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Block 4

Dsh

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181

8-0 izLrkouk
8-1 ehfM;k esa :f<+okfnrk
8-1-1 tsaMj :f<+okfnrk
8-1-2 tkfr vkSj u`tkrh; :f<+;k¡
8-1-3 cqtqxks± dh :f<+okfnrk
8-1-4 ekufld LokLF; fodkj okys yksxksa dh :f<+okfnrk
8-2 DykdZ dk vYila[;d lewgksa ds ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo ds pj.k
8-3 ehfM;k esa :f<+c) çLrqfr;ksa ds çHkko% lS)kafrd fopkj
8-4 ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo esa jktuhfr
8-4-1 ehfM;k dSIpj
8-4-2 lekpkj rS;kj djuk
8-5 lkjka'k
8-6 eq[; 'kCn
8-7 iqujkoyksdu iz'u
8-8 lanHkZ ,oa i<+us ds lq>ko
8-9 v‚uykbu lalkèku

bl bdkÃ dks i<+us ds ckn] vki bl ;ksX; gksaxs fd]

• :f<+okfnrk dk D;k vFkZ gS le> ldsaxs(
• :f<+okfnrk ds fuekZ.k esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ dj ldsaxs(
• ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo esa jktuhfr dk o.kZu dj ldsaxs( vkSj
• ehfM;k esa :f<+oknh çfrfufèkRo dk lekykspukRed ewY;kadu dj ldsaxsA

21oÈ lnh esa Hkkjr rsth ls ,d ,slk ns'k curk tk jgk gS tgka baVjusV] Vsyhfotu
vkSj lsy Qksu loZO;kih gSaA ;s Hkkjr ds xkaoksa vkSj NksVs 'kgjksa esa ços'k dj pqds gSa
vkSj dqN gh nwjLFk LFkku vNwrs jg x, gSaA fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa] ehfM;k rsth ls
lekthdj.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ,tsaV cu x;k gSA ,d rjhdk ftlls ehfM;k gekjs
fo'o–f"V dks çHkkfor djrk gS] og gS :f<+;ksa dks dk;e j[kuk vkSj mUgsa etcwr
djukA Vsyhfotu vkSj vU; ehfM;k ij ge tks pfj= ns[krs gSa] os vDlj cgqr
lhèks vkSj :f<+c) gksrs gSaA lhèks-lkns ik=ksa ds fp=.k ls fuekZrkvksa ds fy, mudh

∗
MkW- ofurk lks/kh] vuqiz;qDr euksfoKku foHkkx] foosdkuan dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]
ubZ fnYyhA 183
dgkfu;ksa dks Li"V djus ds lkFk-lkFk n'kZdksa dks mUgsa le>us esa vklkuh gksrh gSA
gkykafd ;s fp=.k :f<+;ksa dks cuk, j[krs gSaA
,d :f<+okfnrk ,d lkekftd lewg dk ,d ljyh—r vkSj lkekU;h—r
çfrfufèkRo gS tks fofoèkrk dh mis{kk djrk gSA blesa vDlj lewg ds lnL;ksa ds
ckjs esa ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed nksuksa rjg ds xq.k gksrs gSa vkSj muds ckjs esa
dqN mEehnsa iSnk gksrh gSaA gkyk¡fd] ;s :f<+;k¡ le; ds lkFk cny Hkh ldrh gSa
;fn fojksèkkHkklh tkudkjh çnku dh tk,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] vius fiNys vuqHkoksa
ds vkèkkj ij] ,d iq#"k dh :f<+c) èkkj.kk gks ldrh gS fd efgyk,a vPNh usrk
ugÈ curh gSaA ukSdjh ds nkSjku mldh eqykdkr ,d ;qorh ls gksrh gSA miyCèk
:f<+okfnrk ds vkèkkj ij muds ckjs esa mudh çkjafHkd èkkj.kk bl mEehn dh vksj
ys tkrh gS fd ;qorh ,d vPNh usrk ugÈ gksxhA mlds lkFk ckrphr djus ds
ckn] og tYn gh eglwl dj ldrk gS fd :f<+oknh fo'okl bruk lVhd ugÈ gS
vkSj okLro esa ;qorh esa vPNs usr`Ro xq.k gSaA ;g O;fDr rc efgykvksa ds vius
:f<+okfnrk dks la'kksfèkr djus ij fopkj dj ldrk gSA dqN ekeyksa esa] gkykafd]
:f<+okfnrk vifjoÆrr jg ldrh gS D;ksafd ;qok efgyk dks viokn ds :i esa ns[kk
tkrk gSA bldk ifj.kke iwokZxzg gks ldrk gS tks Hkkoukvksa lfgr efgykvksa ds çfr
udkjkRed Hkkoukvksa esa çdV gksrk gS] tSls fd voekuuk ;k n;kA
bl izdkj] bl bdkbZ esa ge ehfM;k esa :f<+okfnrk] ehfM;k esa :f<+;ksa ds
izfrfuf/kRo dk izHkko ,oa ehfM;k esajktuhfr ds izfrfuf/kRo ij fopkj djsx
a As

