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Department:stastics
Year:2015 E.C
Question Type:Regular

1.What is a ‘sav.’ file?

A.A syntax file
B.A word-processed file
C.The data set file
D.The output file

Question ID:279 and answer is C

2.How would you use the drop-down menus in SPSS to generate a frequency table?
A.Open the Output Viewer and click: Save As; Pie Chart
B.Click on: Analyze; Descriptive Statistics; Frequencies
C.Click on: Graphs; Frequencies; Pearson
D.Open the Variable Viewer and recode the value labels

Question ID:280 and answer is B

3.Once you input the Numeric data type in Minitab, you will not be able to convert it to Text
type. Hence you need to be very careful when adding information to Minitab.
A.FALSE
B.TRUE
C.
D.

Question ID:281 and answer is A

4.What is the advantage of using SPSS over calculating statistics by hand?

A.Quantitative data analysis is so complex today it is essential to use a stats package
B.It reduces the chance of making errors in your calculations
C.It equips you with a useful transferable skill
D.All of the above

Question ID:4542 and answer is D

5.Which one of the fallowing can used as variable name in SPSS?

A.ID-number
B.VAR1
C.WITH
D.Mar_status.

Question ID:4551 and answer is B

6.Which one of the fallowing in SPSS provide up-to-date information concerning special
manipulations of the data file?
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A.Tool bar
B.Menu bar
C.Status bar
D.View tab

Question ID:4553 and answer is C

7.How is a variable name different from a variable label?

A.It is shorter and less detailed
B.It is longer and more detailed
C.It is abstract and unspecific
D.It refers to codes rather than variable

Question ID:4559 and answer is A

8.For what is the ‘variable view’ in IBM SPSS’s data editor used?
A.Entering data.
B.Writing syntax.
C.Viewing output from data analysis
D.Defining characteristics of variables.

Question ID:4560 and answer is D

9.What is the default level of probability that is often in SPSS when conducting statistical?
Tests?
A.0.1
B.0.05
C.0.5
D.0.001

Question ID:4561 and answer is B

10.With IBM SPSS Statistics you can assign one of three levels of measurement to a variable.
Which is the correct list of all three levels?
A.Nominal - Ordinal – Interval
B.Categorical - Interval – Ratio
C.Nominal - Ordinal – Scale
D.Nominal - Interval – Scale

Question ID:4566 and answer is C

11.STATA regressed the dependent variable y on four explanatory variables and a constant.
The following information is available: Number of observations = 30 Total sum of squares
(SST) = 400 Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) = 100. What is the value of R^2?
A.0.25
B.0.75
C.0.4
D.0.10

Question ID:4826 and answer is B

12.Weight (y) is regressed on height (x) of 40 adults. The height range in the data is 50-100
and the regression line is y = 100+0.1x with R2= 0.12. Which of the conclusions below does not
necessarily follow?
A.The data suggests a weak relationship between x and y.
B.An adult with an x-value of 60 has an estimated y-value of 106
C.An adult with an x-value of 80 has an estimated y-value of 108
D.An adult suggests a weak relationship between x and y.

Question ID:4831 and answer is D

13.Which of the following is correct about fitting of the linear regression model, estimation of

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parameter testing of hypothesis properties of the estimator?

A.The relationship between the study variable and explanatory variables is linear.
B.The error term has zero mean and constant variance.
C.The errors are uncorrelated and normally distributed.
D.All are correct

Question ID:4835 and answer is D

14.Of the following methods are better to measure Leverage and influence in model
diagnostic checking procedure except.
A.Cook’s D-statistics
B.Residual
C.DFFITS
D.DFBETAS

Question ID:4842 and answer is B

15.Which of the following are the key benefits of using regression analysis?
A.To indicate if independent & dependent variables have a significant relationship.
B.To indicate the relative strength of different independent variables’ on a dependent variable
C. To make predictions.
D. all

Question ID:4849 and answer is D

16.Several data requirements have to be considered before we undertake a regression

analysis. except,
A.Sample size
B.Scale type of the dependent variable
C.Co linearity
D.predictions

Question ID:4855 and answer is D

17.The correlation coefficient is used to determine:

A.a specific value of the y-variable given a specific value of the x-variable
B.specific value of the x-variable given a specific value of the y-variable
C.The strength of the relationship between the x and y variables
D.None of these

