Chaitanya Degree College B.Sc.

III Year V Sem(Java Notes)

Unit – I
Java Evolution

Java History and Introduction:

• Java is a general purpose object oriented language.
• Java is developed by Sun Microsystems of USA in 1991.
• James Gosling is one of the inventors of Java.
• Java is called “Oak” at the beginning.
• Java is developed for consumer electronic devices like TVs, VCRs etc., and electronic devices.
• Java is simple, reliable, portable and powerful language when compare to C, C++.
• Java is a platform-neutral language.
• Java is not tied to any particular hardware or operating system so Java programs can be
executed anywhere on any system.

Development stages or Milestones of Java:

➔ In 1990 Sun Microsystems formed a team headed by James Gosling to develop special software
to manipulate customer electronic devices.
➔ In 1991 the team announced a new language called “Oak”.
➔ In 1992 the team demonstrated their new language to control home appliances.
➔ In 1993 the WWW on the Internet transformed the text-based Internet into a Graphical rich
environment. The team developed web applets using new language that can run on all types of
computers connected to Internet.
➔ In 1994 the team developed a Web browser called “HotJava” demonstrated the power of new
language.
➔ In 1995 Oak was renamed “Java”. Many companies supported Java.
➔ In 1996 Java is established as Internet programming, general purpose and object oriented
programming language, Java Development Kit 1.0 is released.
➔ In 1997 Java development Kit 1.1(JDK 1.1) is released.
➔ In 1998 Java 2 version called Software Development Kit (SDK 1.2) is released.
➔ In 1999 Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE) and Enterprise Edition (J2EE) are released.
➔ In 2000 J2SE with SDK 1.3 is released.
➔ In 2002 J2SE with SDK 1.4 is released.
➔ In 2004 J2SE with JDK 5.0 is released, it is known as J2SE 5.0.

Features of Java:
Java is a true object oriented programming language which is reliable, portable, distributed,
simple, compact and interactive. The main features of Java are:
1. Compiled and interpreted: java is compiled and interpreted language with two stages, at the first
stage Java compiler translates the code into “bytecode”, at the second stage Java interpreter
translates the bytecode into machine code.
2. Platform Independent and Portable: Java programs can be easily moved form one computer
system to another, any where and anytime. Upgrades and changes in OS, Processor and system
resources will not effect on java programs. So java becomes a popular language for programming on
Internet.
3. Object Oriented: Java is a true Object Oriented language. All the programs are built in objects
and classes.
4. Simple, Small and Familiar: Java is modeled and simplified on C and C++. Java code looks like
a C++ code. It is simplified version of C++. Java does not use pointers, preprocessor header files,
goto statement and operator overloading, etc.,
5. High Performance: Java uses intermediate bytecode, the incorporation of multireading increases
the overall execution speed of a Java program.
6. Secure and Robust: Security is an important aspect while programming on Internet. Java
systems verity that no viruses are downloaded with an applet, so it provides high security.
Java provides many safeguards to code. It also provides facilities for exception handling, so it is a
robust language.
7. Distributed: Java is distributed language for creating applications on networks. Java programs
can be opened and accessed remote objects on Internet just like local systems. So multiple
programmers at multiple remote locations to work together on a single project.
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Chaitanya Degree College B.Sc.III Year V Sem(Java Notes)
8. Multithreaded and Interactive: Multithreaded means handling two or more tasks simultaneously,
java supports this feature, it improves the interactive performance of graphical applications
9. Dynamic and Extensible: Java is capable of dynamically linking in new class libraries, methods
and objects. It supports functions written in other languages like C and C++. These functions are
called native methods. They are linked dynamically at runtime.

Java and C/C++: Java is modeled on C, C++, even though there are many differences between java
and C/C++ languages.

Java and C: ● Java does not include the keywords sizeof, typedef.
● Java does not contain the data types struct and union.
● Java does not support an explicit pointer type.
● Java does not support the type modifier keywords auto, extern, register,
signed and unsigned.
● Java does not have preprocessor type, so it does not support # define,
# include, # ifdef statements
● Java has functions with no arguments may be declared with empty
parenthesis, but the same thing is done in c with void keyword.
● Java has new operators such as instanceof and >>>.
● Java has many features of object-oriented programming.

