ARUSHA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

BACHELOR DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL AND BIOMEDICAL
ENGINEERING
NTA LEVEL 8
PROJECT II

PROJECT TITLE: DESIGNING TESTER CIRCUIT FOR

ELECTROSURGICAL UNIT AT ST FRANCIS HOSPITAL
PROJECT TYPE: PROBLEM SOLVING
NAME OF CANDIDATE: CHRISOGONUS TITUS MLINDIMA
ADMISSION NUMBER: 20030613009
SUPERVISOR: ENG. CRECENT BONIFACE SEMBULI
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022/2023
 CERTIFICATION
Undersigned certify that, as the candidate’s supervisor, I have approved this project for submission
Supervisor’s Name: ENG. CRECENT BONIFACE SEMBULI
Signature: …………………

Date: ………………………

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 DECLARATION
I, CHRISOGONUS TITUS MLINDIMA declare to the best of my knowledge that the project
presented here and entitled as “DESIGNING OF TESTER CIRCUIT FOR
ELECTROSURGICAL UNIT” as a part of my Bachelor Degree in Electrical and Biomedical
Engineering course at Arusha Technical College is my own work and has not been copied
anywhere or presented elsewhere. Whenever information from other source has been used a
complete reference has been given so that it can be clearly described what was quoted from other
sources.
Candidate’s name Signature Date
CHRISOGONUS.T. MLINDIMA ……………… …………………

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 ABSTRACT
Monopolar electro surgery is the most performed electro surgery procedure in Tanzania, in which
high frequency electric current flows through the patient from cutting electrode to a large return
electrode pad on the skin of the patient. The type of waveform can be selected by the surgeon; this
dictate whether the ESU will cut or coagulate. Electrosurgical units need to be tested its
peformance before using it, but most of our hospitals in Tanzania they use (spongy) a local way
of testing ESU before putting into use which is difficult to detect exactly mulfuctioning of ESU
machine. This may result to long time to complete surgery, too much loss of blood and burning
body’s tissue of patient, which risks life of the patient.

This project is designed with the help of measuring system, computation and display system
technology. The main hardware component used in this project are power supply, signal generator,
stepdown transformer, bridge rectifier, microcontroller, shunt resistors, capacitors, LCD, potential
divider, resistors, inverting operational amplifier and voltage regulators for measuring the current
and voltage input signals. In software part is interfaced with the program that will perform the
computation and print the output values on LCD. In this project a microcontroller unit will perform
the necessary computation from the input signals and print the power output, current value and
voltage output on LCD. When the power output is high above the required value, the surgeon will
see that and regulate the system. So, it stands to save life as it prevents both the patient and the
surgeon from the risk of electric shock. Also, it prevents the patients from severe electric tissue
burn and loss of blood.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my special thanks to almighty God for the blessing that has
been bestowed upon me from the beginning up to this point of my senior project work.
It’s an honor to express my deep sense of gratitude to the entire faculty and staff of the Electrical
Engineering Department, their encouragement and support has been generally helpful towards
fulfillment of the work project
I also would like to extend sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Eng. CRECENT BONIFACE
SEMBULI for he has been of great help to me in performing this project. I am also thankful to
the project coordinator and the panel members for their constructive advices and monitoring.
With gratitude I thank my parents and family who have been of great support and encouragement
through every step-in achieving goals in my lives especially in education field.
I thank my friends, fellow students and everyone who have been of great help and supporting
completion of this project.

