APT4801

2024
ASSIGNMENT 1

Shonel Takoorparsad
21587655
APT4801.pptx
Kriel Power Station

• Kriel Power Station located in the province of Mpumalanga and is a coal-

fired power plant operated by Eskom.
• This power station uses pulverized coal to generate power through their
steam turbines. Which has a total load capacity of 3000 MW
• Technical Data:
Six Units: Each generate 500MW
Installed capacity: 2850MW
Ramp Rate per hour: 30MW
Average availability over last 3 years: 76.8%
Design efficiency at rated turbine MCR (%):34.99%
Average production over last 3 years: 17 880 GWh

• To protect equipment including transformers, generators, switchgear,

and transmission lines, Kriel Power Station has a protective system with a
variety of relays and protection systems. This covers, among other things,
protection against overcurrent, differential, distance, and
synchronization. Kriel has vacuum breakers for electrical protection on
the 11 kV Substation Boards. The transformer of the mini-sub 1 is also
protected. Electrical protection maintenance and commissioning at the
station includes all Motors, Generators, Switchgear, Transformers, and
Fire protection detection system.
Matla Power Station
• Matla Power Station located in the province of Mpumalanga is 4km away from Kriel and is also a
coal-fired power plant operated by Eskom.

• This power station uses pulverized coal to generate power through their steam turbines. Which
has a total load capacity of 3990 MW

• Technical Data:

Six Units: 600MW each

Installed capacity: 3 600MW

Design efficiency at rated turbine MCR (%): 37.60%

Ramp rate: 25.00% per hour

Average availability over last 3 years: 93.84%

Average production over last 3 years: 25 199GWh

• It has six 2 pole, 3 000 r/min synchronous generators, each with a rating of 688,9 MVA, 20 kV. The
generators stators are water-cooled and their rotors are hydrogen-cooled. Power from each
generator is transferred to the national electricity grid by means of an oil-cooled 700 MVA
generator transformer. Two generator transformers are designed to step up the voltage from 20
kV to 400 kV, and the remaining four are designed to step up the voltage from 2o kV to 275kV. For
each unit there is a 20 kV breaker between the generator and generator transformer. The purpose
of this breaker is to clear fault conditions between the generator and generator transformer.

• The 400 kV yard consists of a three bus-bar system with one transfer bay, two bus coupler bays
and one bus section bay. The 275 kV yard consists of a two-bus bar system with two bus coupler
bays and two bus section bays. The outdoor yard layout at Matla allows for the interconnection of
the 400 kV system with the 275 kV grid by means of coupling transformers.
Similarities between Kriel and Matla Power Stations:

• Operated by Eskom
• Coal Fired Plants
• Situated in Kriel Mpumalanga
• Utilize pulverized coal combustion technology for electricity
generation
• The protective systems deployed have comparable relay
and protection techniques to safeguard equipment.
Differences between Kriel and Matla Power Stations:

• Load Capacities
• Difference in equipment layout and configuration
• Differences in the age and maintenance history of equipment
may also exist, affecting the design and operation of the
protection systems.
• Environmental conditions and grid interconnections may vary
between the two stations, influencing certain aspects of the
protection systems
Evaluation of
available power
system simulation
software programs
 • PSS®E is a comprehensive software tool widely used for power system analysis and simulation.
1. PSS®E (Power System • It offers capabilities for fault analysis, including calculating fault levels, short-circuit currents, and
Simulator for fault clearing times.

• PSS®E supports modeling of various network elements such as generators, transformers,

Engineering) by transmission lines, and protection devices.

Siemens: • The software provides advanced features for dynamic simulation, steady-state analysis, and
optimization.
2. PSCAD (Power Systems Computer-
Aided Design) by Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre Inc.:

• PSCAD is a specialized simulation tool for modeling and

analyzing power systems, especially for transient and
electromagnetic studies.
• It offers capabilities for fault analysis, including
simulating various fault types and calculating fault
currents.
• PSCAD supports detailed modeling of system
components, control systems, and protection devices.
• The software provides advanced features for time
domain simulation, electromagnetic transient
analysis,and co-simulation with other software tools.
3. ETAP (Electrical Transient
Analyzer Program) by Operation
Technology, Inc.:

• ETAP is a powerful software suite for electrical power system

design, analysis, and operation.
• It includes modules for fault analysis, allowing users to calculate
fault currents, determine fault locations, and assess protection
coordination.
• ETAP offers a user-friendly interface and extensive libraries of
equipment models and protection devices.
• The software supports both steady-state and transient analysis,
making it suitable for a wide range of power system studies.
4. CYME by Eaton:

