LINIT-2

Combinational Ciocuft
Ihe outputs oj Combinattom logic Cictaits
ae only cletomined by the l0go0 jukction o hefr
CuYent tnput stau, logic 0 o 18qic , at any 9en
i'nstant in time
The togiC CiTcuits
oeCult is thot (ombinoiona
have hoeodback ,and any changey to +ol etgna
tomedtaHly hav
being oPlie to Hoiy înpidS w
an eet at e Output.

Muttip& Combinati onol

tnpub B
logic Ciyuik +Multip
Outpubf

Combinational loiC
Classfcation o
Combinaional Logic Ciacuit

Codle
Dcta
Aithmeic ransmiSsion Conveote
L o gRcal F u n c f o n BinaYy-Yray
BCD - Excul-3
Mutiplex
Addsd Demufpuas S e m e u

Subtsattsd
Enodu
Comporocs
Decodu
>PLD
CircuttsTBinsy
Pasallel addag
addir bit
PPe Carosy 1ull adld-3
bts add tHon,
In hall adolu N t addItio)
addition pes]omec To operate MuHtple
i pple cory
D
a ddu ic dsed be
Can
4ip Mu ull ad& ciTCCits numberr tso 09
to an - b t t
add
Caccadad p a t oDa N ho. o4Qde
there must be
N-bt pavalOal addu,
Crut
 Circuit fo Lolidh e
is on loqic
vipple Ca0y addy
addo is tti Cay-in 0| aSurCed
Coy-Out o each Jull
adlin
hext most stght|tcant Jull
Each cawy bit qets Mppled
Ripple Camy ad
into te hext staog
B Da B B
B A

CiD C2
Cut FAA Cout jCout Cout
fA3 FA2 FAI

S3 S So
Ha 21 bit vippl carry addn tijcu
The Cum and co0ry out bits 0] any haldd
Staqe te uot valtd unil ta CaTY-in ol thot Sto*

OCcuts. Propoqotfon dolau tn ciele loqtc ciz6duitay

fs the 7eoason behind hid.

Pro paqotion) delayTime elapsed betwln a

applicatior) of an input gnd suuranc o a CI%ESpon
ding output
Coy po padoOt) delay Tme elapseo
betwean applicóLon o 4 cay-in Stunad and
t OCCu nu oa Camy-out stana

So 4 Ca o t FA 1 ts va2al only aHer

tpropoation delay q FA S2 md o the FA 4 is
valid only oer fotnt propngotion dala oL FAIDFA4
finod eult o t ipple c y adAis Vaa
oltY oiut propagodion dulays o au tul
oldde CiYCiR incida"t1
Cory out o MSb FA kave ndulaq
SuM or MS F hae (h-t) gati l o
Cany oerlo ocu alkn (n t) doke dadoy
 The sum o two n-bit bina0y Humb ers, A and B
Can be eneratid to two a A ei4607 in seria Jashion
or fn paralle
The sevia addition melhocd u tes only 1 full oddin

v t i t and a sAOgoqe duvi co Lold Ws qe nalatod output

ca the patr o bit in A ond B ove toanslemed serially
one at a time, th3ough Hl Stnq Jul ad to pmduo
a Ching Outpus bits Jo -o um.hit nelLod înt eau
n-
in stant time To
+e delay 1n taKinqMinpud bik at
Ov lomais parallol adl duiomsd
In paTal0l addu,a l - b i t s led at
Samo inSHaub 6ttme, but propagdton dlay in Ca tuIotuq
oh chofn o Couds
Cout lor H MCB full adJy has X dapend
So Poollal adBa Can det
prviou staoe tulladd
to be adda.In loct
very doO when many bits nesq
+hs Chan Þropoqodioo) dalay
is a duteying
CaYY
CLLr m most micop coyor speao

Casy lookahead adde CCLA)