gj fnu ge dÃ ehfM;k lans'k lqurs gSa tks crkrs gSa fd ,d lkekftd lewg dk
lnL; gksus dk D;k eryc gS] tSls fd ,d] tsaMj] tkfr] vkfn ls lacafèkr gksukA
;s ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo ftl rjg ls ge [kqn dks vkSj ftl nqfu;k esa ge jgrs gSa]
mls çHkkfor djrs gSaA ehfM;k vH;kosnu dks le>us ds fy, çkFkfed midj.kksa esa
ls ,d lkexzh fo'ys"k.k gSA blesa iSVuZ dh igpku djus ds fy, lkexzh dk
O;ofLFkr :i ls vè;;u djuk 'kkfey gSA gkyk¡fd] bl i)fr esa cgqr lkjh
pqukSfr;k¡ 'kkfey gSa tSls fd gtkjksa ÇçV i`"Bksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk vkSj jsfM;ks]
Vsyhfotu vkSj vU; ehfM;k ds vfHkys[kkxkj esa xgjkÃ ls [kkstukA ifj"—r
daI;wVj l‚¶Vos;j ds mi;ksx ds lkFk] vc ge vfèkd xgu fo'ys"k.k djus vkSj
ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo ds ckjs esa viuh le> c<+kus esa l{ke gSaA
lkexzh fo'ys"k.k tSls midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djus okys vuqlaèkku ls irk pyrk gS
fd ehfM;k efgykvksa] tkrh; lewgksa] cqtqxks±] fnO;kax vkSj dÃ vU; lewgksa dh
:f<+oknh Nfo;ksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA ;s ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo nks vk;keksa ds lkFk fHkUu
gksrs gSaA igyk vk;ke çfrfufèkRo dh ek=k ¼de izfrfuf/kRo@vf/kd izfrfuf/kRo ½
ls lacafèkr gS tcfd nwljk çfrfufèkRo dh xq.koÙkk ¼ldkjkRed@udkjkRed½ ls
lacafèkr gSA ;s nksuksa vk;ke lkaL—frd] lkekftd] vkÆFkd vkSj jktuhfrd tSls dÃ
dkjdksa ls çHkkfor gksrs gSa tks le; vkSj LFkku esa fHkUu gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
,sfrgkfld :i ls leySafxdksa tSls dqN lewgksa dks ehfM;k esa cgqr de çfrfufèkRo
fn;k x;k gS vkSj ;gka rd fd tc mudk çfrfufèkRo fd;k x;k Fkk rc Hkh mudh
Nfo;ka cgqr udkjkRed FkÈA gkyk¡fd] ehfM;k esa mudk çfrfufèkRo c<+ x;k gS vkSj
vc mUgsa ehfM;k esa vfèkd ldkjkRed rjhds ls çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

184
çfrfufèkRo dh xq.koÙkk vkSj ek=k nksuksa dks fofHkUu lS)kafrd –f"Vdks.kksa ds lanHkZ esa
le>k tk ldrk gS tks turk ds lkeus *D;k* vkSj *dSls* Nfo;ksa dh tkap djrs
gSaA ,d ifjçs{; xsVdhÇix fl)kar gS tks turk ds lkeus çLrqr fd, tkus okys
*D;k* ij dsafær gSA fl)kar dgrk gS fd ehfM;k }kjiky ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS
vkSj r; djrk gS fd D;k doj fd;k tk,xk vkSj D;k vuns[kk fd;k tk,xkA ,d
vU; ifjçs{; ;kuh ^,tsaMk lsÇVx F;ksjh* esa dgk x;k gS fd ehfM;k dsoy pqÇunk
eqíksa ij è;ku dsafær djds ,tsaMk r; djrk gSA urhtru] turk bu eqíksa dks
nwljksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd egRoiw.kZ ekurh gSA CywejkM vkSj gSefyu ¼2015½ ds ,d
vè;;u esa] pkj {ks=h; mÙkj vesfjdh lekpkj i=ksa esa fo;rukeh vkSj Hkkjrh; ewy
ds leqnk;ksa dh –';rk dh tkap dh xÃA vè;;u esa bl {ks= esa tulkaf[;dh;
iSVuZ vkSj dqN lewgksa ds ehfM;k dojst ds chp dksÃ lacaèk ugÈ ik;k x;kA
ehfM;k esa lewgksa dk çfrfufèkRo *dSls* fd;k tk,xk] bl loky dks Ýse F;ksjh ds
lanHkZ esa le>k tk ldrk gSA ;g fl)kar mu 'kCnksa vkSj vU; çrhdksa ij tksj nsrk
gS ftudk mi;ksx dqN –f"Vdks.kksa dks çLrqr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl
çdkj tuer dks <kyk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn dqN lewgksa dks lekt ds
fy, [krjksa ds :i esa çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] rks turk dh jk; cgqr udkjkRed gks
tk,xh vkSj bu [krjksa ls fuiVus ds fy, lkoZtfud uhfr;ka rS;kj dh tk,axhA ;s
Ýse dÃ pjksa ls çHkkfor gksrs gSa ysfdu fo'ks"k :i ls ehfM;k ds jktuhfrd
–f"Vdks.k lsA Cyhp ,oa vU; ¼2015½ us nf{k.kiaFkh vkSj okeiaFkh >qdko okys fczfV'k
lekpkj i=ksa ds chp eqlyekuksa ds fofHkUu çfrfufèkRoksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;kA
'kksèkdrkZvksa us ns[kk fd okeiaFkh i=ksa dh rqyuk esa nf{k.kiaFkh i=ksa esa vfèkd
udkjkRed fp=.k FksA bl fl)kar dks ckn ds [kaMksa esa vkSj vfèkd foLrkj ls fy;k
tk,xkA