• CYME is a prominent power engineering

software suite for planning, analysis, and
operation of electrical networks.
• It includes modules for fault analysis,
allowing users to calculate fault currents,
perform short-circuit studies, and analyze
protection coordination.
• CYME offers a user-friendly interface and
vast libraries of network components and
protection devices.
• The software supports various analysis
modes, counting steady-state, transient, and
dynamic simulations.
5. DIgSILENT PowerFactory
by DIgSILENT GmbH:

• DIgSILENT PowerFactory is a wide-ranging software package

for power system analysis and simulation.
• It offers modules for fault analysis, enabling users to assess
fault levels, short-circuit currents, and protection settings.
• PowerFactory supports detailed modeling of power system
components, including generators, transformers, and
protection relays.
Description of the features of three software programs,
including history, owner, how it works, positives and
negatives
1. PSS®E (Power System Simulator for Engineering) by Siemens:

• History: PSS®E has a long history and is one of the most widely used software programs for power system analysis. It was originally developed by PTI (Power
Technologies Inc.) and acquired by Siemens.

• Owner: Siemens AG

• How it works: PSS®E provides comprehensive capabilities for modeling, simulating, and analyzing power systems. It uses mathematical algorithms and
simulation techniques to solve complex power system equations and perform various analyses, including fault analysis, transient.

• Positives:

Extensive modeling capabilities for generators, transformers, transmission lines, and protection devices.

Innovative features for dynamic simulation and steadystate analysis.

Well-established user community and technical support, stability, and optimization.

• Negatives:

High cost of licensing and maintenance.

Precipitous learning curve for new users.

2. DIgSILENT PowerFactory by DIgSILENT GmbH:

• History: DIgSILENT PowerFactory has been developed by DIgSILENT GmbH since the 1980s and is widely used for power system analysis and
simulation.
• Owner: DIgSILENT GmbH
• How it works: PowerFactory provides advanced features for modeling, simulation, and analysis of power systems. It supports various analysis
modes, including steady-state, dynamic, and transient stability analysis. The software allows users to model complex network configurations and
perform detailed studies.
• Positives:
Comprehensive capabilities for steady-state and transient analysis.
Advanced modeling tools for renewable energy integration and grid integration studies.
Good integration with other DIgSILENT products andthird-party software.
• Negatives:
Higher initial cost compared to some other software options.
Steeper learning curve for new users due to the complexity of features.
ETAP (Electrical Transient Analyzer Program) by Operation Technology, Inc.:

• History: ETAP has been in the market since the 1980s and has evolved into a comprehensive power system analysis software.
• Owner: Operation Technology, Inc.
• How it works: ETAP uses a user-friendly interface and advanced algorithms to perform various power system analyses, including fault
analysis, load flow, and transient stability. It allows users to model complex electrical networks and assess system performance under
different operating conditions.
• Positives:
Regular interface and easy-to-use modeling tools.
Wide-ranging library of equipment models and protection devices.
Accommodating licensing options and good technical support.
• Negatives:
Limited capabilities for electromagnetic transient analysis compared to specialized software like PSCAD.
Several users report occasional stability issues with large models.
Rationale for choosing the software

Considering licensing and ease of use, ETAP has been chosen for this assessment. Its long history, robust
capabilities for fault analysis, and well-established user community make it a reliable choice for evaluating
and analyzing power systems. The choice should also consider specific project requirements, budget
constraints, and user familiarity with the software.
Network Design

Topology:
• The distribution network will have a ring network for redundancy.
• Two 22 kV substations will form a ring network.
• Sixteen substations will be distributed across the network, with a
50% split between 22 kV and 11 kV substations.
• Each 11 kV substation will be supplied from either a 22 kV
substation in the ring or directly from the power stations.
Description of Network Diagram:

• The diagram depicts the distribution network layout with substations, transformers, and protection
equipment.
• Two 22 kV substations form a ring network for redundancy. (Bus 1 & Bus 8)
• Sixteen substations are distributed across the network, with eight at 22 kV and eight at 11 kV
• One 11 kV are supplied from the 22 kV ring network.
• Each substation is equipped with transformers and supply feeders, indicated by symbols in the diagram.
• Protection equipment such as circuit breakers are represented in the network to ensure system reliability
and safety.
Fault Simulation
Fault Analysis

Fault Levels at Substation Secondary Bus:

• The fault levels at substation secondary bus are within acceptable limits.
• The fault levels vary depending on the location and network configuration of each substation.
Fault Levels at Generator Transformers:
• The fault levels at generator transformers secondary and primary sides are vital for measuring the impact of faults on generator
operation and network stability.
• Higher fault levels at the primary side may indicate possible risks to the generator and associated equipment during fault
conditions.
• Proper coordination of protection schemes is vital to ensure timely fault detection and isolation to prevent damage to the
generator and other network components.
Observations:
• The fault levels observed at each location support the expected values based on network topology and equipment ratings.
Thank You