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Table of Contents
CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................. iv
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. viii
List of figures ................................................................................................................................................ ix
List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 Main Objective .............................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.2 Specific Objectives......................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Significance of the project................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Existing System ................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2.1 Description .................................................................................................................................... 4
Block diagram of an existing system ...................................................................................................... 4
2.2.3 Disadvantage of existing system. .................................................................................................. 6
2.3 Proposed System .............................................................................................................................. 7
2.3.1 Description .................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.2 Advantages of proposed system. .................................................................................................. 8
2.4 Operation of each block of the proposed system ............................................................................ 8
2.4.2 Measuring Unit.............................................................................................................................. 8
2.4.1 Power Supply................................................................................................................................. 9
2.4.3 Microcontroller Unit ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.4.4 Liquid Crystal Display .................................................................................................................. 10

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CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 11
METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 11
3.1.1 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 11
3.1.2 Data Collection ............................................................................................................................ 11
3.1.3 System Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.4 System Design ............................................................................................................................. 12
3.1.5 Circuit Simulation ........................................................................................................................ 12
3.1.6 Prototype Implementation and Testing ...................................................................................... 12
3.1.7 Report Writing............................................................................................................................. 13
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 14
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... 14
4.1 DATA COLLECTION ......................................................................................................................... 14
4.1.1 Primary data collection ............................................................................................................... 14
4.1.2 Secondary data collection ........................................................................................................... 14
Power Supply........................................................................................................................................ 15
Control Unit .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Display Unit .......................................................................................................................................... 16
4.2 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 17
4.2.1 Introduction. ............................................................................................................................... 17
4.2.2 Measuring unit ............................................................................................................................ 18
4.2.2a Current Sensor .......................................................................................................................... 18
4.2.2b Voltage Sensor .......................................................................................................................... 19
4.2.3 Control Unit ................................................................................................................................. 20
Qualitative Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 21
4.2.4 Display Unit ................................................................................................................................. 22
4.3 RESULTS AND SIMULATION ............................................................................................................ 23
4.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 23
4.3.2 Simulation Test and Simulation Results ...................................................................................... 23
4.3.3 Prototype Status.......................................................................................................................... 24

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CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 26
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................................... 26
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 26
5.2 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 26
5.3 Recommendation ........................................................................................................................... 26
APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................................... 27
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 32

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 List of Tables
Table 1.1 : Power supply output specifications ........................................................................................... 24
Table 1.2: Parameters used to choose the type of control unit .................................................................. 25
Table 1.3: Physical description of the display ............................................................................................. 25
Table 1.4: Specification of the existing system ........................................................................................... 18
Table 1.5: shows pin configuration of the current sensor. ......................................................................... 28
Table 1.6: showing the pin configuration of voltage sensor ....................................................................... 29
Table 1.7: Parametres used to select controlling unit................................................................................. 23

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 List of figures
Figure 1 : block diagram of an existing system ............................................................................................. 4
Figure 2: Block diagram of proposed system ................................................................................................ 7
Figure 3: Circuit diagram of proposed system .............................................................................................. 8
Figure 4: designed circuit ............................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 5: Parameters used to select controlling unit. ................................................................................ 21
Figure 6: Arduino Uno ................................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 7: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).......................................................................................................... 23
Figure 8: Simulation of proposed circuit ..................................................................................................... 24
Figure 9: Implemented prototype circuit status.......................................................................................... 25

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 List of Abbreviations
LED - Light Emitting Diode
AC - Alternative Current
DC - Direct Current
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
MCU - Microcontroller Unit
OP-Amp - Operational Amplifier
ESU - Electro Surgical Unit
mA - mill Amperes
I/O - Input Output
MHz - Mega Hertz
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
Monopolar electro surgery is the surgical procedure in which high frequency electric current flows
through the patient from cutting electrode to a large return electrode pad on the skin of the patient.
Monopolar Electro Sugary Tester Circuit is the device which measures the value of power output
from the monopolar electro surgery unit.

The type of waveform can be selected by the surgeon; this dictate whether the ESU will cut or
coagulate. Electrosurgical units need to be tested its performance before using it, these will detect
malfunctioning of ESU before it puts into use, it also helps to prevent burning of patient body’s
tissue, much loss of blood and use of long time to complete the surgery process.

This project is designed with the help of measuring system, computation and display system
technology. The main hardware component used in this project are power supply, microcontroller,
shunt capacitors, LCD, potential divider, resistors, inverting operational amplifier and voltage input
signals.

