GENG 114

CARTOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 3.2
COORDINATE SYSTEMS

by: Engr. Diana Christa G. Milloza

01 Overview

02 Objectives

03 Discussion

04 Review

05 References

06 Announcement
CHAPTER II
4 Lesson Overview

The chapter includes the review of the basic coordinate system

introduction to the different coordinate systems used in mapping
and the concept of the ellipsoidal earth. Furthermore,
computations and exercises on coordinate conversion will be
included in this chapter.
CHAPTER II
  recognize the basic coordinate
systems and their properties

 recognize the properties of ellipsoidal

earth

 solve problems on coordinate

conversion

 Perform coordinate conversion

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CHAPTER II
 Introduction

• Introduced systems of coordinates

based on orthogonal coordinates
• Cartesian systems

Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650)

 Introduction
2 DIMENSIONAL CS
• Cartesian (x,y)  Polar (r,Ɵ)
 Introduction
Sample Problem
• A point is defined by position
on the cartesian plane (4,5).
What is its position on the
polar coordinate system?
 Introduction
Seat work
• A point is defined pby
position (10, 30°). What is its
position on the cartesian
coordinate system?
 Introduction
3 DIMENSIONAL CS
• Cartesian (x,y,z)
 Polar (r,Ɵ,Ф)
 Introduction
Sample Problem
• A point is defined by position
on the cartesian plane (4,5,6).
What is its position on the
polar coordinate system?
 Introduction
Seat work
• A point is defined pby
position (10, 30°, 30°). What
is its position on the cartesian
coordinate system?
 Introduction
Types of 3D Map Coordinate Systems

 (1) Global Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z) for the whole earth

 (2) Geographic coordinates (f, l, h)
 (3) Projected coordinates (x, y, z) on a local area of the earth’s
surface
 The z-coordinate in (1) and (3) is defined geometrically; in (2) the z-
coordinate is defined gravitationally
 Introduction
Global Cartesian Coordinates (x,y,h)
Z
Greenwich
Meridian

O
• Y

X
Equator
Earth centered, earth-fixed, X, Y, and Z, Cartesian coordinates (XYZ) define three dimensional
positions with respect to the center of mass of the reference ellipsoid.
 Introduction
Geographic Coordinate Systems (f, l, h)
a coordinate system that enables every
location on the Earth to be specified by
a set of numbers or letters.

A common choice of coordinates

is latitude, longitude and elevation

 e.g. WGS84
 Introduction
Geographic Coordinate Systems (f, l, h)

• creating a square
map out of a globe
requires us to distort
the geography
 Introduction
Geographic Coordinate Systems (f, l, h)

• Latitude (f) and Longitude (l) defined

using an ellipsoid, an ellipse rotated about
an axis

• Elevation (h) defined using geoid, a surface

of constant gravitational potential
CHAPTER II
 Reference System and Frames
• Reference System - a set of
prescriptions and conventions together
with the modelling required to define at
any time a triad of coordinate axes

• Reference Frame - realizes the system

by means of coordinates of definite
points that are accessible directly by
occupation or by observation
 Introduction

• The flattening, f, is about 1/298.25 for the earth.

PARAMETERS

semi-minor axis ( b )

semi-major axis (a)

O
F1 F2
PARAMETERS
• Angular eccentricity

• Linear eccentricity
𝟐 𝟐
𝑬 = 𝒄 = √(𝒂 - 𝒃 )
PARAMETERS

Source: Torge, W. (2001): Geodesy 3rd ed., W.

deGruyter, Berlin)
 Sample Problem
Given the values of the Use Clarke’s Spheroid of 1866:
Equatorial radius = 6378206.4, 1/f = 294.9786982
• Determine the length of the major axis.
• Determine the length of the minor axis.
• Determine the polar flattening.
• Determine the inverse flattening.
• Determine the first eccentricity.
• Determine the second eccentricity.
• Determine the angular eccentricity.
 Assignment
Given the value a=6378137 and f-1 =298.257223563,
• determine the value of b
• Determine the first eccentricity
• Determine the second eccentricity
• Determine the angular eccentricity
• Determine the linear eccentricity
 Quiz
1. Determine the flattening of a circle.
2. Determine the first eccentricity of a circle.
3. Determine the angular eccentricity of a circle.
4. What figure is formed if the eccentricity is equal to 1?
CHAPTER II
 Ellipsoidal Coordinates

For any particular point, P, in space its longitude is given by the angle in the
equatorial plane from the x-axis to the meridian
 Ellipsoidal Coordinates

Types of Latitude

• Geocentric Latitude (ψ)

• Geodetic Latitude (φ)
• Reduced latitude (β)

• Geographic Latitude = Geodetic Latitude (φ)

 Ellipsoidal Coordinates

Types of Latitude
• Geocentric latitude
• is the angle between the
equatorial plane and the
radius from the centre to a
point on the surface.
• Geodetic latitude
• an angle between the
equatorial plane and the
line perpendicular to the
ellipsoid
• Geographic Latitude = Geodetic Latitude (φ)
 Ellipsoidal Coordinates

Types of Latitude
• Reduced Latitude
- an angle from the
center of the earth to a
circle that has the semi-
major axis length
 Ellipsoidal Coordinates

Types of Latitude
• Reduced latitude (β)
• Geocentric Latitude (ψ)
• Geodetic Latitude (φ)
 Ellipsoidal Coordinates

Relationship between various latitudes

 The three latitudes are identical at the equator and the pole
 Between the equator and poles, the geocentric latitude is smaller
than the reduced and geodetic latitude, while the geodetic
latitude
 The geodetic latitude is larger than either geocentric or reduced
latitude.
 The maximum difference between the three latitudes occurs
close to latitude 45°
How about if we have a spherical earth model?
 Ellipsoidal Coordinates

Sample Problem
1. If the geocentric latitude of a point is 45 degrees North,
determine the geodetic latitude of the given point if the first
eccentricity is 0.866603.