Question ID:4857 and answer is C

18.Multiple linear regression (MLR) is a __________ type of statistical analysis

A.Univariate
B.Bivariate
C.Multivariate
D.none

Question ID:4861 and answer is A

19.A Linear regression analysis produces the equation Y = -3.2X + 7. This indicates that:
A.A 1 unit increase in X results in a 3.2 unit decrease in Y
B.A 1 unit decrease in X results in a 3.2 unit decrease in Y
C.A 1 unit increase in X results in a 3.2 unit increase in Y
D.An X value of 0 would increase Y by 7

Question ID:4864 and answer is A

20.What is Multicollinearity?
A.Correlation between outliers
B.High correlation between independent variables
C.Low correlation between independent variables

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D.Correlation between features

Question ID:4867 and answer is B

21.Which of the following is not linear model?

A.y_i=β_o+β_i x_i+ε_i
B. y_i=β_o+β_i 〖x_i〗^2+ε_i
C. y_i=β_o+e^(β_i x_i )+ε_i
D.All of the above

Question ID:4871 and answer is D

22.Which one of statistical method is not used for quality control and quality improvement.
A.Statistical process control
B.Design of experiment
C.Product development plan
D.Acceptance sampling

Question ID:4878 and answer is C

23.From the following statistical process control charts, one is different from the other.
A.X ̅-chart
B.R- chart
C.P-chart
D.S^2-chart

Question ID:4880 and answer is C

24.The goal of statistical process control is: -

A.To eliminate variability in the process.
B.To discover the key variables influencing the quality characteristics in the process.
C.To inspect the product to sentence a lot
D.All

Question ID:4882 and answer is A

25._______are used to monitor the number of defects per unit.

A.P-chart
B.C-chart
C.U-chart
D.np-char

Question ID:4884 and answer is B

26.The ability of the process to meet the design specifications for a service or product refers
to:
A.Sampling plan
B.Operating Characteristic Curves
C.Process Capability
D.Acceptable quality level

Question ID:4886 and answer is C

27.Which one of the following statement is correct about X ̅ -chart and cumulative sum
(CUSUM) control chart.
A.Both charts are sensitive to small process shifts
B.Both charts are used for monitoring process mean
C.Both charts are used for attribute quality characteristics
D.None

Question ID:4888 and answer is B

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28.Under which conditions, acceptance sampling is not most likely to be useful:

A.When testing is destructive
B.When the cost of 100% inspection is extremely high
C.When 100% inspection error rate is sufficiently high
D.None

Question ID:4890 and answer is D

29.Attribute charts are used when____.

A.Destructive testing is required
B.Process must be continuously stabilized and monitored for its capability
C.Historical summary of process performance is needed
D.Existing process but in chronic trouble

Question ID:4891 and answer is C

30.When there is a need to reduce acceptance sampling or other downstream testing t o a

minimum when the process can be operated in-control, which type of control charts should be
preferred?
A.Attribute control charts
B.Variable control charts
C.Both can be used
D.None of both types

Question ID:4892 and answer is B

31.Which of these does not require SPC implementation?

A.When specification change without notice
B.When customer demands both control and capability
C.When process is stable
D.When the process is estimated to reduce its capability in near future

Question ID:4893 and answer is C

32.DMAIC stands for_______

A.Do-Measure-Act-Implementation-Check
B.Define- Measure-Act-Implementation-Control
C.Define- Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control
D.Do- Measure-Analyze- Improve-Control

Question ID:4894 and answer is C

33.The average value of the quality characteristics corresponding to in-control state is

represented by________in control charts.
A.CL
B.UCL
C.LCL
D.Sample number

Question ID:4896 and answer is A

34.Which of the following is a statistical hypothesis completely specify the distribution or the
parameter.
A.Null hypothesis
B.Composite hypothesis
C.Alternative hypothesis
D.Simple hypothesis

Question ID:4901 and answer is B

35._____is a single statistic value that is the “best guess” for the parameter value.

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A.Estimator
B.Estimation
C.Point estimate
D.All

Question ID:4903 and answer is C

36.An interval of numbers around the point estimate, that has a fixed “confidence level” of
containing the parameter value is called a
A.Confidence coefficient
B.Confidence interval
C.Confidence level
D.Point estimation

Question ID:4904 and answer is B

37.Which of the following statements are correct?