CLA sbveg t i caTYY dalay problum
by CalJI
to Caay stgnals in advanca, baced o l - inpud stomals.
Sbe
Tfc based on a Jact 4has a co0Ysgna
qen eroftod m t 0 cakA
DhoD both înput btts Ai + Bi a 1 < ABcmC
(a) hen one +e tuo bitSis | 4 C-tn i

S-(AABiC Pi

CTH=AiBi+ (AHer)CT
o
S

C DCi+1

One cda Jull ad CivC

 P i c Colted a casy propagar becaue t is -L
em aAOiotad ith - propoqatton o Ca om
Ci to
Cin. C: is call aCay qenenat aNd
tPodua
output cay aton both At ABI ae Ono, Veqand
- inpud canyN
he
output sum and cassy can be exp
St= PrOCI
Ct= Cr? +Pr Ci
Boslean uncti on (oo tlo CoGTYOuput o ea d
and
Substitute 1o eath Cr 14s valu om p
2uations fO
ito= CTtP.C
, C = C+PC
i2 C3 C+ PCa
=

CtP (, +P,C)
=

i9, C4
Crt Pes, +P,PC
t PaC
=(st P. (Ct P
tP,P,C)
P tPPs tRPa PsC
Each staqe Cout
each Junction can be expreMLe nSum ol þroducs,
"

AND got1s
tmpumuuted si+hone Dave a
Jollosed by an OR qot. by tu o Davel
NANO qat)

C4 doee not have to

saiB JoT C and C2 to
propagoti, Ca is
propagatad at t same ttme
as Co C

Al 1P:s 4C:% are qennatq fo a 9atz

Jvel
 PA C CS

CA4L
As P3 A CA
C
E
A D P
E P2
C D-
A

Ca R

frq 8 4-bit ull odddn Lh Coy look alud add

Advantaqe
*The popa qotion dolay îs secducool
*It providaN t Jastest additio) lofic

Disadvantag
* Tha Complt "cTtuit qts Conmplicat.d atea numa@4
Vavialdu 'n(taj.
*The Circuit ic coct|ier al itnvoweymore humbeL
hovduocare.

Exompl
A 6 bit pple cary addar pe vealzod usinq 1G
denti ca Jull addeYs (FA) as shouon tn iqune U
qu Sum
Coy -propagotton dolay o lath fA fs 12
propaqaon alay oj each FA ic 15ns The worst Cak e y
this 16-B+ addr be
(innty o
 Ao Ais BisS
A B Au By

Cis
Ao A AIS

S S3
tp12 h, tpsum 1Sns
S X tcarmy t1X tsus
ISXt2 41x1S
180tI

HwTSS-(n-)tpc+1X tpsum
Exampl &

A 4-bit tppe Cary oddo Tealkzed ustna l l adAas

he
bro pagaton. delay o e XOR, AND,ORofs pia ONs,
1Shs and 1ohs regspecthvely AMune ol! fnpubs to ea
4-bit Odder are inttial Tesc to Z
Att-o, =\16D ,Y =o1GD Zo ,Oup RCA o t i n n) -
be Steble

Z -Zn+1
Sn Stabla
alt
D
C20t0)4-ons stan all au initiallyO
nt Sttbl alteu (dotist to) 4Sns slan a a o
At to, = ii oO

OOO D
ShCtall alle Jo t40)60
ZnH sBab
40hs (4s4 &S) to ng

Z
Z
en Z
1
becoe

Won Z ba e l 1 iXot pa y Passutvouqh AND 9Na

hrou qh One More
gat Us dlay) ond OR dons
L
2 Pntra dela addk Lo Néxdra dola added
 BCD CBinaay Coded De imal Addo
The
olital syAtems handles 1e dotimol humber
omo bînany coclad doumal humbers. A 0
dlATts a
cixtuit tlad adds tuoBCD diqits and
produa sum digit alco in BCD. It oyes
beca o tnput Kumbe ahd resutautwil1 be
in h garnge (oto ) O00D too) only. sino each
Outpu Sut Car hot be 9Asa 1tay 1t1 =19.
Cae