Java and C++: ● Java does not support operator overloading.

● Java does not contain template classes as in C++.
● Java has replaced the destructor function with a finalize() function
● Java is a true object oriented language where as C++ is basically C with
object oriented extension.
● Java uses a new feature called Interface inheritance where as C++
uses multiple inheritance.
● Java has no pointers.
● Java does not support global variables.
● Java does not have header files.

Simple Java Program: A simple Java Program is like below

class cdc
{
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
System.out.println(“Now we are studying in CDC”);
}
}
The first line class cdc declares a class. Java is a true object-oriented language so
everything must be placed inside the class. “class” is a keyword used to declare class. Every class
definition in Java begins with opening brace “{“and ends with closing brace “}”.
The third line public static void main(String args[ ]) defines the method named main.
This is similar to main( ) in C and C++. Every Java program must has a main method; this is the
starting point for the interpreter to begin the execution of the program. A Java program may have any
number of classes but only one of them includes main method to initiate the program execution.
The term Public declares the main method as unprotected and therefore it accessible to all
other classes.
The term static declares this method is not belongs to any class and not a part of any objects
of class. The main must be always declared as static.
The term void states that the method does not return any value.
The term String args[ ] declares parameter named args, that contains any array of objects of
the class type String.
The fifth line declares that the println method is a member of the out object, which is a static
data member of system class. It is similar to printf statement of C or cout of C++.
The method println prints a line and moves to next line, Java provides another method print;
it prints a line and does not move to next line.
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Chaitanya Degree College B.Sc.III Year V Sem(Java Notes)
Types of Java Programs;
We can develop two types of Java programs, they are:
1. Stand alone applications: These are programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks on local
computer. Java is useful to develop programs for all kinds of applications. These programs involve
two steps;
1. Compiling the source code into bytecode using “javac” complier.
2. Executing the bytecode programs using “java” interpreter.
2. Web Applets: Web Applets are small Java programs developed for Internet applications. An
applet located on server can be downloaded and executed on a local computer(client) through a java
capable browser. Java Applets are embedded in an HTML document and run inside a Web page,
this is more complex than creating an application.

Java program Structure: Java is an Object oriented programming language so it contains many
classes, in which only one class may contain main method. Classes contain data members and
methods that operate on the data members of the class. A Java program may contain more sections
like below
Documentation Section
 Suggested
Package Statement  Optional
Import Statements  Optional

Interface Statements  Optional

 Optional
Class Definitions
Main Method Class
{  Essential
Main Method Definition
}

Documentation Section: This section contains comments, which contains the name of the program,
author name and other details. In Java comments are written between /* …………………*/.
Package Statement: This is the first statement allowed in a Java file. It declares a package name
and informs the compiler that the classes defined here belong to this package. This is an option.
The classes may not be a part of package.
Import Statements: this is similar to #Include statement of C. This is used to access classes that
are part of other named packages.
Interface Statements: Interface is new concept in Java. This is used when we want to implement
multiple inheritance features in the program.
Class Definitions: A Java program may contain multiple classes. These are the primary and
essential elements of a Java program. It is used to define classes.
Main Method Class: This is the essential part of a Stand-alone java program. A Java program may
contain only this part. The main method is the starting point of the program, on reaching the end of
main the program terminates and control passes back to operating system.

JAVA TOKENS: A Java program is a collection of classes. A class is a set of declaration statements
and methods. The smallest individual unit in a program is called token. The compiler recognizes
them for building up expressions and statements. A Java program is a collection of tokens,
comments and white spaces. Java language consist 5 types of tokens they are:
1. Keywords: Java language has 50 reserved keywords. They combine with operators and
separators according to syntax. They have special meaning in Java. All these keywords are written
in lower-case letters. The reserved keywords are:
Group Keywords
Data Types long, int, short, byte, double, float, char, boolean ,void
Values and Variables false, true, this, super, null
Control flow switch, case, default, break, continue, goto, return, do, if, else, for, while
Class Organization packages, import
Class Definition interface, class, extends, implements
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Chaitanya Degree College B.Sc.III Year V Sem(Java Notes)
Classes and Variables abstract, public, private, protected, static, synchronized, volatile, final,
const, native
Exception Handling throw, throws, try, catch, finally
Instance creating and new, instanceof
testing

Some keywords of C are not available in Java. They are: auto, enum, extern, register, signed, sizeof,
struct, typeof, union and unsigned.
Some keywords of C++ are not available in Java. They are: delete, friend, inline, mutable, template,
using, virtual.
Identifiers: Identifiers are programmer designed tokens. They are used for naming classes,
methods, variables, objects, labels, packages and interfaces in a program. Identifier must be
meaningful. The general rules define an identifier are:
1. They can have alphabets, digits, the underscore and Dollar sign.
2. They must not begin with a digit.
3. Uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct.
4. They can be of any length.