Hkkjrh; lekt eq[;r% fir`lÙkkRed gSA iq#"k çkFkfed 'kfä j[krs gSa vkSj efgyk,a
lkekftd lh<+h esa lcls uhps gSaA iq#"kksa dh :f<+okfnrk dks ,d *,tsaV* DyLVj
}kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gS ftlesa Lora=rk] rkdr vkSj vkRe-vk'oklu tSlh fo'ks"krk,a
gksrh gSaA efgykvksa ds xq.kksa ds ckjs esa :f<+okfnrk dks ,d *lkaçnkf;d* DyLVj }kjk
n'kkZ;k tkrk gS ftlesa HkkoukRed] lgk;d vkSj d#.kke; fo'ks"krk,a 'kkfey gSaA
¼Ãxy vkSj LVhQ+u] 1984½A Ãxy vkSj EykfMfud ¼1994½ us mYys[k fd;k gS fd
efgykvksa ls tqM+h :f<+;ksa esa lkaçnkf;d fo'ks"krk,a mUgsa ?kjsyw ftEesnkfj;ksa vkSj fuEu
fLFkfr Hkwfedkvksa ds fy, mi;qä cukrh gSa] tcfd iq#"kksa ls tqM+h :f<+okfnrk mPp-
fLFkfr okyh Hkwfedkvksa ls tqM+h gksrh gSaA
185
ehfM;k us mi;qZä :f<+;ksa dks cuk, j[kus vkSj lq–<+ djus esa egRoiw.kZ çHkko Mkyk
gSA ehfM;k esa ySafxd :f<+;ksa ds lacaèk esa nks varÆufgr iSVuZ fn[kkÃ ns jgs gSa
¼vksfyoj] gksos ,oa vU;] 2014½%
1½ igyk iSVuZ ;g gS fd iq#"k ik=ksa ds foijhr efgyk ik=ksa dk çfrfufèkRo de
fd;k tkrk gS ¼fLeFk ,aM xzsukMksl] 2009] tSlk fd vksfyoj vkSj jkus] 2014 esa
m)`r fd;k x;k gS½A ;w,l Vhoh ¼xaVj] 1995½ ij fd, x, lkexzh fo'ys"k.k
vè;;u ds vuqlkj] 1950 ls 1970 ds n'kd ds nkSjku dsoy 20 ls 35
çfr'kr ik= efgyk,¡ FkÈA 1980 ds n'kd ds eè; rd] gkykafd] çeq[k
Hkwfedkvksa esa efgykvksa dh la[;k vfèkd Fkh] ysfdu fQj Hkh insZ ij iq#"kksa dh
la[;k nksxquh FkhA ,slk yx jgk Fkk fd ekStwnk le; esa Hkh phtsa oSlh gh cuh
gqÃ gSa D;ksafd ehfM;k esa efgykvksa dks gkf'k, ij j[kk tk jgk gSA gkykafd ;s
vè;;u if'peh ns'kksa esa fd, x, gSa] ysfdu dÃ Hkkjrh; fjiksVks± esa Hkh ;gh
#>ku lkeus vk;k gSA ,d 2021 la;qä jk"Vª ds vè;;u us vxLr 2019 vkSj
tqykÃ 2020 ds chp ,d lky dh vofèk ds fy, lekpkj i=ksa] Vhoh vkSj
fMftVy ehfM;k vkmVysV~l dk fo'ys"k.k djds Hkkjrh; ehfM;k esa ySafxd
vlekurk dk vkdyu fd;kA dqN mYys[kuh; fu"d"kZ Fks% vaxzsth çkbe Vkbe
fMcsV esa çR;sd ikap iSufyLVksa esa ls dsoy ,d efgyk FkhA vaxzsth çkbe Vkbe
Vhoh ij tsaMj çfrfufèkRo 2019 ls 2020 rd ?kV x;k Fkk( vkSj gj pkj
lekpkjksa esa ls rhu ,d iq#"k }kjk fy[kh xÃ FkÈA ¼;w,u oweus ] 2021½

ehfM;k esa efgykvksa dh de çfrfufèkRo dks lacksfèkr djus ds fy, chchlh }kjk
2017 esa 50%50 ifj;kstuk 'kq: dh xÃ FkhA tc ifj;kstuk 'kq: gqÃ] rks lk{kkRdkj
esa iq#"kksa dk opZLo Fkk vkSj mUgsa vDlj fo'ks"kK ;ksxnkudrkZvksa ds :i esa fn[kk;k
tkrk FkkA gkykafd] ifj;kstuk ds dkj.k bl ifj–'; esa èkhjs-èkhjs cnyko vk;k
D;ksafd chchlh vkSj mlds lg;ksxh laLFkkuksa esa efgykvksa ds çfrfufèkRo esa o`f)
ns[kh xÃA chchlh esa] efgykvksa dk 50 izfr'kr izfrfufèkRo djus dk y{; gkfly
fd;k x;k Fkk D;ksafd ekpZ 2021 esa efgykvksa dh la[;k c<+dj 50 izfr'krgks xÃ
Fkh] tks fd 2017 esa igyh ckj 'kq: gksus ij 36 izfr'krFkhA ehfM;k esa efgykvksa
ds çfrfufèkRo esa ;g o`f) fdlds }kjk gkfly dh xÃ gS\ mnkgj.kkFkZ] chchlh vkSj
mlds lg;ksxh laLFkkuksa us efgyk lk{kkRdkjdrkZvksa esa o`f) dh gS] fo'ks"kKksa ds :i
esa iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa }kjk vfèkd leku ;ksxnku fn;k gS vkSj ehfM;k lkexzh Hkh
fodflr dh gS tks efgykvksa ds fy, vfèkd çklafxd vkSj fnypLi gSA blls ;g
lqfuf'pr gks x;k gS fd ehfM;k esa efgykvksa ds –f"Vdks.k dks Hkh ns[kk vkSj lquk
tk ldrk gSA fofHkUu laL—fr;ksa ds yksxksa vkSj fnO;kax yksxksa lfgr vU; de
çfrfufèkRo okys lewgksa dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, ifj;kstuk dks vc foLr`r fd;k
x;k gSA
https://www-bbc-co-uk/5050