6 ts ca ied oud as
Addton
hmmol binany addit

CaSe 2

OOO

Tnvalid 8 cD numbey1
4
1 0

AJHr ad dit on 1 6 cay is pru duso fnto

Second diuma p Sti o 3
Cose 3

oO
| Ooo JneOrvecd 6 (DTesulk
is acsgrech
BCD numbes, b t 1t
valid
oo1 00o1 OeguUt
lact6
C o o e c d on aAr6B
BCD
To get Co00ecd
addodto
-o S B cl t91 suk
hao be
O OO

0lI0

OoTOJL
 B1na3y Sun BCD um

CSES4 |S S
O

|O
oo1o
1
O
O
O
O
O OO
1
O1
224
o o
o t O
K oO
1 1ooO
C K+ Ze Zy t Zs Z
oo
A dectmal pataW addr +hot add n
detma) degRk Debd h ' BCD adder
Stage
Outpud Cam o On
tag2 mus be corhecho
to the înpud Ca y -We hex hiqla ovdr
staqe
 (8(P.h-.)

Cut 4-bit binaay addtr k

Cay-1)D
K 2 Z 22Z

Outpu

4-bit padal adde

Sg SS
: BcD addu i CLt
iq 4
Maqnitudle Compatatu

îs an opT OLON
he compadtson o) tuwo Humbeds
LOMta
one nlimber ts aeatir han,
that dteoonines
4e O t t e humber (A BA<8, A=B)
OY éouo to
b i t maQnitude conparadr

ABo B |A<B A>BA =B

AB
O0
A B A,8, tAAB. t
O 0 O
AB-B AAB. Bj
O O A. B.(A B +A,B) +
O
Ao Be (AB,tAS1)
CA BtAe)+(A6.t AoB
OD O
O (A )+ (A.DB.)
0
6
 AB=A.A B.btAA, Bo b1t,A Aj LoBj tA
B.E 4
.ABb
A, B.By t B.B) t-A, Bo (n B, t A,E+

(AAH AA B.B
A O 10

ol O
DO
to o o O
A4B)-A. Bo t hA B1 tB.B| A

(AB)- AA E,B +AoA B.B tAo A B.BtA.A| B. Bt

AA BB t AA Bo B
=
AA)tA.A,) E. E t A.B. (A1B) tA E)t
AA (B BIt8.B)
A-A000

75 AB. t A.A1B t A B.B 3

A A

D- ALB
 4bit maHu de (ompadatsy
in n-bit num) beod,
ontoiey 1
lhe h inreaeA
Sequwntio
duth table ane become tod umbersome
so
e

be expree logCallby eollohq

r am paojso) Can

booloan un etions
u0
= A2 tzAAo

B Bs B B i B

X =
AiBi +A B;

+ Ys X2 A1 B,t MAB
B
( A 5 ) - As B
+ X A2
B
%X2A,6,t Xs X
A
*3AzB, t
CA <B)-A3 B3 +h

DD
A LB
D- D

A YB

D
AB
 Enodor
An Encoder is g Combi natonal Circuit hat
has maximum o input Lines oand h'Output
nes
4to& Entoders (n-2)
Let 4 Entodr ha
to 2 Jour inpus Y,Y,1+
CLnd tuo outputs A Ao.
BloCk diaej am Tvut able
4to
Y7, Y. A A
ELoL
A OOlO O

A= Mt7
A. Ye +7

Octal to Btnaoy En tocde

(83 Encoder
Tyuh tabu
6to 3 AL Y. Y Y% Y,Y. A, A, A«
Entodu A

A
o

A- Yat Yet7c tY4

A Yat+Y,t Ys+Y
A
Ao t1s t1st7
 A

Drawbacks o En Lod
t an ambiqutty, shen
ol outputS o1 en (odlus
Thene todi cse Spooding
ae eqal to zsotCouNd be
tnput is
to t ' tnpu,ulsn only Jast stqnilicant
One r wen all inpuk a e zeTTY
m6e tharn o e inpu is a i v e Hiqh,+hen e
J)
wlich may nt be
enoder pmduco an outpu

