(iv) The Indian Roads Congress (IRC) Codes of practice need to be updated regularly. based on local
research. Application of the IRC Codes should be mandatory.
(v) Installation of road signages must be done in accordance with the RC Codes.
(v) Safety performance of roads and their design standards should be evaluated continually.
(v) Road safety consultants should be independent, which is common practice internationally.
(vii) A pool of safety auditors should be created both at a national and a state level.
(ix) Rating of ro¡d safety auditors and contractors should be conducted in regards to their level of
experience and expertise.
Design of Roads
In India the road networks are nearly 5,472, 144 KM. The roads are designed only by keeping in mind
all safety aspects but accident rate of the roads accidents are merely increased as to the extent. Designs
of roads are divided as three types:
1) Road junctions
2) Road maintenance

3) Inadequate visibility
Roads design depends on the basis of location of the road, traffic congestion. Hospital areas and
educational institutions, road dividers and road junctions.
Vehicle Technology (June-2022)
Speed of the vehicle is most dangerous think for the accidents. Considering technical factors. speed
of the vehicle, vehicle size and capacity, any motor vehicle should be designed because one of the major
reasons for accidents is vehicle design. To make motor vehicles accident free motor vehicles, it should be
designed in such a way that it can be controlled by motor vehicles even before the accident occurs. To
ensure safe public vehicles, it has been suggested to the governments of all states that:
a) The width, height and length of vehicles,
b) The size, nature and condition of wheels and tyres,
c) Brakes,
d) Lamps and reflectors,
e) Warning devices,
f) The inspection of vehicles,
particulars shal
8) Kegulating the particulars exhibited on vehicles and the manner in which such
be exhibited. These all should be standardized and strictly implemented.
Recommendations for vehicles are:
a Harmonization of vehicle regulations with the UN ECE Regulations should be pursued while te
process must take in consideration the road traffic situation of India.
ntelligent Transport Systems 79

b. The opportunities to develop enhanced regulations for buses, commercial vehicles, and motorcycles,
should be reviewed and understood.
C. It should be possible, by the appropriate assigned body. to cancel vehicle registrations should the
vehicle not meet applicable safety regulations.
d. Avehicle rating program should be finally defined, i.e. rating programs should be scientifically
examined to benefit the Indian market, and get support from all stakeholders, with an aim to help
buyers of vehicles to make informed purclhase decisions.
e. Incentives to promote safety beyond basic regulations should be considered.
Hurdles in Road Safety
(i) Negligence by civilians
(ii) Pathetic condition of roads
(iii) Unsafe vehicle design
(iv) Violation of road safety standards
(v) Lack of emergency services
(vi) Defects in highway designing

ROAD SEFETY
MANAGEMENT

DESIGN OF VEHICLE DRIVERS

PUBLIC
ROADS DESIGN BEHAVIOR

ROAD TECHNICAL ROAD SEFETY SAFETY

JUNCTIONS FACTORS TRAINING EDUCATION

ROAD SPEED OF THE FOLLOWING

EXPERIENCE
MAINTENANCE VEHICLE RULES

IN ADEQUATE VEHICLE SIZE AWARENESS

PHYSICAL
VISIBILITY AND CAPACITY AND
FITNESS
MOTIVATION

Fig. 3.3 Approach for Road safety management

 80 Infrastructure for Smart Citics
National Road Safety Policy(2010) (Dec.-2021, June-2022)
The National Road Safety Policy outlines the policy initiatives to be framed/taken by the Government
at all levels to improve the road safety activities in the country. Broadly, it aims
lo promote awareness about road safety issues.
To establish a road safety information database.
To ensure safer road infrastructure by way of designing sarer roads, encouraging application
of
Inteligent Transport System etc.
To ensure fitment of safty features in the vehicles at the stage of designing, manufacture mesre
operation and maintenance.
To strengthen the system of driver licensing and training to improve the competence of drivers
To take measures to ensure safety of vulnerable road users.
To take appropriate measures for enforcement of safety laws.
To ensure emergency medical attention for road accident victims.
To encourage human resource development and R&D for road safety.
To strengthen the enabling legal, institutional and financial
environment for promotingroad safety
culture in the country.