A.Greater confidence requires wider confidence interval
B.The CI is shorten its simple to estimate the point estimate
C.Greater n produces narrower confidence interval
D.All of the above are correct

Question ID:4905 and answer is D

38.The formula uses to estimate the true but unknown value of population parameter is called
an.
A.Estimation
B.Estimate
C.Estimator
D.None of these

Question ID:4906 and answer is C

39.An estimator it contains all the information in the sample regarding the parameter is said
to be
A.Unbiased estimator
B.Sufficient estimator
C.Consistent estimator
D.Efficient estimator

Question ID:4907 and answer is B

40.Which of the following hypothesis is a simple statistical hypothesis:

A.H_o: μ=μ_O,δ^2=〖δ^2〗_0
B.H_o: μ<μ_O,δ^2=〖δ^2〗_0
C.H_o: μ=μ_O,δ^2<〖δ^2〗_0
D.H_o: μ=μ_O,δ^2>〖δ^2〗_0

Question ID:4909 and answer is A

41.Let p be the probability that a coin will fall head in a single toss in order to test H_o: p=1/2
vs H_1: p=3/4. The coin is tossed 5 times and Ho is rejected if more than 3 heads are obtained.
The value of power of the test is
A.0.1875
B.0.633
C.0.367
D.0.25

Question ID:4910 and answer is B

42.A type of test is said to be unbiased tests when, except

A.The power of test is greater than or equal to size of Type I error
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B.p(x:x ϵ critical region│H_1 )≥p(x:x ϵ critical region│H_0 )

C.1-β≤α
D.All

Question ID:4912 and answer is C

43.Statement or assertion about a population or equivalently about the probability

distribution of one or more random variables is said to be
A.Test of statistical hypothesis
B.Statistical hypothesis
C.Randomized hypothesis
D.Non randomized hypothesis

Question ID:4914 and answer is B

44.which of the following statements are correct

A.Type II error is more serious than Type I error
B.1-α is the decision of rejecting H_o when its false
C.It’s possible to minimize Type I & Type II errors simultaneously
D.Type I error is more serious than Type II error

Question ID:4916 and answer is D

45.The null hypothesis of the sign test is that

A.Half the ranks to be less than the median and half greater than the median
B.Half the ranks to be less than the mean and half greater than the mean
C.The lower half the ranks to have the same standard deviation as the upper half
D.The upper half the ranks to have the same standard deviation as the lower half

Question ID:4918 and answer is A

46.The null hypothesis for the Mann-Whitney U test is used to test that
A.Two samples are from different populations
B.Two samples are from different populations but have the same mean
C.Two samples are from the same population and have the same mean
D.Two samples are from the same population and have the same variance

Question ID:4920 and answer is A

47.Statistical estimation By taking a level of significance of 5% it is the same as saying

A.We are 5% confident the results have not occurred by chance
B.We are 95% confident that the results have not occurred by chance
C.We are 95% confident that the results have occurred by chance
D.None of the above

Question ID:4921 and answer is C

48.Parametric test, unlike the non-parametric tests, make certain assumptions about
A.The population size
B.The distribution of parameter
C.The sample size
D.Distribution free

Question ID:4922 and answer is B

49.If my null hypothesis is ‘English people do not differ from Ethiopian people in height’,
what is my alternative hypothesis?
A.Ethiopian people are taller than English people.
B.English people are taller than Ethiopian people.
C.Ethiopian people differ in height from English people
D.All of the statements are plausible alternative hypotheses

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Question ID:5110 and answer is D

50.Which of the following is an assumption of one-way ANOVA comparing samples from

three or more experimental treatments?
A.All the response variables within the k populations follow a normal distributions
B.The samples associated with each population are randomly selected and are independent
from all other samples
C.The response variable within each of the k populations have equal variances
D.All of the above

Question ID:5111 and answer is D

51.You obtained a significant test statistic when comparing three treatments in a one-way
ANOVA. In words, how would you interpret the alternative hypothesis HA?
A.All three treatments have different effects on the mean response.
B.Exactly two of the three treatments have the same effect on the mean response
C.At least two treatments are different from each other in terms of their effect on the mean
response.
D.All of the above.