2½ nwljk iSVuZ tks mHkjrk gS og gS ehfM;k esa efgyk ik=ksa dk :f<+c)

çfrfufèkRoA bu vH;kosnu esa efgykvksa dks vkerkSj ij ?kjsyw Hkwfedkvksa esa
fn[kk;k tkrk gS vkSj ;qok vkSj vkd"kZd fn[kus ds fy, mudh ljkguk dh
tkrh gSA tSu vkSj ikjhd ¼2018½ us ns[kk fd 1990-2016 rd çlkfjr 30
Vhoh èkkjkokfgdksa vkSj 14 iqjkus vkSj u, Vhoh foKkiuksa esa ls vfèkdka'k esa
efgykvksa dk fp=.k ?kjsyw dkeksa esa fd;k x;k FkkA tSu vkSj ikjhd 1990 ds
186
n'kd ls igys dh fQYeksa dk mnkgj.k nsrs gSa] tSls ngst ¼1950½] vkSj ifr
ijes'oj ¼1988½ tgka efgyk dks fouez iRuh ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k Fkk
ftlus vius ifjokj ds fy, cfynku fn;k FkkA ;g Hkkjrh; Vhoh èkkjkokfgdksa
ds fy, Hkh lp gS tgka efgyk ik= vkerkSj ij ?kjsyw {ks= rd gh lhfer gksrs
gSaA bu èkkjkokfgdksa esa *vPNh* efgyk vkSj *cqjh* efgyk ds chp fc[kjko Hkh
cgqr Li"V gS] tgka *vPNs* os gSa tks I;kj] Çprk ikyu-iks"k.k vkSj HkkoukRed
leFkZu fn[kkrs gSa vkSj *cqjs* os gSa tks xqLlk fn[kkrs gSa] vkSj lkaBxkaB djrs gSaA
ykSjk eqyos ds rkd fl)kar ¼1975½ us rdZ fn;k gS fd fir`lÙkkRed lekt esa] iq#"k
rkd ;g fuèkkZfjr djrk gS fd iq#"kksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls fo"keySafxd iq#"kksa dks D;k
ilan vk,xk vkSj ;g flusekÃ lkexzh dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA c‚yhoqM fQYesa
*vkbVe uacj* xhrksa dks n'kkZrh gSa tgka efgykvksa dks cgqr NksVs diM+s igudj ;kSu
oLrqvksa ds :i esa fn[kk;k tkrk gS vkSj iq#"kksa ds fy, vkuan dh oLrq gksrh gSA
gky gh esa] iq#"k rkd dks efgyk rkd ls cny fn;k x;k gSA ysfdu Hkkjrh;
ehfM;k esa ;s nqyZHk mnkgj.k gSaA
efgykvksa ds bu ehfM;k vH;kosnu dk ifj.kke D;k gS\ ehfM;k esa ftu dgkfu;ksa
dks fn[kk;k tkrk gS] os iq#"k ifjçs{; dks çnÆ'kr djrh gSa tcfd efgyk,a pqi
jgrh gSa vkSj v–'; jgrh gSaA efgykvksa dh dgkfu;ka tks ;kSu mRihM+u] xfr'khyrk
ds çfrcaèk] vkSj lhfer 'kSf{kd vkSj jkstxkj ds voljksa ds ckjs esa ckr djrh gSa]
bls igys iUus ij ugÈ cuk;k tkrk gS] cfYd bls chp ;k vkf[kjh dqN iUuksa esa
èkdsy fn;k tkrk gSA
blds vykok] pwafd ;qok yM+fd;ka vkSj efgyk,a ehfM;k }kjk çpkfjr *vkn'kZ*
fudk;ksa dh bPNk j[krh gSa] ehfM;k esa vU; yksx Hkh gSa tks fn[kkrs gSa fd ,slh
vkdka{kkvksa dks fofHkUu mRiknksa ds ekè;e ls vklkuh ls çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS
tks os miHkksäkvksa dks foKkfir djrs gSaA ifj.kke ,sls mRiknksa dks [kjhnus dh dHkh
u [kRe gksus okyh [kkst gS tks vDlj vius oknksa ls de gks tkrs gSaA blds
vykok] vDlj fdlh ds 'kjhj vkSj Lo;a ds lkFk iw.kZ vlarks"k gksrk gS ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i ,uksjsfDl;k uoksZlk] cqfyfe;k tSls [kkus ds fodkj vkSj lkFk gh
vLokLF;dj [kkus dh vknrsa gekjs lekt esa çpfyr gks xÃ gSaA
ehfM;k esa fpf=r dh tkus okyh udkjkRed :f<+;ksa ds vU; fufgrkFkZ gSaA tSls
gkf'k, ds lkekftd lewgksa ds lnL; vkerkSj ij bu :f<+;ksa ls voxr gksrs gSa
vkSj eglwl djrs gSa fd vU; yksx bu :f<+;ksa ds vkèkkj ij mudk udkjkRed
ewY;kadu dj ldrs gSaA bl rjg dh tkx:drk ds ifj.kkeLo:i *:f<+okfnrk
[krjk* gks ldrk gS] tks rc gksrk gS tc ,d :f<+c) lewg ds lnL; udkjkRed
:f<+;ksa ds vuq:i de çn'kZu djrs gSaA :f<+okfnrk [krjs ds ifj.kke vdknfed