Literals: Literals in Java are a sequence of characters like digits, letters and other characters that
represent constant values to be stored in variables. There are five types of literals available in Java.
They are 1. Integer Literals 2. Floating-point Literals 3. Character Literals
4. String Literals 5. Boolean Literals.
Operators: An operator is a symbol that takes one or more arguments and operates on them to
produce result. There are many types of operators like Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment,
Conditional, Bitwise, Increment and decrement and special operators.
Separators: Separators are symbols used to indicate Groups, they are used to divide and arrange
groups. Java provides different separators like below
Separator Name Use
Parentheses () Used to enclose parameters, defining precedence in expressions
Braces { } Used to define a block of code for classes, methods and local scopes.
Brackets [ ] Used to declare array type and for dereferencing array values
Semicolon ; Used to separate statements
Comma , Used to separate identifiers in variable declaration, to chain statements
together in side a for statement
Period . Used to separate package names from sub-packages and classes, to
separate a variable or method form a reference variable.

Java Statements: A statement is an executable combination of tokens ending with a semicolon

mark. Statements are usually executed in a sequential order in which they appear. We may control
the flow of execution if necessary using special statements. Java implements various statements like
below
Statement name use
Empty Statement It does nothing, used as a place holder
Labeled Statement A statement may begin with label. A Label must not be a keyword. They are
used as arguments of Jump statements.
Expression Most of the statements are expression statements. They are Assignment, Pre-
Statement Increment, Post-Increment, Post-Decrement, Post-Increment, Method Call and
Allocation Expressions
Selection These statements are used to select one of several flows based on a condition,
Statement using if, if-else and switch.
Iteration Statement These Statements used as iterative loops using while, do and for.
Jumped Statement These Statements pass the control to the starting or ending part of the current
block or to a labeled statement using break, continue, return and through.
Synchronization These are used to handling issues with multithreading
Statement
Guarding These are used for safe handling of code that may cause exceptions (run time
Statement errors) using keywords like try, catch and finally.

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Chaitanya Degree College B.Sc.III Year V Sem(Java Notes)
Java
Statements

Expression Labeled Control Synchronization Guarding

Statements Statements Statements Statements Statements

Selection Iteration Jump

Statements Statements Statements

if If-else Switch while do switch break continue return

Implementing a Java Program: Java is a platform natural and object oriented language so the
implementation of a program is different from other languages it involves three steps they are:
1. Creating the Program: To create a java program chose any text editor ( ex. Notepad). After
typing the program in the text editor save the file with the name of Source Code
the class in which the main method is located, and with an
extension of .java. (ex. cdc.java, cdc is the name of the class in
which main method is located). This file is called “java source file”. Java Compiler

2. Compiling the program: After saving the program we must run

the Java Compiler javac, with the name of the java source file at the Bytecode
command line like javac cdc.java
If it contains no errors the javac compiler creates file with Windows/Macintosh/Other
same name and with extension as class ( ex: cdc.class). It Interpreter
contains bytecode
3. Running the program: Now we have to use the Java Machine Code
Interpreter to run the Java program at command prompt so type
java and the filename at command prompt (ex: java.cdc).
Now it looks for the main method in the program and begins Windows/Macintosh/Other
execution. Computer

Java Virtual Machine: In any programming language the compiler translates the program ( Source
Code) into machine code for a specific computer. Java compiler also does the same thing, but here
the compiler produces an intermedia code called bytecode for a machine that does not exist. This
Machine is called the Java Virtual Machine and it exists inside the computer memory. The bytecode
is also called Virtual Machine Code. The bytecode is machine-independent or machine specific and
therefore can be run on any machine.
Java interpreter reads the bytecode files and translates into machine code for a specific
machine, Java interpreter acts as an intermediary between virtual machine and the real machine.
The interpreter is different for different machines
Java Java Virtual Java Machine
Program Compiler Machine Interpreter Code