Question ID:5112 and answer is C

52.If the true means of the k populations are equal, then MSTR/MSE should be
A.more than 1.00
B.close to 1.00
C.close to 0.00
D.close to -1.00

Question ID:5113 and answer is B

53.An independent t-test is used to test for

A.Differences between means of groups containing the same entities when the sampling
distribution is not normally distributed and the data do not have unequal variances.
B.Differences between means of groups containing the same entities when the data are
normally distributed, have equal variances and data are at least interval.
C.Differences between means of groups containing different entities when the data are not
normally distributed or have unequal variances.
D.Differences between means of groups containing different entities when the sampling
distribution is normal, the groups have equal variances and data are at least interval.

Question ID:5114 and answer is D

54.A sampling distribution is the probability distribution for which one of the following:
A.a sample
B.a sample statistic
C.a population
D.a population parameter

Question ID:5115 and answer is B

55.Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false is:

A.alpha
B.Type I error
C.Beta
D.Type II error

Question ID:5116 and answer is D

56.In point estimation

A.data from the population is used to estimate the population parameter
B.data from the sample is used to estimate the population parameter

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C.data from the sample is used to estimate the sample statistic

D.the mean of the population equals the mean of the sample

Question ID:5117 and answer is B

57.In hypothesis testing, the hypothesis tentatively assumed to be true is

A.the alternative hypothesis
B.the null hypothesis
C.either the null or the alternative
D.None of these alternatives is correct

Question ID:5118 and answer is B

58.Consider a random sample of 100 females and 100 males. Suppose 15 of the females are
left-handed and 12 of the males are left-handed. What is the estimated difference between
population proportions of females and males who are left-handed (females - males)? Select
the choice with the correct notation and numerical value.?
A.p1 - p2 = 3
B.p ̂1 - p ̂ 2 = 3
C.p1 - p2 = 0.03
D.p ̂1 - p ̂ 2 = 0.03

Question ID:5119 and answer is D

59.What is the function of a post-test in ANOVA?

A.Determine if any statistically significant group differences have occurred
B.Identify those groups that have reliable differences between group means.
C.Set the critical value for the F test (or chi-square).
D.None of the above

Question ID:5120 and answer is B

60.Suppose that X1, X2, . . . , X16 is a random sample from a Normal distribution with mean
of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Then the distribution of the sample mean X ̅ =
(X_1+X_2+⋯+X_16)⁄16 has mean, µx ̅ , and standard deviation, σ x ̅, given by:
A.µx ̅= 50, σ x ̅ = 6.25
B. µx ̅= 50, σ x ̅= 0.625
C.µx ̅= 800, σ x ̅= 10
D.µx ̅= 50, σ x ̅= 2.5

Question ID:5121 and answer is B

61.Which of the following is not true about the purpose of research

A.Used to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures.
B.Used to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered yet
C.Used to indicate scientific and inductive thinking to promotes the development of logical
habit of thinking and organization.
D.None

Question ID:5122 and answer is D

62.In which type of research is mostly the researcher has to use facts or information already
available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
A.Descriptive research
B.Analytical research
C.Applied research
D.Basic research

Question ID:5123 and answer is B

63.One is not the important considerations upon selecting research problem

A.Interest

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B.Availability of data
C.The cost involved and time
D.None

Question ID:5124 and answer is D

64.While conducting sample surveys preparation for processing such as data files, data
structures, data checking, coding, and data entry step is
A.Survey Design and Preparation
B.Data Collection
C.Survey Analysis
D.All

Question ID:5125 and answer is C

65.One is not true about advantages of open ended responses

A.They permit an unlimited number of possible answers
B.Respondent can answer in detail and can clarify responses.
C.Unanticipated findings can be discovered.
D.The answers are easier to code and statistically analyze

Question ID:5126 and answer is D

66.During recruitment of field works, one of the following is not the role of the interviewer:
A.Gathering data upon which major decisions are based.
B.The interviewer must not be informed about the survey and its objective.
C.The interviewer must establish good relations with respondents, avoid arousing
unnecessary prejudice.
D. None

Question ID:5127 and answer is B

67.Which of the following is wrong about non-sampling errors (NSE) ?