çn'kZu vkSj usr`Ro lfgr dÃ {ks=ksa esa gksrs gSaA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd tc efgykvksa
dks bl :f<+c) èkkj.kk ds ckjs esa irk pyrk gS fd efgyk,a dqN {ks=ksa ¼tSls
xf.kr½ esa iq#"kksa dh rjg vPNk çn'kZu ugÈ djrh gSa] rks os bu {ks=ksa esa detksj
çn'kZu djrh gSaA blh rjg] efgykvksa ds fy, usr`Ro ds {ks= esa :f<+okfnrk [krjs
ds lcls ?kkrd ifj.kkeksa esa ls ,d] çsj.kk vkSj tqM+ko de gksuk gSA
tgk¡ ,d vksj vfèkdka'k ehfM;k efgykvksa dks :f<+;ksa ds :i esa çLrqr djrk gS]
ogÈ ehfM;k gesa mu efgykvksa ds ckjs esa Hkh lwfpr djrk gS tks etcwr] Lora=]
usr`Ro ds xq.k j[krh gSa vkSj tks :f<+;ksa dks rksM+rh gSaA dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k] efgykvksa
ij vR;kpkj] voljksa dh deh vkSj ,slh dÃ vU; dgkfu;k¡ Hkh ftEesnkj i=dkjksa
}kjk fjiksVZ dh tkrh gSaA gkyk¡fd] ,slh dgkfu;k¡ de vkSj vYier esa jgrh gSaA 187
ehfM;k esa efgykvksa dk çfrfufèkRo dSls fd;k tkrk gS] bl ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k
x;kA gkyk¡fd] gky gh esa iq#"kksa vkSj enkZuxh ds ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo dk Hkh
fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk jgk gSA euq"; gksus dk D;k eryc gS vkSj enkZuxh ds ckjs esa
iq#"kksa ds fopkj Hkh lkekftd okrkoj.k }kjk fuÆer gksrs gSa tgka ehfM;k ,d çeq[k
lkekftd 'kfä gSA bl lanHkZ esa lcls çHkko'kkyh fl)karksa esa ls ,d gS dksusy dk
iq#"kRo dk fl)kar ¼1995½ ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd dÃ iq#"kRo gSa tks le; vkSj
lkekftd-lkaL—frd lanHkks± esa fHkUu gksrs gSa vkSj ;s ,d inkuqØe esa ekStwn gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d gh laL—fr ds Hkhrj] dqN iq#"kRo iq#"kksa dks etcwr vkSj
vkØked gksus ds fy, çksRlkfgr dj ldrs gSa tcfd vU; iq#"kksa dks uje vkSj
HkkoukRed :i ls mÙkjnk;h gksus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrs gSaA bu enkZuxh ds u
dsoy iq#"kksa ds fy, cfYd efgykvksa] cPpksa vkSj iwjs lekt ds fy, Hkh ifj.kke gSaA
¼1995½ us *vkfèkiR;* iq#"kRo dk o.kZu
fd;k] tks bl fopkj ij vkèkkfjr gS fd dqN iq#"kRo lkaL—frd :i ls çHkkoh gks
tkrs gSa tcfd vU; iq#"kRo vèkhuLFk gks tkrs gSaA tks iq#"k lkaL—frd :i ls
çHkko'kkyh enkZuxh dk çn'kZu djrs gSa] mUgsa vkn'kZ cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa mPp
lekt dk ntkZ fn;k tkrk gSAvkSj mUgsa ml laLÑfr esa mPp lkekftd fLFkfr ,oa
fu;a=.k fn;k tkrk gS ¼dksusy] 1987½A ;|fi bl lanHkZ ds vuqlkj vyx gks
ldrk gSA ysfdu vf/kdka'k lektksa esa bl rjg dh – iq#"kRo vkØkedrk] Øwjrk]
efgykvksa ds izfr dBksj ;kSu O;ogkj ,oa laosxkRed vfHkO;fDr dh deh ds
^^vfrenkZuk vkn'kZ** ds :i esa izdV gksrh gSA ,sls fp= dkVwZu] fQYeksa] Vh-oh-
/kkjkokfgdksa] foKkiuksa ,oa vU; ehfM;k esa vf/kd ckj ns[ks tkrs gSA tc ehfM;k esa
,sls iq#"kksa dks ns[kk tkrk gS rks n'kZdksa dh ;g /kkj.kk cu tkrh gS fd ;gh ,dek=
Lohdk;Z O;ogkj gS]vkSj laosxkRed vfHkO;fDr;k¡ tSls jksuk] L=h dh detksjh dk
ladsr nsrh gSA blds vykok tc iq#"k ehfM;k ij fn[kk, x, ekudksa rd igqapus
esa vleFkZ gksrs gS rks mUgsa 'keZ ,oa de vkReeku dk vuqHko gks ldrk gSA

mijksä ppkZ ,d lkekU; ço`fÙk dks n'kkZrh gS fd iq#"kksa dk ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo

,tsaV dh Hkwfedkvksa ij dsafær gS] tcfd efgykvksa dks eq[; :i ls mudh
lkaçnkf;d Hkwfedkvksa ds fy, egRo fn;k tkrk gS tks ?kjsyw Hkwfedkvksa] dkeqdrk
vkSj mifLFkfr ij tksj nsrh gSAa ehfM;k Hkh opZLooknh ;k çeq[k lewg dks
gkbijekLdqfyu vkn'kZ dh fo'ks"krk ds :i esa çLrqr djrk gSA vU; tSls fd
efgyk,a] leySafxd ;k leySafxd O;fä vDlj gkf'k, ij pys tkrs gSaA ehfM;k
çLrqrhdj.k dks vDlj ehfM;k n'kZdksa ds fy, vkn'kZ ekuk tkrk gSA lekt esa ge
[kqn dks vkSj nwljksa dks ns[kus ds rjhds ds fy, blds dÃ fufgrkFkZ gSaA ;g 'kjhj
188 esa vlarks"k] Hkkstu fodkj] Çprk] volkn vkSj O;fä esa de vkRelEeku tSls eqíksa
dks tUe ns ldrk gSA bl ckr ds çek.k gSa fd :f<+okfnrk ehfM;k Nfo;ksa ds
ifj.kkeLo:i :f<+okfnrk [krjs gks ldrs gSa ftlls :f<+okfnrk lewg detksj
çn'kZu dj ldrk gSA gkyk¡fd vfèkdka'k ehfM;k lkexzh vHkh Hkh bu :f<+;ksa dks
fn[kkrh gS] de ls de dqN ehfM;k ,sls gSa ftUgksaus fofoèkrk vkSj xSj-:f<+oknh
pfj= fn[kkuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA blds vykok] ehfM;k us fofHkUu lewgksa dks
:f<+oknh Nfo;ksa ls yM+us vkSj ,d uÃ igpku dh iqf"V djus ds fy, ,d LFkku
çnku djuk Hkh 'kq: dj fn;k gSA bl rjg :f<+okfnrk ds fojks/k esa ;k ldkjkRed
ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo udkjkRed :f<+;ksa esa cnyko yk ldrs gSaA

Hkkjr dh fofoèkrk bldh dÃ Hkk"kkvksa] èkeks±] tkfr;ksa vkSj u`tkrh; laL—fr;ksa esa
ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA gkyk¡fd] ;g fofoèkrk vDlj Hkkjrh; ehfM;k esa ifjyf{kr ugÈ
gksrh gSA vkb, ge viuh tkfr;ksa ds mnkgj.k }kjk bls le>rs gSaA dÃ gkf'k,
ds tkfr lewg ;k rks Hkkjrh; ehfM;k esa vuqifLFkr gSa ;k fo'ks"kkfèkdkj çkIr vkSj
mPp tkfr ds ysal ls fjiksVZ fd, x, gSaA bl lanHkZ esa] nfyr Hkkjrh; lekt esa
,d mRihfM+r lewg dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gSa] ftUgsa Hkkjrh; ehfM;k esa :f<+oknh
rjhdksa ls fn[kk;k x;k gSA
v‚DlQSe bafM;k ¼2019½] }kjk ÇçV ehfM;k ij fd, x, ,d vè;;u ds vuqlkj]
lekpkj i=ksa esa usr`Ro ds vf/kdka'k in mPp tkfr ds yksxksa ds ikl gSA blds
vykok] losZ{k.k ls irk pyk fd if=dkvksa ds doj ist ij Nis 972 ys[kksa esa ls
dsoy 10 gh tkfr ds eqíksa ls lacafèkr FksA usr`Ro dh fLFkfr esa nfyrksa ds bl de
çfrfufèkRo ds ifj.kkeLo:i mPp tkfr ds –f"Vdks.k ls dgkfu;ksa dk çfrfufèkRo
fd;k tkrk gSA dqekj vkSj lqczef.k ¼2014½ us ns[kk fd nfyr osclkbVksa vkSj Cy‚xksa
rd igqapus okys yxHkx 80 çfr'kr mÙkjnkrkvksa us eq[;èkkjk ds ehfM;k dks nfyr-
lacafèkr eqíksa ds lacaèk esa udkjkRed i{kikrh ekukA
,sfrgkfld :i ls] Hkkjrh; ehfM;k esa nfyrksa dks letkrh; lewg] lkaoyh dk;k]
vifo=] fuj{kj rFkk ihfMr ds :i esa fn[kk;k x;k FkkA gkyk¡fd] bl rjg dh
Nfo;ka eq[; :i ls u, ehfM;k tSls lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ] v‚uykbu Q+kjs e
vkSj osclkbVksa ds dkj.k cny jgh gSa tks vc gekjs thou esa O;kid gks xÃ gSaA ;s
u, ehfM;k igys ds ehfM;k ls bl ek;us esa fof'k"V gSa fd os vR;fèkd laoknkRed
gSa] vDlj nqfu;k Hkj ds yksxksa ds fofoèk lewgksa ds chp ppkZ ds fy, ,d LFkku
çnku djrs gSaA Bkdqj ¼2019½ us ns[kk fd nfyr vc vla[; rjhdksa ls U;w ehfM;k
dk mi;ksx djus esa l{ke gSa% udkjkRed :f<+;ksa dks rksM+us ds fy,] xoZ dh Hkkouk
O;ä djus ds fy,] tkfrxr HksnHkko ds f[kykQ ykecanh djus ds fy, vkSj çeq[k
tkfr dFkk ds çfrjksèk dks O;ä djus ds fy,A ys[kd us uksV fd;k fd nfyr
v‚uykbu mi;ksxdrkZ vc ,d vyx fo'o–f"V çLrqr djus ds fy, Qslcqd vkSj
fV~oVj tSlh lks'ky usVoÉdx lkbVksa ij dÃ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk mi;ksx djus esa
l{ke gSa vkSj blls mUgsa viuh fofoèk igpku O;ä djus esa dkQh gn rd enn
feyh gSA