S0, to oVeT(ome 4ol at|iculttu,we shoulJd

ascido priodtttei to eath inpud o enodeT Tn 4 Otpu
o eNodu will be e Cbino) bde coespondinq
atHve 41qh inputs (),stic. has aqtay prisy. Ths tye
enlode s called pobvaity entodu
iotty Entodu (4 pri5m ento cleL
Hs Y YY. ae Lour 1opus, 3 ha le hiqhest
has l e osest prioiy. W
prioo1ty, whereag le .
Cohnsidlaed one moye output, V in Oddto Khou), Lst
o r hot.
He Code availabe at outpu is vaid

A- Y,1
X A. t
V Y3t YTy +Y
x i
 A

Ao

DecCodert
ecod fe q combinational Ctrccuit Aot kaj
inpu lint and maximum o) output in0.O
The &e
outpubs Lst| be acthve High oa ted on t Combina
mpu preuut
The Outpuds o| l a c e t o d are nothing bus
ta
minttm s o\h' inpud vartabla s,slun t ts
enatic.
t o 4 decod
Tt has a
inputs Ao 4 Ar and 4 outpud %,Y.
A
2t 4
A decod O

3 EAs A

D Y
Y -EA A
Y-EA.A
EAeA

-
 3to & dde code) usinq 9 4 decocda

to 4

A E
A
9 4
decoder Y
E

lb duuder ukin 38 decodo)s

4-to

A 3t8
A Y2
Pro decod Yu

A3

3to8

Aacodnt4

532 decodl ustnq 3:8 decodut :4 detode

so uL 4 3 t 8 cecodON, fach
> We nwd 32 outpu
o n il1 wl
3 LSB cohfovl s o] e S input Signal
SindHy will hqvE4 active Outpids we heee
en ableo
Contool enabl pin so 6nly 1 ui) be
So 94 dicocdo to Chooge Ne CO t One alordinq
Ho he Mep 1nputs.
 D.
3:8
Da

De
3 :8
TA Dis
E
Ds
3:8

PN23

3 D2A
D
 Muliplexer
MultipleXin
MuHiplexens are 1ed Jor mulliplexing.
inJomno09
means tangoiHinga arqenumbrs o|
means

inD3
o
number Chonhe o
i s oves a
niis emallo
combinoticna CiYCuit,
A digital multiplexey 0 tr put
o manyon
celect binary fnog matto)o
hat
sinqle oudpat lin
Tha
and directs it to 'a
e
Jines
fuw fs Co ntsol
b
o a paoticedad fnput
Selectio)
Set oSelection Sues seleciona
input Ltueg and n
There ane sLic 1up
input
Combinatto)s
datanmino si
inee tsLose bit
is selected

48 Mulliplexer
Tvuttabla 4x
MUX
4X1YOutput SoSy
MOX

Co S
S. S T t S.S t S T
= 3.E,T.t
Seloc
iu

T.
 mult ptK
Boolean unttio fmplemynteitjoD ucing

Tmplmeud + function F(A,B,) =20,3S4) uSing 4xM

x\ Muy
tuo e variabley oave appiecl to H
ny o
Celecion ines
Cace13 Cons 1oderec B 4C ac Select i uog
Minttoo)A B C