In software part is interfaced with the program that will perform the computation and print the output
values on LCD. Inn this project a microcontroller unit will perform the necessary computation from
the input signals and print the power output, current value, voltage output and frequency on LCD.
When the power output is high above the required value, the surgeon will see that and regulate the
system. So, it stands to save life as it prevents both the patient and the surgeon from the risk of
electric shock. Also, it prevents the patient from severe electric tissue burn and loss blood.

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1.2 Problem Statement

Most of the equipment in medical field need to be maintained and calibrated within a regular interval.
Electrosurgical unit is an example of these instruments. So far there is few instruments that are used
in testing this equipment. This makes the equipment to be used without being tested or sometimes
tested with local means which are not accurate. The result is risking the life of both patient and doctor
or nurse.

This fact motivated me in designing a portable tester device for monopolar electrosurgical unit which
will calculate the voltage, current, power and frequency from the ESU generator. By using this
device, the surgeon will be sure of power outputs hence prevent electric shock and loss of blood
during the surgery. It will also save time taken for the surgery to complete.

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 Main Objective

The main objective of this project is to design tester circuit which would ensure that Monopolar ESU
gives the correct frequency currents before surgery process for effective performance.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

i Designing of a tester circuit for testing the electric output of monopolar electrosurgical unit
(ESU)

ii Design a power supply for a tester circuit

iii Select a program for interpretation of tester circuit

iv Building a prototype

v Testing prototype

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1.4 Significance of the project

Once this project is finished it will have the following advantages;

i It detects malfunctioning of ESU before it put into use.
ii It can help to prevent burning of patient body’s tissue, much loss of blood and use of long
time to complete the surgery process.
iii It comes with LCD display which shows the power output in form of words.
iv It is cheap and simple to use
v It is portable and can be carried easily from one place to another.

1.5 Scope of the Project

The scope of doing this project is at St Francis Referral Hospital whereby the designed system will
be used in order to prevent electric shock and loss of blood.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Literature review explains on the relevant works that done previously to this project and also explain
about the existing system operation advantage, disadvantage and the limitation further more. The
review will help to understand the scope of the project and also the need to build the project. The
review comes from the reading on the websites, documentations, books and through studying
existing system by site visit at different hospitals in Tanzania.

2.2 Existing System

2.2.1 Description

The existing system involves the use of wet spongy and beef as means of testing the cutting power
of electrosurgical bovie pen. The system relies on the assumption of beef as tissue of which is not
true, also it does not have any electronic controllers to perform the computation and provide the
output the inform of LCD display.

Block diagram of an existing system

Monopolar ESU Bovie pen Wet spongy

Figure 1 : block diagram of an existing system

Main parts of Existing System are

i. Electrosurgical unit
ii. Spongy

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Electrosurgical Unit
ESU is used to cut part of human tissues and reduces an escape of blood during the surgery. An ESU
is a generator capable of producing a cutting and/or coagulating clinical effort on tissue by the use
of alternating current in the range of 100 kilohertz to several megahertz. Voltages and currents may
vary depending in the desired clinical effect. ESU’s are used for surgical cutting or to control
bleeding by causing coagulation (hemostasis) at the surgical site. It delivers high frequency electrical
currents and voltages through an active electrode, causing coagulating and fulguration of the target
tissue.
ESU involves the transfer of electrical energy into heat which when impact to the bodily tissues, will
heat normal cell fluid. It uses the principles in cutting and coagulation of the cellular tissue take place
by flowing a high frequency current to a human body. Using the heat generated by the load or contact
resistance it generates a short park or heat without giving any electrical shock or stimulation to the
muscles. The current must be alternating current and should have frequency over 100Khz to avoid
the reaction of the neuromuscular. Dispersive electrode makes good contact with the skin and offer
a passage of least resistance for safe exit of the RF current from the patient. The large surface area
generates little heat. A generator supplies RF to the active electrode. It returns to the generator to
complete the circuit. Without complete circular path, from generator to patient, back to the generator,
the current should not flow.
There are two types of electrical circuits of ESU which include bipolar electro surgery and
monopolar electro surgery.
Monopolar is the most commonly used electrosurgical modality. This is due to its versatility and
clinical effectiveness active electrode is in surgical site and the patient return electrode is on patient’s
body. The current passes through the patient as it completes the circuit from active electrode to
patient return electrode. Tissue is cut and coagulated by completing an electrical circuit that includes
a high frequency oscillator and amplifiers within the ESU, the patient plate, the connecting cables
and the electrodes. Electric current from the ESU is conducted through the surgical site with an active
cable and electrode. The electrosurgical current is then dispersed through the patient to return
electrode returning the energy to the generator to complete the path. Monopolar electro surgery has
the means of delivering energy to the tissue through several modalities (modes of operations) which
include pure cut, blended cut, desiccation, fulguration. The delivery system of the monopolar