189
tkfrxr :f<+okfnrk ds vykok u`tkrh; vYila[;dksa dh :f<+c)rk Hkh gSA nqfu;k
Hkj esa dÃ u`tkrh; vYila[;dksa dks Hkh cgqr gh ljy 'kCnksa esa fpf=r fd;k x;k
gSA vesfjdk esa u`tkrh; vYila[;d lewgksa ds fp=.k ds vè;;u ls irk pyk gS
fd ,sls lewgksa dks gekjs lekt ds dÃ gkf'k, ds lewgksa dh rjg gh de
çfrfufèkRo vkSj :f<+oknh rjhdksa ls fn[kk;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vesfjdh
Vsyhfotu ij vÝhdh vesfjfd;ksa ds fp=.k ij cgqr lkjs 'kksèkksa us è;ku dsafær
fd;k gSA ,sfrgkfld :i ls] mUgsa vesfjdh ehfM;k esa de çfrfufèkRo fn;k x;k gS
vkSj mUgsa dsoy ,d NksVh lh Hkwfedk,¡ nh xÃ gSa] vDlj udkjkRed vkSj vkØked
;k [krjukd ds :i esa fn[kkÃ tkrh gSaA gkyk¡fd] 1980 ds n'kd ds ckn Vhoh esa
mudk çfrfufèkRo c<+ x;k ysfdu mUgsa vHkh Hkh çeq[k Hkwfedkvksa ;k ukVdksa esa
fpf=r ugÈ fd;k x;k vkSj d‚fed Hkwfedkvksa esa vfèkd fn[kk;k x;kA vU;
vè;;uksa us vÝhdh vesfjdh vkSj 'osr ,FkyhVksa ds fy, [ksy fVIi.khdkjksa }kjk
fVIif.k;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA ,d vè;;u ¼jkMk] 1997½ usa ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk
fd [ksy fVIi.khdkjksa ds xksjksa dh laKkukRed {kerkvksa ls lacafèkr fVIi.kh djus dh
vfèkd laHkkouk Fkh] tcfd vÝhdh-vesfjfd;ksa ds ekeys esa ;s fVIif.k;ka mudh
'kkjhfjd {kerkvksa ls lacafèkr FkÈA
vesfjdh ehfM;k dh Hkh dÃ lewgksa dh vuns[kh djus ds fy, vkykspuk dh xÃ gS
tks vesfjdk esa mudh okLrfod vkcknh dh rqyuk esa O;kogkfjd :i ls v–'; gSaA
buesa vÝhdh] vjc] ,f'k;kÃ] ySfVu vkSj ewy vesfjdh tSls lewg çeq[k gSaA bl
'kksèk dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx if'peh lanHkks± ¼fo'ks"kdj vesfjdh½ esa fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu
fofoèkrk dh ;g deh Hkkjr lfgr dÃ ns'kksa esa vPNh rjg ls lp gks ldrh gSA
gkyk¡fd] ;g ço`fÙk èkhjs-èkhjs cny jgh gS D;ksafd fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa ehfM;k esa
fofoèkrk c<+ jgh gSA