23
O

)o0O
A
O
1o A A

4x1
A1MUx
A

CaCe & Se S
Con Ci du A4C (B) Cc)
as
eloct ue
B
B
3 41
MOX
B B
Case 3
Consider A 4B AC
as select i e

co2 C
4x
S
MUX
C C
 Jmplement ollo Ling unetion 1+h a mutip
FA,B,C,D)2lo, e,715)
Four voYiab al S0 e heec 3 Sect LiuIMK
ucing
Lo uSin9 8 X1 Mutipluru h Jotlotinq 4unchion împlemntad
CaLe_1
Cons i d l o BCD
Cons fd
as Seloct Li
TT4,TJ T9

e10 1112 13 4 ( s

8X
MUX
A O

o 1 O

1
CD

Cae
Concider A.B,C a celct Ltug

6&to 12 14
D d 0 0 0 TD

Consid A, C,D as seledt lny

E4 12 B 14C 1
B OBB B
Case 4
Conido e A,B,D a elect w

c c 0 cc0 C
 Demuliplexes (Dota d:ctributs )
DemulHiplrer ts deViCO llom binattonal cires
hod takej a cingle input iw and TOuts 1t bon
Oeveal alieil output ineS 9" Outputs has q
Seluct Iines, dach a ueo to selet aith oufpA
Jine to end 4ie înput.
Xy dlomuliplar
A S.SiD cBA

D
| o O0

=S. F
B S.
C
S F
D S. S F

Dotn r F

-C

-D
 A:8 dom uliplre tonstsut Hon using
x4 dumultipexeu

dmuxx
So

4
oumux

Binary tMutiplie
-bit binary Muli pie

A A
xBB

A B A B
AB A B +

AB (AB Ae Be
A. B

Pa P
Ostug LaJ addu

A P

A
B
Ao

-P2
A
B C
Ex: The logtc lunction tmplementid by
+he cirit h
rs(Cround implie a logtc
's "7
CTat 20l|
4X MUXX

| Y -F

P Q

F P I, t PQ ItPtt PQT
Fo Co)+
P9() +PÙ 0) +POC)
-PotPo

EX2The Boole an Junctton vealizad by a logiC

D
Cirit slocon is (Gasa 20lo

FCA,8,D)

AB

C+ ABDt aBCt A
F (AB,C.D) AB
ABC+ABDtAB +AB +ABD

ABC(D+5 + ABD (e+T)t ABT(D +5)

ABT+5)+ ABD CctT)
ABC D+ AB CD+AB CD + ABCD*
ABDD+ AB C + ABTD+ AB D*
ABDCt ABC,
 CD
o l0 I 10
00/

F(nB,Cb) = m( 2, 3, 5,7,8,9,12)

Ex:3

What adE Aa
miojmum number ol 2:1 mutiplo
10
aPquiotdto qeneiale 2-10put AND dat nd a 2input
a

Ex-0Rqata p

Cor 2-input AND qat fa 2-ioput XoR qat

1etthe Yariabla ave A and B ket Ha varialbles

0-
F T
A-
0
-
f B)+ BA
BA+BA
F.A3 YAl)tA)Y
A

Ex4
The aruit shoon in tha q u eonveJts
D inpuds
MSB

Outputs
 f r înpats Censtduing 4 bitwad. 10 1o

Cray

BinooyY
C Ba

B = C,

Cay ta Binaay G a Convestü Gicat

Ex
Considey the Jollo sing multi ple YoY LsLee Io,LT,I
CIDe ou0 data înpu 2iu08 Selectsd by tuwo addoess n
Combinations AAo O0,oIJC,
=
Despe frvely anclis
ttt
Oudput ol 4he multipla rov EN ts-Ce EaUle inpu
4:IMUX

A Ao but Ar z ) (AiA, T, tA4

-
1+
AA I+ AA»T )E
T = (x1z't xy2t 2 +z

2t 2 tzy):'
-(x1(2 +2)+ 2 )2
=( t2)2,
X12
 E6
A Booloan Junction, F C qiVen as sum Pouduct

soP) te 3tms 0sP = m (34 t ) t h , E and Cas opurs

The Junct o),F Car be expor Ssed on the anau
map sh0Gan bel

ExT