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electrical generator can be a hand-controlled pencil (reusable or disposable) or a foot-controlled
pencil.
In bipolar mode, both active electrode and return electrode are arranged immediately opposite one
another and performed at the site of surgery. The path taken by the high frequency current is simple
from one point of forceps to the other. Does not require a patient plate. Electrosurgical current in the
patient is restricted to a small volume of tissue in the immediate region of application of the forceps.
(Khandpur,2003)
The correct operation of electrosurgical unit is essential to ensure patient’s safety and management
of the risks associated with the use of high and low frequency electrical currents on human body.
The measurement reliability of electrosurgical equipment St Francis Referral Hospital was evaluated
and the achieved results show that HF current and voltage were sometimes low or too high and the
power analysis of delivered acceptance output values and precision in the output power measurement
was low, this was due to the usage of spongy when testing the cutting efficiency of bovie pen without
testing if the output of the machine was accurate. Optimal performance and safety tests of these high
frequency generators can lead to further improvement of patient’s safety by ensuring the safety
features of each generator which remains intact and the performance accuracy is guaranteed. Thus,
there is need of s tester e circuit that will be used for measurement of output of different electrical
signals to ensure the accuracy of the output.

2.2.3 Disadvantage of existing system.

The current system suffers from the following drawbacks,

i. It is not accurate method to determine the correct value of power during the use of
electrosurgical unit.
ii. It leads to burning of body tissue of a patient or doctor
iii. High risk of electric shock to a patient and doctor
iv. It increases time for surgery and may lead to too much loss of blood.
This drawback risks the life of both patient and surgeon.

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2.3 Proposed System

2.3.1 Description

Electro surgery unit tester for monopolar electro surgery is the device which measure the value of
power output from the bovie pen in monopolar electro surgery.
This project is designed with help of measuring system, computation and display system technology.
The main hardware component used in this project supply, microcontroller, shunt resistors,
capacitors, LCD, potential divider, resistors, inventing operational amplifier and voltage regulators
for measuring the current and voltage input signals. In software part is interfaced with the program
that will perform computation and print the output values on LCD. In this project a microcontroller
unit will perform the necessary computation from the input signals and print power output, current
value, voltage output and frequency on LCD. Below is block diagram and circuit diagram of
proposed system

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 Figure 3: Circuit diagram of proposed system

2.3.2 Advantages of proposed system.

i. The proposed system is more accurate, cheap and is able to display the value of current,
voltage and power output from the monopolar ESU.
ii. Enables the user to know the amount of power output produced in the bovie pen if is
acceptance output values and precision.
iii. It will contribute to smooth running of the operation procedure.
iv. It will make it easy to recognize if the machine is mulfuctioning.

2.4 Operation of each block of the proposed system

2.4.2 Measuring Unit

The measuring unit is designed to measure the input and output signals that are contained in the
machine. The measuring unit may consists of volatge sensor and current sensor. After the input

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signals which are voltages, current and frequency to pwer the load have been measured are now
directed to the microcontroller unit.

2.4.1 Power Supply

Power supply is an electrical device that supplies power to an electrical circuit. The primary fuction
of power supply is to convert electrical current from a source to the correct voltage, current and
frequency to power the circuit.