Source Code Byte code Real Machine

Command Line Arguments: Command Line Arguments are parameters that are supplied to the
application program at the time of invoking it for execution. These are used to act in a particular way
depending on the input provided at the time of execution. Suppose we type java cdc at command
line to invoke the java program named cdc. Here we have not supplied any arguments. We can write
java programs that receive the arguments provided at command line.
In Java programs we define main method with args[ ], here args is an array of strings, the
arguments provided in the command line are passed to the array as its elements. We can access
these elements in the program. Suppose “java cdc mpcs mccs mstcs melcs btcca” has 5
arguments. These arguments are arg[0] = mpcs arg[1] = mccs arg[2] = mstcs
arg[3] = melcs arg[4] = btcca.
The length or no of arguments is obtained by args.length method.
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Chaitanya Degree College B.Sc.III Year V Sem(Java Notes)
Constants, Variables and Data Types
Constants: Constants are fixed values that do not change during the execution of a program. Java
provides several types of constants, they are;
1. Integer Constants: An Integer constant is nothing but a sequence of digits. Java provides three
types of constants
i) Decimal Integers: This type of integers consist a set of digits 0 to 9, preceded by an
optional minus sign. Ex: 234, -786
ii) Octal Integers: This type of integers consist a set of digits 0 to 7 with leading 0(Zero).
They represent octal numbers. Ex: 023, 077
iii) Hexadecimal Integers: This type of integers consist a set of digits 0 to 9 and A to F(a to
f) represents the numbers 10 to 15. These are preceded by 0x or 0X (Zero and X). These integers
represent hexadecimal numbers. Ex: 0x12d, 0X34E, 0x12a.
2. Real Constants: Real Constants have a whole number followed by a decimal point and the
fractional part, which is an integer. Ex. 34.09, -0.56. These numbers may also express in exponential
or scientific form. Ex: 76000=7.6e4
3. Single Character Constants: A single character constant contains a single character enclosed
within a pair of single quote marks. Ex: ‘9’, ‘Y’, ‘g’, ‘#’
4. String Constants: A String constant is a sequence of characters like alphabets, digits, special
characters and blank spaces enclosed between double quotes. Ex: “Chaitanya”, “2010”,9-8”.
5. Backslash Character constants: Backslash character constants are used in output methods,
they represent one character, but they consist of two characters. Ex: ‘\b’ = backspace
‘\f’ = form feed ‘\n’ = new line ‘\r’ = carriage return ‘\t’ = horizontal tab
‘\’’ = single quote ‘\”’ = double quote ‘\\’ = back slash

Variables: A variable is a user defined identifier that denotes a storage location used to store a data
value. It may take different values at different times during the execution of the program. The
variable name must be in a meaningful way to reflect what it represents in the program. A variable
has a data type.
Data Types: Data type of a variable specifies the size and type of values that can be stored in the
variable. The various data types in java are:

Data Types

Primitive (Intrinsic) Non-Primitive (Derived)

Numeric Non-numeric Classes Interface Arrays

Integer Floating Point Character Boolean

Byte Short Int Long Float Double

Java consists mainly two data types Primitive (Intrinsic) and Non-Primitive (Derived). The
primitive data types are:
Integer Types: Integer types are used to store whole numbers. Java does not support the concept
of unsigned because they can be either positive or negative. There are four types of integer data
types available in java.
Data Type Size(Memory) Range
Byte One byte -128 to 127
Short Two bytes -32,768 to 32,767
Int Four bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
long Eight bytes -9,223,372,036,84,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,84,775,807

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Chaitanya Degree College B.Sc.III Year V Sem(Java Notes)

