Mathematics Project

Name - Advik Gondal Sood

Class - 12 “CA”

ID - 4054

Name of - Mr. Rajesh

Teacher
 ACONOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my thanks to the

Principal, Mr Chandresh Shah, for giving me
The opportunity and the infrastructure to do
these projects. It gives me pleasure to express
my profound regards and sincere gratitude to
Mr. Rajesh for his immense help, guidance
and constant encouragement in the completion
of this project. I would also like to convey my
regards to my parents and friends for their
constant help and support.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Advik Gondal Sood

of Class XII CA has successfully
completed his Mathematics Project on the
topic Using graph to demonstrate a
function which is invertible function.
under my guidance & these may be
considered as part of Internal Assessment for
ISC 2024-25 examination conducted by
CISCE.

(Subject Teacher’s Name)

 TOPIC

Using graph to demonstrate a function

which is invertible function.
 WHAT IS A FUNCTION ?
Concept of a Function
A function is a relationship between the inputs and the
outputs of a system.

A function is represented as y=f(x),where f(x)

represents the relation between input x and output y.

Each input can have one or more than one outputs.

Similarly for one output, there can be one or more than
one inputs.
For one input,if there is only one output,the function is
said to be one to one.
For example ,for f(x)= x3 ,for each input of x,there
will be a unique output.
When x=0,f(x)=27 and when x=-3, f(x)=-27.
 Identifying the Nature of a Function

A function f(x)=y has x as the independent variable and

y as a dependent variable and the value of the function
varies with the independent variable.

The value
of function f(x) varies with the independent variable x
as shown, for a function y=f(x).
Due to these variations in f(x), the function can be
increasing or decreasing in nature.
 DOMAIN AND RANGE
Concept of Domain

The set of all possible values which qualify as inputs to

a function is known as the domain of the function.
It is the entire set of values possible for independent
variables.

How to Find the Domain of a function

To find the domain, we need to look at the values of the

independent variables which are allowed to use as
explained above, i.e. no zero at the bottom of the
fraction and no negative sign inside the square root.
In general, the set of all real numbers (R) is considered
as the domain of a function subject to some restrictions.
They are: When the given function is of the form f(x) =
2x + 5 or f(x) = x^2 – 2, the domain will be “the set of
all real numbers.
But, if the given function is of the form f(x) = 1/(x – 1),
the domain will be the set of all real numbers except 1.
 Concept of Co-Domain And Range

The codomain is the set of all possible outcomes of the

given relation or function. Sometimes, the codomain is
also equal to the range of the function. However, the
range is the subset of the codomain.

Range
The set of all the outputs of a function is known as the
range of the function or after substituting the domain,
the entire set of all values possible as outcomes of the
dependent variable.

How to Find the Range

The spread of all the y values from minimum to

maximum is the range of the function.
In the given expression of y, substitute all the values of
x to check whether it is positive, negative or equal to
other values.
For ex: f(x) belongs to Real Numbers
f(x) = (2x – 1)/(x + 4)
We know that the domain of a function is the set of
input values for f, in which the function is real and
defined.
The given function is not defined when x + 4 = 0
i.e. x = -4
So, the domain of given function is the set of all real
number except -4.
i.e. Domain = (-∞, -4) U (-4, ∞)

Also, the range of a function comprises the set of values

of a dependent variable for which the given function is
defined.
Let y = (2x – 1)/(x + 4)
xy + 4y = 2x – 1
2x – xy = 4y + 1
x(2 – y) = 4y + 1
x = (4y + 1)/(2 – y)
This is defined only when y is not equal to 2.
Hence, the range of the given function is (-∞, 2) U (2,
∞).
 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
An inverse function is defined as a function, which can
reverse into another function. In simple words, if any
function “f” takes x to y then, the inverse of “f” will
take y to x.

The range of a function f(x) is the domain of the inverse

function f’1(x) and vice versa.

How to find the inverse of a Function

For the given function f(x) = ax + b, replace f(x) = y, to
obtain y = ax + b.
Interchange the x with y and the y with x in the function
y = ax + b to obtain x = ay + b.
Here solve the expression x = ay + b for y. And we
obtain y = (x – b)/a
Finlly replace y = f’1(x), and we have f’1(x) = (x - b)/a.
 CONDITIONS FOR
INVERTIBILITY

A function is bijective if it is injective (i.e. one-to-one)

and surjective (i.e. onto).