2. A spheroid has a value of a=6530301and b=6475000. Determine

the geodetic latitude of the place whose geocentric latitude is 15-
30 N.
 Ellipsoidal Coordinates

Homework

1. A point on the spheroid has a value of parametric latitude of 42

degrees North and geocentric latitude of 28 degrees North.
Compute the value of the first eccentricity of the spheroid

Answer: e=0.807
 The Radii of the Earth

• The physical radius, the distance

from the earth to the ellipsoid
(the least used)

• The other two are “radii of

curvature”
 Coordinate Conversion
Spherical Coordinates to Cartesian Coordinates

Using Geographic Latitude (terrain)

 Coordinate Conversion
Ellipsoidal Coordinates to Cartesian Coordinates

Using Reduced Latitude (ellipsoid)

𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝛽 cos λ
𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝛽 sin λ
𝑧 = 𝑏 sin 𝛽
 Coordinate Conversion
Sample problem

• Find the Z coordinate of a point having a reduced latitude of

40N and longitude of 120E if a = 6378000 m and e = .08123 for
a space rectangular coordinate

• Find the Y coordinate of a point having a reduced latitude of

40N and a longitude of 1 20E if a = 6378000 m and e = .08123
for a space rectangular coordinate
 Radii of Curvature

• The radii of curvature of a normal

section will depend on the
azimuth of the line. At each point
there exist two mutually
perpendicular sections whose
curvatures are maximum and
minimum.

• Such normal sections are called

principal normal sections
 The Principal Normal Sections

On the ellipse these normal sections

are:

1.The meridional section (M), a plane

passing through the given point and
two poles
2.The prime vertical section (N),
which is a section through the given
point and perpendicular to the
meridional section at the point.
 Radius of Curvature in the
Prime Vertical
• The length if the normal or prime
vertical section from the point on
the ellipsoid to its minor axis.
• The radius used for the longitude
• denoted by 𝑹𝑵 , N, or v, and a few
other symbols.
 Radius of Curvature in the
Meridian
• The principal normal to the
meridian curve; and therefore, it
lies along the normal
(perpendicular to the ellipsoid
• The radius used for the latitude
change to North distance.
• denoted by 𝑹𝑴 , or M, or several
other symbols.
 Radius of curvature at an
Azimuth, α
• The normal section azimuth, α, is the angle
measured in the plane tangent to the
ellipsoid at a point, clockwise about to that
point, from the meridian (northward) plane
to the plane of the normal section, α.
• The radius of curvature Rα, of the normal
section in azimuth, α, can be used to define
a mean local radius of the ellipsoid
 Radius of curvature at an
Azimuth, α
• = M for a normal section in azimuth 0°
• = N for a normal section in azimuth 90°
• due to symmetry
• Values of will always be greater than M
and smaller than N.
• The radius of curvature at the poles is the
same in all azimuths.
 Sample Problem

Given the parameters of Clarke Spheroid of 1886:

A. what it the radius of the meridian at latitude 40°?

B. on the same the latitude what is the radius of the

prime vertical?

C. What is the radius of curvature at azimuth 120° at

the same latitude?
 Coordinate Conversion
Ellipsoidal to Cartesian Coordinates
 Coordinate Conversion
Cartesian Coordinates to Ellipsoidal Coordinates
 Sample Problem

Determine the Cartesian coordinates at a

point whose geodetic latitude is 42°N and
longitude is 75°W. The point has an
ellipsoidal height of 87m. Use the
parameters of Clarke’s Spheroid of 1886
 Projected Coordinate Systems
 Projected coordinate systems often take a portion of the globe and
unwrap it in a way that will more accurately represent either
the shape of a boundary or the area of a boundary
Geographic & Projected
Coordinates

(f, l) (x, y)
Map Projection
 Meridians and Parallels
Length on Meridians and Parallels
(Lat, Long) = (f, l)

Length on a Meridian:
AB = Re Df R
(same for all latitudes) R Dl D
C
Re Df B
Length on a Parallel: Re
CD = R Dl = Re Dl Cos f A
(varies with latitude)
 Sample Problem
Example: What is the length of a 1º increment along
on a meridian and on a parallel at 30N, 90W?
Radius of the earth = 6370 km.

Solution:
• A 1º angle has first to be converted to radians
p radians = 180 º, so 1º = p/180 = 3.1416/180 = 0.0175 radians

• For the meridian, DL = Re Df = 6370 * 0.0175 = 111 km

• For the parallel, DL = Re Dl Cos f

= 6370 * 0.0175 * Cos 30
= 96.5 km
• Parallels converge as poles are approached
CHAPTER II
1. Ghilani Charles D. and Wolf P. 2012, “Elementary Surveying:
Introduction to Geomatics 13th edition”
2. http://uacg.bg/filebank/att_1855.pdf (date accessed: 2/20/2018)
3. http://clynchg3c.com/Technote/geodesy/radiigeo.pdf (date accessed:
20/25/189

CHAPTER II
CHAPTER II
1. a plane passing through the given point and two poles
2. The length if the normal or prime vertical section from the point on the
ellipsoid to its minor axis.
3. Values of Rα will always be greater than N and smaller than M. true or
false?
4. What is the value of the semi-major axis for Clarke’s Spheroid of
1866?

CHAPTER II
CHAPTER II