3.8 e-TICKETING :
(Dec.-2021, June-2022)
An electronic ticket is more efficient method of ticket
entry, pr0cessing and marketing for companies
in the airline, railways and other transport and
entertainment industries. An e-ticket (electronic ticket) is a
paperless electronic document used for ticketing passengerS, particularly in the
Virtually all major airlines now use this method of commercial airline industr.
ticketing.
e- ticket for air transport provides the following details :
An official ticket number (including the airline's 3-digit ticketing
a 6-digit serial number, and sometimes a check digit)
code, a 4-digit form number,.
Carriage terms and conditions (or at least a reference to them)
Fare and tax details, including fare calculation details and some additional data such as
tour
codes.

A short summary of fare restrictions, usually specifying only whether change or refund are
permitted but not the penalties to which they are subject
Form of payment
Issuing office
Baggage allowance
e-tiçketing in Indian Railway :
ne indian Railway Catering &Tourisnm Corporation Lid., (lretc Lid) a PSU of Ministry of Railways
have developed a system for advance booking of Rail tickets through Internet. The Web site tor onlne
booking Is WWw.irctc. co. in. Booking procedures are simple and user riendly.
Indian Railways offers cashbless ticketing option to its customer through internet ticketing n TkCTC
Website Tor booking reserved tickets More than 589% of the train accommodation is reserved through e
iCKeting. IRCTC also provides option for purchasine Season Tickets for suburban train services on Western
and Central Railways. Facility for purchasing unreserved tickets through mobile phone is available for Pan
Indla stations. Further Automatic Ticket Vending Machines dispensing unreserved tickets using smart cards
are provided at over 1000
locations all over the country.
ntelligent Transport Systems 81

E-Ticketing by lRCTC is helpful in protecting environment by saving paper. E-ticket holders are now
permitted to travel without printout of ticket and can travel with SMS sent by ITCTC along with valid
Photo ID proof in original.
E-ticketing is also helpful in saving environment by controlling pollution as people do not have to
travel to Rail Reservation Offices to buy tickets. E-Tickets can be booked fromthe comfort of homes and
offices. This not only saves air pollution but also Noise pollution.
Advantages of electronic ticketing :
cheaper for the airline:
no piece of paper to misplace
as part of a well designed operation can reduce processing time
Easy to keep records for business travel
less chance of ticket theft.