Floating Point types: Integers can hold only whole numbers, so we need another type to store
numbers with fractional part, for this java provides floating point data types. There are two types of
floating point variables float and double. Float needs 4 bytes, Double needs 8 bytes, so Double has
high range.
Floating point constants have default type of Double, if we want to declare a float variable and
initialize using a constant we have to add f or F at the end of the number other wise it returns error.
Ex: float x= 109.67f:
Character Type: This is used to store character constants in memory, it can hold a single character,
this data type is called char, the memory size is 2 bytes.
Boolean type: This type is used when we want to test a particular condition during the execution of
the program. It can hold two values true or false. This type is denoted by keyword boolean and takes
one bit of memory.
Declaration of Variables: A variable is used to store a value of any data type at a time. A variable
has a name, data type and scope. The user must define a variable before using in the program. The
syntax is:
Data type variable1, variable2, variable3,……………………………, variableN;
After defining the variable the user must supply a value to it before it is used in expressions.
This is achieved using assignment statement like below
int x, y, z; int x, y, z=0; int x, y, z;
float ave; or float ave=0.0f; or float ave;
char a, b, c; char a, b, c=’l’; x=20;
We may also give values to variables through keyboard using the readLine() method.
readLine() method is invoked using one of the objects of the class DataInputStream, reads input form
keyboard as a string and converts into corresponding data type.
While reading data form keyboard there is a scope for errors, so to handle these errors we
must use the keywords try and catch to handle these errors.
Scope of Variables: Java variables have three aspects Name, Datatype and Scope. The area of
the program where the variable is accessible is called “scope of the variable”. Java variables are
classified into three types, they are:
Instance variables: Instance variables are declared inside a class. These are created when the
objects are instantiated so they are associated with the objects. They take different values for each
object
Class variables: Class variables are declared inside a class. These are global to a class. They
belong to all the objects of the class.
Local variables: Local variables are declared and used inside a method or a program block. These
are available only in the method or block in which they are declared. When the control come out from
the block in which they are declared the variable is not available.
Some times the programs may consist nested blocks. In such cases every block may has its
own set of variables, but the variable of outer block is accessed in all the inner blocks of that outer
block. Java does not allow declaring a variable to have the same name as on in an outer block, but
this is allowed in C and C++.

Type Casting: the process of converting one data type to another is called casting. Some times we
need to store a value of one type in another type of variable, in such cases we use casting. This is
possible by adding the type name in the parentheses before the variable. It is necessary when a
method returns a type different than we require.
Four integer types, two floating point types can be cast to any other type except Boolean.
Casting into a smaller type may result in a loss of data, casting a floating point value to an integer will
result in a loss of the fractional part.
The process of assigning a smaller type to a larger one is known as widening or promotion,
assigning a larger type to a smaller one is known as narrowing. But narrowing may result in loss of
information.
Ex: int m = 24;
byte n = (byte)m;