2.4.3 Microcontroller Unit

This is an integrated circuit that incorporates microprocessor to control all the part of the system.The
filtration of the measured signals, all calculation on it and prepare it for transmission to the next unit
mainly done by the microcontroller unit. It is an electronic device which has been designed in
particular for monitoring and/or control tasks. In addition to the processor it includes memory,
various interface controllers one or more timers, an interrupt controller and last but not least general
purpose I/O pins which allow it to directly interface to its environment. Microcontroller is a computer
present in asingle integrated circuit which is dedicated to perform one task and executes it, usually
includes;

i. An 8 or 16 bit microprocessor (CPU)

ii. A small amount of RAM
iii. Programmable ROM and/or flash memory
iv. Parallel and/or I/O
v. Timers and signal generstors
vi. Analog to Digital (A/D) or Digiatl to Analog (D/A) conversion
It contains memory, programmable input/output peripheralsas well as processor. Microcontrollers
are mostly designed for embedded applications and are heavily used in automatically controlled
electronic devices such as cell phones, cameras, microwave oven, washing mashine, etc.
Microcontrollers usually must have low power requirement since many devices they control are
battery operated.

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2.4.4 Liquid Crystal Display

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is device which is used for visual presentation of output such as
current, voltage, power and frequency. It comes in many sizes 16x2, 16x2, 16x4, 20x2, 24x2, etc.

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 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter explains different steps/methods and procedures which have been taken in order to
accomplish the objectives of this project.
These methods include the following;
i Supervisor consultations
ii Literature review
iii Data collection
iv Data analysis
v System design
vi Circuit simulation
vii Prototype building with testing
viii Book writing.

3.1.1 Literature Review

In literature review, different sources of information based on principles of operations and features
of existing system have been revised. These are various technical reports, professional papers and
websites from the internet, as they are rich in materials, have been much helpful to the achievement
of this project. Literature review gives discussion on the existing system and also on the proposed
system.

3.1.2 Data Collection

In data collection different methods of collecting data such as questionnaire, observation, survey and
so many others will be used so as to answer stated research question, test hypothesis and evaluate
outcomes.
The data collection is divided into two parts which include the following;

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 i Primary Data Collection
This is the type whereby the data are collected from sites where there is related project and to collect
data to differentiate with proposed system of the project by either observation, interview or
questionnaire. These are the data which validate the existence of the problem of the existing system.

ii Secondary Data Collection

This is the type of data collection which is obtained as a technical information or data specifications
for the design requirements of the project.

3.1.3 System Analysis

It will be conducted to determine the appropriate components and values to be used in circuit
operation so that to obtain required output/results.

3.1.4 System Design

System design will base on information collected in order to meet the objective of the project. It will
involve the physical layout of the circuit by using available and required material resources. In the
system design the analyzed data were used to design the new system for the proposed project.

3.1.5 Circuit Simulation

Circuit simulation is the imitation of the operation of the real-world process of the circuit over time.
The circuit simulation will give the clear picture about how the circuit design for the project will
work. The designed circuit will be simulated in a special software such as proteus. This will be done
to see if the design gives the expected results and meet the objectives.

3.1.6 Prototype Implementation and Testing

A prototype will be built and tested after simulation using the appropriate software. The prototype
demonstrates the working principles of the system hence this will end up to the implementation of
the designed. The circuit will be implemented on the printed circuit board (PCB) by soldering all the
components required in order to meet required results of the operation of the implemented prototype.

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In testing the circuit can be easily done by comparing the results obtained in simulation and those
observed after operating the built system (proposed system). It also involves troubleshooting of the
system circuit if there are any technical errors to work on it.

3.1.7 Report Writing

Through the time line for the project, documentation of all the necessary and important information
include photographic evidence will be done and formal report will be written for reference.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 DATA COLLECTION

Data collection is the process of collecting necessary information which will be used for designing
of a proposed system after being analyzed.

Primary data can take place in two ways which are primary data collection and secondary data
collection.

