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11-Logic Gates-Bee

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25 views17 pages

11-Logic Gates-Bee

Uploaded by

BCJ Science College
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital

Gates

1
Computers and Electricity

Gate
A device that performs a basic operation on
electrical signals
Circuits

Gates combined to perform more complicated


tasks
2
Computers and Electricity
How do we describe the behavior of gates and
circuits?
Boolean expressions
Uses Boolean algebra, a mathematical notation for
expressing two-valued logic
Logic diagrams
A graphical representation of a circuit; each gate has its
own symbol
Truth tables
A table showing all possible input value and the associated
output values
3
Gates
Six types of gates
– NOT

– AND

– OR

– XOR

– NAND

– NOR
4
NOT Gate
A NOT gate accepts one input signal (0 or 1) and
returns the opposite signal as output

Figure Various representations of a NOT gate

Representation of switch logic of


NOT gate

5
AND Gate
An AND gate accepts two input signals
If both are 1, the output is 1; otherwise, the output is 0

Figure Various representations of an AND gate

Representation of switch
6 logic of AND gate
OR Gate
An OR gate accepts two input signals If both are 0,
the output is 0; otherwise, the output is 1
Switch is
open means
input is 0
Switch is
close means
input is 1

Figure Various representations


of a OR gate

Representation of switch logic of


OR 7 gate
Output is 1 means Bulb is ON
XOR Gate
An XOR gate accepts two input signals
If both are the same, the output is 0; otherwise,
the output is 1

Figure Various representations of an XOR gate


8
XOR Gate
Note the difference between the XOR gate
and the OR gate; they differ only in one
input situation
When both input signals are 1, the OR gate
produces a 1 and the XOR produces a 0

XOR is called the exclusive OR

9
NAND Gate
The NAND gate accepts two input signals
If both are 1, the output is 0; otherwise,
the output is 1

Figure Various representations of a NAND gate


NOR Gate
The NOR gate accepts two input signals
If both are 0, the output is 1; otherwise,
the output is 0

Figure Various representations of a NOR gate


11
Review of Gate Processing

A NOT gate inverts its single input


An AND gate produces 1 if both input values are 1
An OR gate produces 0 if both input values are 0
An XOR gate produces 0 if input values are the
same
A NAND gate produces 0 if both inputs are 1
A NOR gate produces a 1 if both inputs are 0

12
Gates with More Inputs
Gates can be designed to accept three or more input
values
A three-input AND gate, for example, produces an output of
1 only if all input values are 1

Figure Various representations of a three-input AND gate


13
Constructing Gates
Transistor
A device that acts either as a wire that conducts
electricity or as a resistor that blocks the flow of
electricity, depending on the voltage level of an
input signal
A transistor has no moving parts, yet acts like
a switch
It is made of a semiconductor material, which is
neither a particularly good conductor of electricity
nor a particularly good insulator

14
Constructing Gates

A transistor has three terminals


– A source
– A base
– An emitter, typically
connected to a ground wire

If the electrical signal is


grounded, it is allowed to flow
through an alternative route to
the ground (literally) where it
Figure The connections of a transistor (NPN)
can do no harm

15
Constructing Gates
The easiest gates to create are the NOT, NAND,
and NOR gates

Here each

transistor

is NPN

Figure Constructing gates using transistors

16
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