A function is said to be one-to-one if no two elements

in the domain have the same image in the co-domain. A
function is said to be onto if the range is equal to the co-
domain i.e that all the elements of co-domain should be
covered.The function should not be into i.e when the
range is not equal to the co-domain.
 VERITCAL LINE TEST
The vertical line test can be used to determine whether a
graph represents a function. If we can draw any vertical
line that intersects a graph more than once, then the
graph does not define a function because a function has
only one output value for each input value.
HORIZONTAL LINE TEST
This test is used to determine if a function is one-to-
one. If the line intersects with the graph once, the
function passes the horizontal line test and is one-to-
one. If it crosses more than once, the function fails the
horizontal line test.

As it is passing from tow points it is not a one-one

function.
 FUNCTION 1

Function 3x – 4 where x belongs to real

number
Checking for one-one graphically
On performing Horizontal line test on the function 3x -
4 at y = 2, there exists only one preimage of it on x-axis
that is 2. The line of the function (blue coloured line)
intersects the horizontal line (green coloured line) only
at one point (0,2).

Since there exists only 1 pre-image of y in x, therefore

the function is one-one.

Range of the function= R

Codomain of the function= R
Since the range and codomain are equal, the function is
onto.

The function being both one-one and onto, is

invertible.
 FUNCTION 2

Function: y = e^x

On performing Horizontal line test on the function y =

e^x at y = 2 we see that there exists only one pre-image
of y = 2 on the x-axis at 0.7, the line of the function
(blue coloured line) intersects the horizontal line (green
coloured line) only at one point, (0.7, 2).
Since there exists only 1 pre-images of y in x, therefore
the function is one-one.

Range of the function = (0, ∞)

Codomain of the function = R
Since the range and codomain are equal, the function is
onto.
The function is one-one but not onto, thus, it is not
invertible.
 FUNCTION 3
Function : 3 -|x+3|

On performing Horizontal line test on the function 3 - |

x+3| at y = 2, there exists 2 pre-images of it on x-axis
that are -2 and -4. Since there exists 2 pre-images of y
in x, therefore the function is many-one.
Test for onto:
Range of the function= (-∞,3]
Codomain of the function= R
As a result of the range and codomain are not being
equal, the function is into.

Since the function is neither one-one nor onto, the

function is not invertible.
 FUNCTION 4
f(x)=(3x-4)/5

On performing the horizontal line test at y=11,

there exist only one value and thus it is a one-to-
one function.

Test for onto ;

Co-domain – R
Range –R
As co-domain and range as same , it is an onto
function.
Since the function is one-one onto, the function is
invertible.
 FUNCTION 5

f(x)=(x-2)/(x-3)
where domain = R-{3} and co-domain and
range =R-{1}

As from the horizontal line test , it is passing

from only one point. Thus it is one-one
function.
For onto-
Co-domain-R-{1}
Range-R-{1}
Hence it is onto function

As it is one-to-one and onto function.Thus it is

an invertible function
 CONCLUSION

In this project I have learnt implications of a horizontal

line test and how it can be used in showing invertibility
in functions.
We use inverse functions in our daily lives all the time.
We just don’t realize it because we have already defined
an inverse to be another commonly used function. For
example knowing the interest rate, you have a function
to calculate the cumulative value of an instalment
payment. What is the inverse? It’s how much you need
to pay each month for a mortgage.
Another example is when a computer reads a number
you type in, it converts the number to binary for internal
storage, then it prints the number out again onto the
screen that you see – it's utilizing an inverse function.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Websites-
1). https://byjus.com/maths/what-is-a-
function/#:~:text=A%20function%20is
%20defined%20as,domain%20and
%20codomain%20or%20range.
2). https://byjus.com/maths/domain-codomain-
range-functions/
3). https://testbook.com/maths/onto-
function#:~:text=Use%20the%20horizontal
%20line%20test,the%20graph%20at%20least
%20once.
4). https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/invertible-
functions/
 INTRODUCTION
In mathematics, a function is a relation between a set of
inputs and a set of permissible outputs with the property
that each input is related to exactly one output. An
inverse function essentially reverses the operation of a
function, mapping the outputs back to their
corresponding inputs. For a function 𝑓 f with inverse 𝑓
− 1 f −1 , applying 𝑓 f followed by 𝑓 − 1 f −1 (or vice
versa) returns the original input value, i.e.,
𝑓 ( 𝑓 − 1 ( 𝑥 ) ) = 𝑥 f(f −1 (x))=x and 𝑓 − 1 ( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ) =
𝑥 f −1 (f(x))=x. The existence of an inverse function
requires that the original function be bijective—both
injective (one-to-one) and surjective (onto).
The vertical line test determines if a graph represents a
function: a vertical line should intersect the graph at
most once. The horizontal line test checks if a function
has an inverse: a horizontal line should intersect the
graph at most once.