4.1.1 Primary data collection

This is type of data whereby the data are collected from the sites where there is related project and
to collect data to differentiate with proposed system of the project by either observation, interview
or questionnaire. These are the data which validate the existence of the problem of the existing
system.

Observation
During my two years of industrial practical training I observed this problem of most of hospitals
lacking the tester circuit for calibrating the electrosurgical unit. After asking some of surgeons I
noticed that the big problem was cost of the analyzers despite of being available. I tried to get the
signed document as evidence of existing problem from several hospitals but they refused.

4.1.2 Secondary data collection

These are technical data which will help in designing of the proposed system for the purpose of
solving the existing system. The data have been collected by considering their performance,
advantages, characteristics, cost related and also availability of particular components/device.

The main components/devices for the proposed system are current sensor, voltage sensor,
microcontroller, LCD and power supply(battery/adapter)

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Power Supply

The purpose of a power supply is to provide electric power to all parts of an electronic circuit for a
given amount of power. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical
energy to another and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power
converters. Some power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are built into
larger devices along with their loads. The below table shows general parameters required for power
supply

S/N Parameter Requirement

1 Output Voltage DC Voltage (low power consumption)

2 Efficiency (%) High

3 Temperature (0C) At least 10

Table 1.1: Power supply output specifications

Control Unit

This project requires a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an
embedded system, such an integrated circuit required by this project should include a processor,
memory, and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip, and for such reason Control unity
required as the main part of the project. The control unit is the main part of the project, by
programming this part will take control and link all parts of this project. The table below shows some
of the requirements in choosing the suitable control unit.

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 S/N Parameters Value

1 I/O Pins At least 16 to 40

2 Operating Voltage Low power

(Vdc) operation

3 Operating frequency High

(speed)

4 Data RAM (bytes) >128

5 Data Rom (bytes) >128

Table 1.2: Parameters used to choose the type of control unit

Display Unit

This device shows the results from the system, the commonly used displays are the seven-segment
display and the LCD. The requirements of the unit are as shown in the table below.

S/N Property Description

1 Module dimension Small in size

2 IC packaging Chip on board

3 Visibility High

Table 1.3: Physical description of the display unit

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The following where the data collected from a machine designed by the Bovie Medical Corporation
generator machine that are applicable in monopolar of operation at St Francis referral hospital.

NO OPERATION MODE OUTPUT POWER FREQUENCY

1 Cut 120W at 500Ω 357kHz

2 Blend 90W at 800Ω 357 kHz

3 Coagulation 80W at 1000Ω 475kHz

4 Fulguration 40W at 1000Ω 410kHz

Table 1.4: Specification of the existing system.

4.2 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.2.1 Introduction.

Regarding to the data that were collected will now provide the analysis of the collected data and
further used in the design to come up with the suitable values of components, integrated circuits,
together with power supply for the proposed system. Also, this part is going to analyze about major
components selection, data analysis and design.
For easy designing, the project was divided into three categories which are: -

• Measuring Unit
• Control Unit
• Display Unit

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 Figure 4: designed circuit

Current and voltage from the source are measured by the current sensor and voltage sensor
respectively. The output of the current sensor and voltage sensor are fed to the microcontroller
(Arduino) for necessary computation and calculation and display the results on the liquid crystal
display.

4.2.2 Measuring unit

It consists of
• Current sensor
• Voltage sensor

4.2.2a Current Sensor

There are three variety of ACS12 sensor based on range of its current sensing. The optimized
ranges are +/-5A, +/-20A and +/-30A. ACS712 is a current sensor that can operate on both
AC and DC.