A.NSE is captured by our formulae for standard error of estimates.
B.NSEs get bigger as the sample size increases
C.NSEs are said to arise from wrongly conceived definition, imperfections in the tabulation
D.NSE arises even if the whole population units were investigated.

Question ID:5128 and answer is A

68.The range and standard deviation of a data set are 20 and 4, respectively. If each value in
the data set is increased by 12, the range and standard deviation of the transformed data set,
respectively, are:
A.20 and 4
B.32 and 4
C.40 and 8
D. 32 and 16

Question ID:5129 and answer is A

69.Which of the following is true about the coefficient of range?

A.It takes the units of measurement of the original data.
B.Its computation is based on the entire dataset.
C.It can be used to compare the variability of datasets with different units of measurement.
D.It is not affected by extreme values.

Question ID:5130 and answer is C

70.The numbers of person in sex, age, and other “demographic” categories.

A.Population dynamics
B.Population size
C.Population distribution

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D.Population composition

Question ID:5131 and answer is D

71.In a population census, the method to list all persons present in the household or other
living quarters at midnight of the census day or all who passed the night there is:
A.De facto census
B.Retrospective surveys
C.De jure census
D.Prospective surveys

Question ID:5132 and answer is A

72.Among the essential features of modern census, which one is the the timing of the
enumeration, a census is taken as of a given day, and in practice is difficult to attain.
A.Universality
B.Individual enumeration
C.Simultaneity
D.Defined periodicity

Question ID:5133 and answer is C

73.Which vital event is the invalidation or voiding of a marriage by a competent authority,

according to the laws of each country, which confers on the parties the status of never having
been married to each other?
A.Live birth
B.Marriage
C.Divorce
D.Annulment

Question ID:5134 and answer is D

74.In demographic studies, which one is the reasons of errors in the tabulated data on age;
A.Coverage errors,
B.Failure to record age
C.Misreporting of age.
D.All

Question ID:5135 and answer is D

75.Which general profiles of age-sex compositions indicated by a pyramid with a large

percentage of the population in the younger ages.
A.Zero growth
B.Slow growth
C.Rapid growth.
D.None

Question ID:5136 and answer is C

76.According to 1994 Population Census of Ethiopia, the Male population was 26,733,847
persons and the female population was 26,398,404 persons, in the country. What is the
Masculinity Proportion for males?
A.49.68%
B.1.01
C.50.32%
D.0.99

Question ID:5137 and answer is C

77.What is the ratio of females to males based on Question 8 in Ethiopia since 1994?
A.49.68%
B.1.01

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C.50.32%
D.0.99

Question ID:5138 and answer is D

78.Suppose the number of students infected with COVID 19 since 2021 at a high school after t
days is modeled by the function: P(t) = 2000/ (1 + 49e−0.2t). What is the initial number of
infected students?
A.200
B.40
C.2000
D.50

Question ID:5139 and answer is B

79.____ is a person who enters a migration-defining area by crossing its boundary from some
point outside the area, but within the same country.
A.Mobility
B.In-migrant
C.Immigrant
D.Emigrant

Question ID:5140 and answer is B

80.In 1960 the population size of Addis Ababa was 123, 000 and it was 343,000 in 1970.
Assuming that the change is exponentially distributed. Then the rate of change is______.
A.10.26%
B.78.9%
C.35.86%
D.None

Question ID:5141 and answer is A

81.The types of population estimates which is related to a past or current date following a
census and take that census and possibly earlier censuses into account, but not later censuses.
A.Intercensal Estimates
B.Projections
C.Postcensal Estimates
D.None

Question ID:5142 and answer is C

82.If A and B are two events such that P(a) = 0.2, P(b) = 0.6 and P(A /B) = 0.2 then the value
of P(A /Bc) is ___________
A.0.2
B.0.5
C.0.8
D.1⁄3

Question ID:5143 and answer is A

83.In a Binomial Distribution, if p, q and n are probability of success, failure and number of
trials respectively then variance is given by ___________
A.np
B.np2q
C.npq
D.npq2

Question ID:5144 and answer is C

84.For larger values of ‘n’, Binomial Distribution ___________

A.loses its discreteness

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B.tends to Poisson Distribution