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Chaitanya Degree College B.Sc.III Year V Sem(Java Notes)
Java assigns a value of one type to a variable of different type without a cast. This is called
automatic type conversion, but this is possible when the destination type has enough range to store
the source value. For example int is large enough to hold a byte value.
byte a = 112;
int b = a; ( a is converted into int and stored in b)
Default Values: In Java every variable has a default value. If we don’t initialize a variable, Java
assigns default value to that variable automatically. The default values of all numeric data types is
0(Zero), for char is null character and Boolean is false.
Symbolic Constants: We often use certain unique constants in the program. These constants may
appear repeatedly in a number of places in the program.( ex the pi value 22/7 or 3.142). Assigning a
symbolic name to such constants simplify the work of the user. So we can assign constant values at
the beginning of the program. Like
Syntax: final type symbolic-name = value;
Ex: final float PI = 3.14159;
• Symbolic constant has a name just like a variable, they are written in Upper Case letters to
differ form variables, but this is not a rule.
• A symbolic constant may not be assigned to any other value using assignment statement.
• Symbolic constants must be declared for types.
• They can not be declared inside a method.
Java and Internet: Java is popularly known as Internet Language because the first application
program written in Java was HotJava, a Web browser to run applets on Internet. Internet users can
use Java to create applet programs and run them locally, and also download an applet located on a
computer anywhere in the Internet on his local computer.
Java and WWW: World Wide Web is an open ended information retrieval system to navigate to a
new document in any direction. This is possible through Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Both
web and java share the same philosophy; java could be easily incorporated into the Web system.
Before Java the WWW was limited to display of still images and texts, but with java it has become
supporting animation, graphics, games and special effects, it has become more interactive and
dynamic. We can run a Java program on other computer across the Internet. Java communicates
with a Web page through a special tag called <APPLET>.
Web Browsers: Web Browsers allow us to retrieve the information spread across the Internet and
display it using HTML. Some web browsers are:
HotJava: This is a web browser form Sun Microsystems. It is totally written in java and demonstrates
the capabilities of java. At the beginning no browsers were available that could run java applets. We
can view a web page that contain java applet on a regular browser, but we can not gain the benefits
of java. It is the first Web browser to provide support for the java language. It is available for Solaries
platform and Windows.
Netscape Navigator: It is from Netscape Communications Corporation, a general-purpose browser
that can run Java Applets available for Windows, Solaris and Apple Macintosh. It is one of the most
widely used browsers today with useful features, also supports JavaScript.
Internet Explorer: It is another popular browser developed by Microsoft for Windows. Both the
Navigator and Explorer use tool bars, icons, menus and dialog boxes for easy navigation. Explorer
uses a just-in-time (JIT) compiler to increase the speed of execution.
Java Support systems: The systems necessary to support java for delivering information on net.
Internet Connection: PC connected to the Internet
Web Server: A program that accepts requests and send the required documents.
Web Browser: A program to access WWW and runs Java applets.
HTML: A language for crating hypertext for the Web.
APPLET Tag: For Placing Java Applets in HTML documents.
Java Code: Used to define Java applets.
Bytecode: Compiled java code of Java applet to transfer to the user computer
Proxy Server: A Server for security between the client and Original Server.
Mail Server: It provides facilitates exchange of electronic mails across the net
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Chaitanya Degree College B.Sc.III Year V Sem(Java Notes)
Java Environment: Java Environment is collection of many development tools, classes and
methods. The development tools are part of system known as Java Development Kit (JDK), classes
and methods are part of the Java Standard Library(JSL), and also known as Application
Programming Interface (API).
Java Development Kit: Java Development Kit (JDK) is collection of tools that are used for
developing and running Java programs, it includes
Tool Use
appletviewer Used to run Java Applets (without actually using java-computable browser)
java Java interpreter, used to run applets and applications using bytecode files.
javac Java compiler, converts java sourcecode to bytecode
Javadoc Used to create HTML-format documentation for java source code files
javah Produces header files for use with native mehtods
javap Java disasembler that enables us to convert bytecode into a program description.
jdb Java debugger that helps us to find errors in our programs.
Process of building and running java application programs: The above tools are used in building
and running java application programs. We have to create the source code using any text editor.
The source code is compiled using “javac” to create bytecode class file. The class file is executed
using java interpreter “java”. The java debugger “jdb” is used to find the errors in the code. The
compiled java program is converted into source code using java disassembler “javap”. The process
follows as below:

Application Programming Interface (API): Java standard Library (JSL or API) includes many
classes and methods grouped into some packages. The most commonly used packages are:
1. Language Support package: Used to implement basic features of Java.
2. Utilities Package: Used to provide utility functions such as date and time functions.
3. Input/Output Package: Used to provide requirements for Input/Output manipulation.
4. Network Package: Used to communicate with other computers via Internet.
5. AWT Package: Abstract Window Toolkit package is used to implement platform independent
graphical user interface.
6. Applet Package: Allows the user to create Java Applets.
Java Runtime Environment (JRE): JRE facilitates the execution of programs developed in Java. It
comprises some tools. They are:
1. Java Virtual Machine (JVM): It interprets and generates bytecode.
2. Runtime class libraries: They enable the execution of Java program.
3. User interface toolkits: they support various input methods to interact with application
program.
4. Deployment technologies: They are used to execute Java applet on the browser (Java
plug-in). Used to launch an application directly form web browser (Java web start).
Hardware and Software Requirements: Java is evaluated on various operating systems, the latest
versions of java J2SE 5.0 and J2SE 6 require some Hardware and Software requirements as below:
Platform/ Operating system Memory Disk Space
Sun Solaris 32-bit 64MB 65 MB
Windows XP, Windows 2000 32-bit 64MB 98 MB
Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista 32-bit 128 MB 98 MB
Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 64-bit 128 MB 110MB
Linux 32-bit 64MB 58 MB
Linux 64-bit 64MB 56 MB

Unit I 9