This sensor operates at 5V and produces an analog voltage output proportional to the measured
current. The output of this current is analog, so to read it, should measure directly the output voltage
18
using voltmeter or measure it by using a microcontroller like Arduino through analog read pin or
ADC pin.
The current sensor in use is that of +/-30A because of the following reasons;
i. High sensitivity (66m/V)
ii. Low noise compared to others
iii. More accurate than others
iv. Can operate on high current (30A)
v. Easy to integrate with MCU, since it outputs analog voltage
Input voltage (Vcc) is 5V

Vo = V cc * 0.5 = 2.5V

Pin configuration

Pin no Pin Name Description

½ IP+ Positive terminal for sensing current

¾ IP- Negative terminal for sensing current

5 Ground Connected to ground of circuit (signal

ground)

6 Filter External capacitor (to set the bandwidth

7 VIOUT Analog output

8 VCC Power supply

Table 1.5: shows the pin configuration of the current sensor

4.2.2b Voltage Sensor

The voltage sensor used is ACS755XCB-200. ACS755XCB-200 is a voltage sensor that gives
analogue voltage output that can be read by the Arduino. It measures both AC and DC. input voltage
is 5V and its outputs are analog voltage.
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The Reasons of using ACS755XCB-200 are;

i High sensitivity
ii Low noise compared to others
iii More accurate than others
Vout = (Vin *R2)/ (R1*R2)

Pin configuration

Pin No Name Description

1 VCC Device power supply pin

2 GND Signal ground

3 VIOUT Analog output signal

4 IP+ Terminal for current being sampled

5 IP- Terminal for current being sampled

Table 1.6: showing the pin configuration of voltage sensor

4.2.3 Control Unit

Control unit is the part of a system that manages all of the actions performed by the system. There
are various family of microcontroller that can be used as a control unit, but the system requires a
microcontroller with the following features;
i Power supply of typically 5V
ii Operating frequency at least 8MHz
iii Input/output pins at least 20 pins

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Qualitative Analysis

The following are different control units and their qualities from which one has to be chosen.

Specification ROM RAM I/O pins Operating Operating

(bytes) (bytes) Voltage (V) Frequency
(Hz)
AT89S52 32k 256 32 4.0- 5.5 33MHz

PIC 16690 7K 256 12 4.0- 5.5 20MHz

UNO 16 16K 1000 32 4.0- 5.5 16MHz

Table 1.7: Parameters used to select controlling unit.

Arduino UNO is selected for this project since it has large Random-Access Memory, operates at low
frequencies and have large number of Input/ Output pins. Arduino Uno has the following
specifications;

• Operating voltage 5V
• Input voltage 7-12V
• DC current per I/O pins 20
• Flash memory = 32kB
• SRAM =2kB
• EEPROM= 1kB
• Clock speed = 16MHz
Power = operating voltage *current
V= 5V, I= 40mA
P= 5V *40mA
Microcontroller power = 200mW

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 Figure 5: Arduino Uno

4.2.4 Display Unit

An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and has a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric
dot matrix display is capable of displaying 224 different characters and symbols.

This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command
instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task
like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data
register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to
be displayed on the LCD. The process of controlling the display involves putting the data that form
the image of what you want to display into the data registers, then putting instructions in the
instruction register. In Arduino project Liquid Crystal Library simplifies this for you so you don't
need to know the low-level instructions. Contrast of the display can be adjusted by adjusting the
potentiometer to be connected across VEE pin.
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 Figure 6: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

4.3 RESULTS AND SIMULATION

4.3.1 Introduction

This part explains on the results of the project based on the objectives. The results provided here
shows how much the project was successfully.

4.3.2 Simulation Test and Simulation Results

This is the simulation of the proposed circuit. The simulation shows how the prototype will work,
this part was done before implementing the circuit. With simulation, the designed circuit performed
well.

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Below is the screenshot of the circuit simulations

Figure 7: Simulation of proposed circuit

4.3.3 Prototype Status

The circuit implementation based on the collected information in order to meet the objectives of the
project. The prototype was built by using available and required material resources.

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Below is picture of prototype showing the status of project before putting in case

Figure 8: Implemented prototype circuit status

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 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction

This chapter explains about the overall summary of what has been discussed and what is
recommended to be done about the project.