C.stays as it is
D.gives oscillatory values

Question ID:5145 and answer is B

85.Company A produces 10% defective products, Company B produces 20% defective

products and C produces 5% defective products. If choosing a company is an equally likely
event, then find the probability that the product chosen is defective.
A.0.22
B.0.12
C.0.11
D.0.21

Question ID:5146 and answer is B

86.Three companies A, B and C supply 25%, 35% and 40% of the notebooks to a school. Past
experience shows that 5%, 4% and 2% of the notebooks produced by these companies are
defective. If a notebook was found to be defective, what is the probability that the notebook
was supplied by A?
A.44⁄69
B.25⁄69
C.13⁄24
D.11⁄24

Question ID:5147 and answer is B

87.The mean of hyper geometric distribution is _____________

A.n*k / N-1
B.n*k-1 / N
C.n-1*k / N
D.n*k / N

Question ID:5148 and answer is D

88.Moment generating function does not exist for

A.X^2-distribution
B.t distribution
C.F distribution
D.All except A

Question ID:5149 and answer is D

89.The mode of convergence in central limit theorem is

A.Convergence in distribution
B.Convergence almost surely
C.Convergence in probability
D.None of the above

Question ID:5150 and answer is D

90.Moment generating function of chi-square distribution is

A.(1-2t)〗^(n/2)
B.(1+2t)〗^(n/2)
C.(1-2t)〗^(-n/2)
D.(1+2t)〗^(-n/2)

Question ID:5151 and answer is C

91.If ‘m’ is the mean of a Poisson Distribution, the standard deviation is given by
___________
A.√m
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B.m^2
C.m
D.m/2

Question ID:5152 and answer is A

92.The standard normal curve is symmetric about the value ___________

A.0.5
B.1
C.∞
D.0

Question ID:5153 and answer is D

93.A mobile conversation follows a exponential distribution f (x) = (1/3) e-x/3. What is the
probability that the conversation takes more than 5 minutes?
A.e-5/3
B.e-15
C.5e-15
D.e-5/3

Question ID:5154 and answer is A

94.Suppose Y1< Y2< Y3< Y4< Y5< Y6 =[X1,6, X2,6, X3,6, X4,6, X5,6, X6,6] be the order
statistics associated with n=6 independent observations each from the distribution with
probability density function , for 0< x<2; If F(x)=x^2, then the minimum probability density
function in the order statistics is:
A.12x(1-x^2)^5
B.6(1-x^2)^10
C.6x(1-x^2)^8
D.2x^2(1-x^2)^10

Question ID:5155 and answer is A

95.In all Possible Regressions approach, if there are 6 candidate regressors_____ total
possible regression models to be examined.
A.6
B.7
C.64
D.65

Question ID:5156 and answer is C

96.If you want to install the packages name MASS for the analysis, the R- code is written as
A.install.packages("MASS")
B.install.package("MASS")
C.installpackages("MASS")
D.install.packages(MASS)

Question ID:5157 and answer is A

97.If Pearson’s correlation coefficient between stress level and workload is 0.7, how much
variance in stress level is not accounted for by workload?
A.30%
B. 70%
C.49%
D.51%

Question ID:5158 and answer is D

98.Which one of the following is true about scales of measurements?

A.we can rank the values in nominal scale of measurement

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B.In ordinal scale of measurement, the difference between data values are meaningful
C.Multiplication and division are possible in interval scale of measurement.
D.The ratio of data values is meaningful for ratio scale of measurement.

Question ID:5159 and answer is D

99.Which of the following statement is not true about class width?

A.The difference between the upper and lower boundaries of any the same class.
B.The difference between the lower-class limits of two consecutive classes.
C.The difference between the upper-class limits of two consecutive classes.
D.The difference between the upper and lower limits of the same class

Question ID:5160 and answer is D

100.Mailed questionnaire method of data collection is used except the following aspects?
A.When the area under investigation is large
B.When the informants are illiterate
C.When the informants are expected to leave for faraway places
D.All

Question ID:5161 and answer is B

101.For the interval estimator to be good the error should be small. So, how can we minimize
the error?
A.By increasing sample size n
B.By decreasing variability
C.By taking small test statistics
D.All

Question ID:5162 and answer is D

102.Which of the following is not a type of non-probability sampling?

A.Snowball sampling
B.Quota sampling
C.Stratified random sampling
D.Convenience sampling

Question ID:5163 and answer is C

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