E-ticketing has streamlined some of the airport check-in process. Some airlines allow you to
use a self-check-in kiosk, skipping the long line at the airline ticket desk.
You can purchase and print e-ticket any time 24 hours a day
You can pay for e-ticket with your credit card online without leaving your work place or home.
Disadvantages of electronic ticketing :
If you have a system crash and don't back up appropriately can lose information.
No souvenir ticket to paste in scrapbook
Fear of change
3.9 SMART MOBILITY : (Dec.-2021, June-2022)
Urban mobility has been seen as an important engine for the growth and progress of modern cities.
In smart cities, mobility refers not just to the movement within a city and the delivery of goods from one
place to another destination, it also means technologies like citywide wireless communication and real-time
monitoring of the traffic flow, as well as the flexible reactions to problems. In addition, mobility in smart
cities is customized through the well-developed communication infrastructure.
Our cities are faced with rapid motorization. This has led to severe congestion, deteriorating air quality.
increasing incidence of road accidents and a rapidly increasing energy bill. Walking and cycling have been
rendered unsafe due to poor infrastructure and public transport has been inadequate. So far, urban transport
planning has emphasized providing for the personal motor vehicle. Public transport systems have been planned
in isolation with the result that a well-integrated multi-modal systenm has not come up. This has resulted
in high cost facilities not giving the outcomes that were sought.
Ease of being able to move from one place to another is at the core of a "Smart City". Seoul,
Singapore, Yokohama and Barcelona (allconsidered Smart Cities) have asound transport system as the core
of their "Smartness". The transport system emphasizes walking, cycling and public transport as the primary
means for mobility with personal motor vehicles being actively discouraged. In fact, smart cities lay
considerable emphasis on the walkability and cycling in the city. The pedestrian is given a place of
prominence as every trip has a leg that involves walking. However, smart city need to look into the
bottlenecks of road/rail networks also and wherever required underpasses, elevated roads, additional rail
networks need to be put in place urgently.
Smart mobility includes, Intelligent mobility: Advanced traffic management system (ATMS), Parking
management, ITS-enabled transportation pricing system
ISC/BE Sem-VIl-2022 / 11
 82
Infrastructure for Smart Cities
Measures to improve mobility : (Dec.-2021. June-2022)
Intelligent mobility Is one of the key aspects of a Smart City, towards which cities worldw ide
are starting the most nteresting transfornmations, either through large structural
investments. and
low cost initiatives that act o social innovation and on raising public
awareness. In particular.
theinterventions for a Smart mobility brought forward by the Cities concern:
enhancement and etticiency of the system of public transport and a modernization of the related
means of transport with vehicles that use low-emission combustion engines. electric or hydrogen
motors. up to the introduction of driverless vehicles:
promotion of the use by cit1zens of electric and hvbrid vehicles. even with the
new charging columns (as required by the EU) and the activation of
installation of
electric cars rental services.
and the introduction of smart charging systems (vehicle to rid
and vehicle to building):
enhancing bike sharing. car sharing and car pooling policies:
implementation of early warning systems for conveying traffic and of parking addressing systems
and the management via smart phones of the access to
restricted traffic areas and pay parking:
digitalization of the public transport system with the introduction of smart palettes and panels
with a variable message at public transport stops and applications
can provide useful information about urban lines, waiting dedicated to info-mobility that
times. possible criticalities and
atmospheric disturbances directly to the users' smart phones:
introduction of interchange parking spaces where to leave own car to continue with other lower
environmental impact means:
promotion and development of pedestrian traffic activating policies to encourage walking even
through the retraining of the paths, the improvement of lighting and the introduction of
signage:
dedicated
introduction of intelligent traffic lights taking real-time count of car flows as now happens in
several cities in the United States:
introduction of intelligent streetlights capable of automated modulating lighting according to the
intensity of the transit and that, through a survey in real time of the detected data. are able to
provide public administration useful information:
realization, as in Netherlands and France, of solar photovoltaic cycle paths.
Cycling is one of the, most cost efficient and environmentally sustainable mode for commuting
in cities. Many cities across the world have given emphasis to it and developed the required
infrastructure for promoting cycling. Also programs like bicycle sharing such as Velib in Paris
can be promoted to decongest the CBDs.
If cities are to be efficient engines of economic growth, it is important that goods are able to
move iromn production centres to consumption centres at low cost and high speed. Theretore, a
good freight movement system acquires
importanCe.
Hence, improved mobility will involve a three pronged approach whereby there are:
Improvements in public transport - Metro Rail, BRT, LRT, Monorail. Trams etc.
2 Improvements in infrastructure of other motor vehicles - ring roads, bypasses, underpasses,
elevated roads, improvements in the existing road ways
3. Improvements in infrastructure for walking,
cycling and waterways
Smart tratfic systems and routes that might bring many informational sources and possib1lities, not
yet used by crisiS management. Examples are smart cars themselves. Their ability to communicate betw een
themselves and environment allows us to collect data about traffic flow, obstacles on the road, road condition
and so on. But they can also analyze those received data by themselves and adjust to the situation. Those
are base abilities in the development of autonomous driving.
 Intelligent Transport Systems 83
A contribution to individual safety for smart cars
passengers is also the
aredetermined mobile contacts and emergency call about the traffic accident. possibility ofeven
notification of
f traffic accident in abandoned route, ended in Therefore, in the case
the fall of passengers unconscious, there will be a help
coming.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
What is Intelligent Transportation System(ITS) ? What are its purposes and
applications? (June-2022)
2 Describe various Intelligent Transportation System(ITS).
3 Describe pioneering technologies for smart vehicles.
4. What is smart car ? Give features of sImart
cars. (June-2022)
5 Write short note on: Fuels of future.
6 Describe various applications of GIS in transportation
engineering. (Dec.-2021, June-2022)
7 Describe role of GPS in transport system management.
8 Write a brief note on: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)
9. What is scope of traffic safety management ? Enumerate collective responsibilities of various segments
of traffic safety management.
10. Give recommendations for infrastructure improvement and vehicle technology for traffic safety.
(June-2022)
|1. Write short note on: National Road Safety Policy(2010). (Dec.-2021, June-2022)
12. Give advantages and disadvantages of e-ticketing. (Dec.-2021, June-2022)
13. What is smart mobility ? Give measures to improve mobility. (Dec.-2021, June-2022)
14. Write the advantages of ITS.
(Dec.-2021)