5.2 Conclusion

The aim of this project was to design Tester Circuit so as to ensure Electrosurgical unit provides
correct parameters such as current, voltage, power and frequency during the surgery/procedures. The
objectives were achieved through data collection, data analysis and building the prototype. All
components required to build the prototype were obtained and the prototype was built and operated
to some extent.

5.3 Recommendation

I recommend to the Department of Electrical of Arusha Technical College to provide the module
concerned with project to the second-year students so as to give them the basic on how to conduct
the project as well as the format of the book. By doing so students will be confident and resulting to
good project since they will have the all basic knowledge concerned with the project.

I also provide go ahead from where I ended to anyone who needs to improve the system using any
advanced system so as the system to be more efficient.

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APPENDIX
Project Codes

#include <Wire.h>

#include <SPI.h>

#include <LCD.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

#define I2C_ADDR 0x27

#define BACKLIGHT_PIN 3

#define En_pin 2

#define Rw_pin 1

#define Rs_pin 0

#define D4_pin 4

#define D5_pin 5

#define D6_pin 6

#define D7_pin 7

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(I2C_ADDR, En_pin, Rw_pin, Rs_pin, D4_pin, D5_pin, D6_pin,

D7_pin);

unsigned long time = 0;

int flag1 = 0,flag2 = 0,flag3 = 0;

#define in1 0

#define in2 1

float cur,vol;

const int currentPin = A0;

int sensitivity = 66;

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int adcValue= 0;

int offsetVoltage = 2500;

double adcVoltage = 0;

double currentValue = 0;

const int voltageSensor = A1;

float vOUT = 0.0;

float vIN = 0.0;

float R1 = 30000.0;

float R2 = 7500.0;

int value = 0;

void setup()

{ Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(in1,INPUT);

pinMode(in2,INPUT);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

lcd.setBacklightPin(BACKLIGHT_PIN, POSITIVE);

lcd.setBacklight(HIGH);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Tester circuit");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("for ESU");

delay(2000);}

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void loop() {

adcValue = analogRead(currentPin);

adcVoltage = (adcValue / 1024.0) * 5000;

currentValue = ((adcVoltage - offsetVoltage) / sensitivity);

value = analogRead(voltageSensor);

vOUT = (value * 5.0) / 1024.0;

vIN = vOUT / (R2/(R1+R2));

Serial.print("\t Input Vin = ");

Serial.print(vIN);

Serial.print("\t Current = ");

Serial.println(currentValue,3);

//Serial.print("Current Iin = " );

//Serial.print(adcValue);

lcd.clear();

// lcd.setCursor(0,0);

// lcd.print("ADC Value = ");

// lcd.setCursor(12,0);

// lcd.print(adcValue);

// Serial.print("\t Voltage(mV) = ");

// Serial.print(adcVoltage,3);

if(currentValue <

1){ currentValue=0.00;

if(vIN<= 0.99){

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 vIN=0.00;

if(vIN > 4 && vIN<

10){ currentValue=0.80;}

if(vIN > 10 && vIN<

13){ currentValue=1.00;

} lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("I=");

lcd.setCursor(2,0);

lcd.print(currentValue,2);

lcd.setCursor(6,0);

lcd.print("A");

lcd.setCursor(8,0);

lcd.print("V=");

lcd.setCursor(10,0);

lcd.print(vIN);

lcd.setCursor(14,0);

lcd.print("V");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Power=");

lcd.setCursor(7,1);

lcd.print(vIN*currentValue);

lcd.setCursor(11,1);

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 lcd.print("W");

delay(2000);

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 REFERENCES
[1] John Webster, John Wiley & Sons. (1998). Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design

[2] Khandpur, R. S. (May 01, 2003). Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation

[3] Electrosurgical Unit (ESU) by VERONICA H.

[4] Power testing on ESU by FLUKE Biomedical.

[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electosurgical Unit

[6] Frank Workshop. [Online] Available

https://www.frankhospitalworkshop.com/electronics
[7] T. L Floyd., 2012.Electronic. seven editions. United States. Pearson printing hall. United
State of America Devices
[8] Power testing on ESU by FLUKE Biomedical.

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