,d vU; lewg ftls ehfM;k esa xyr rjhds ls çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS og gS cqtqxZA
Hkkjr eq[; :i ls ,d lkewfgd lekt gS tgka la;qä ifjokj ç.kkyh dkQh
çpfyr gS vkSj ,d gh ?kj esa fofHkUu ihf<+;ka ,d lkFk jgrh gSaA Hkkjrh; laL—fr
ds ewy ewY;ksa esa ls ,d cqtqxks± dk lEeku vkSj ns[kHkky gSA Hkkjr Hkh fofoèk gS vkSj
;g lkaL—frd] lkekftd] vkÆFkd] jktuhfrd vkSj dÃ vU; dkjdksa esa ifjyf{kr
gksrk gS ftudk cqtqxks± ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+rk gSA bl fofoèkrk dk ifj.kke ;g
gS fd dqN cqtqxZ viuh jk; j[kus vkSj ehfM;k esa fn[kkÃ nsus dh fLFkfr esa gks
ldrs gSa tcfd vU; tks uqdlku esa gSa os gkf'k, ij jg ldrs gSaA fQj Hkh] ehfM;k
cqtqxks± ds çfr de ls de dqN udkjkRed :f<+;ksa dk çpkj djus ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSA
190
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa 'kksèk dk ,d NksVk ysfdu egRoiw.kZ fudk; bafxr djrk gS fd
Hkkjrh; ehfM;k esa okLrfod tula[;k ds vuqikr ds lkis{k cqtqxks± dk çfrfufèkRo
de la[;k esa fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g fo'ks"k :i ls cqtqxZ efgykvksa ¼gkjoqM vkSj
j‚;] 1999½ ds fy, lp gSA ;gka rd fd tc mUgsa çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] rc Hkh
mUgsa 'kk;n gh dHkh çeq[k Hkwfedkvksa esa fpf=r fd;k tkrk gS vkSj os gkf'k, ij
jgrs gSaA vfèkdka'k ehfM;k lkexzh ;qok n'kZdksa ds fy, cukÃ xÃ gS tcfd ;g
cqtqxks± vkSj muds eqíksa dh mis{kk djrh gS ;g lekt dks ladsr nsrk gS fd cqtqxks±
ds eqís egRoghu] #fpdj ugÈ gSa vkSj lekpkj ;ksX; ugÈ gSaA
nqfu;k Hkj esa vè;;u blh rjg dh udkjkRed :f<+;ksa dh mifLFkfr dk ladsr nsrs
gSa tks cq<+kis vkSj 'kkjhfjd fuHkZjrk ij tksj nsrs gSa ¼foyhLdk vkSj lsMjlaM 2010½A
bl rjg dh udkjkRed :f<+okfnrk dk ifj.kke *vk;qokn* gksrk gS ftls cqtqxks± ds
çfr iwokZxzg vkSj HksnHkko ds :i esa O;ä fd;k tkrk gSA ;g o`) yksxksa dh HkykÃ
dks udkjkRed :i ls çHkkfor dj ldrk gS vkSj mudh {kerkvksa dks lhfer dj
ldrk gS ¼ysoh ,oa vU; 2002½A
gkykafd] ;g Hkh è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd gky ds o"kks± esa o`) o;Ldksa dh
ehfM;k Nfo;ka cny xÃ gSa vkSj dkQh ldkjkRed gks xÃ gSaA if'peh vkSj ,f'k;kÃ
ehfM;k esa iqjkus ik=ksa dh Nfo;ksa ij ,d lkfgR; leh{kk esa] ckÃ ¼2014½ us ns[kk
fd gkykafd igys dh Nfo;ka eq[; :i ls udkjkRed FkÈ] gky ds Vhoh foKkiu
ldkjkRed Nfo;ksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA 1950 ls 1990 ds chp ,d vuqnSè;Z vè;;u esa
ik;k x;k fd vesfjdh Vsyhfotu foKkiuksa esa cqtqxZ yksxksa dh lcls vfèkd fpf=r
ehfM;k Nfo;ka Þvkn'kZ nknk-nknh]Þ Þlkglh Lo.kZ ;qx]Þ ;k Þmi;ksxh Lo.kZ ;qxÞ
¼feyj ,oa vU; 2004½]A vesfjdh vkSj Hkkjr ds chp ,d vU; rqyukRed vè;;u
esa] ;g ik;k x;k fd nksuksa laL—fr;ksa esa] o`) yksxksa dks ldkjkRed rjhds ls fpf=r
fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj mUgsa lfØ;] [kq'k vkSj LoLFk O;fDr ds :i esa fn[kk;k x;k Fkk
¼gkoqZM vkSj j‚;] 2006 tSlk fd ckÃ 2014 esa m)`r fd;k x;k gS½A dksfj;k tSlh
vU; laL—fr;ksa esa 'kksèk esa ik;k x;k gS fd vesfjdh ehfM;k ds foijhr] dksfj;kÃ
Vhoh foKkiuksa esa cqtqxks± dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gSA
dksfj;kÃ ehfM;k esa ldkjkRed :i ls fpf=r gksus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gS] ;g
n'kkZrk gS fd foKkiu lkexzh lkaL—frd ewY;ksa ¼yh ,oa vU; 2006] 2014 esa m)`r½
ls çHkkfor gSA

osjsl ,oa vU; ¼2006½ us 1995 ls 2003 dh vofèk ds chp vksfyfo;ks ektZjhu ds
ÇçV foKkiuksa esa o`) yksxksa ds ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo dk fo'ys"k.k fd;kA 1995 esa] ,d
cgqjk"Vªh; [kk| O;olk; ;wfuyhoj us vksfyfo;ks dks ;wukbVsM fdaxMe ¼;wds½ ds
cktkj esa ,d ÞLoLFk HkkstuÞ ds :i esa is'k fd;k] tks ,d tSruw ds rsy ij
vkèkkfjr ektZjhu FkkA vkWadMksa ls irk pyk fd vfHk;ku ds 'kq#vkrh pj.kksa esa]
cqtqxks± dh ekud :f<+okfnrk bestjh dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu blus tYn
gh vfèkd ç;ksxkRed Nfo;ksa dks jkLrk fn;k ftlesa ÞLoLFk] fQV] lfØ;] vkèkqfud
vkSj ;gka rd fd ;kSu o`) yksxÞ ¼osjsl] ,oa vU;] i`"B 18½A ys[kdksa us ,d
fujarjrk dk çLrko j[kk ftlesa ikjaifjd :f<+oknh Nfo;ksa us cqtqxks± dh vfèkd
vkèkqfud Nfo;ksa dks jkLrk fn;kA ys[kdksa }kjk foKkiu vfHk;ku ds pkj vyx-
vyx pj.kksa ij ppkZ dh xÃ gSA

191
foKkiu dk igyk pj.k tks 1995 esa 'kq: gqvk] T;knkrj 'kSf{kd Fkk] n'kZdksa dks
Hkweè;lkxjh; vkgkj ds ykHkksa ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrk Fkk] ftlesa tSrwu dk rsy Hkh
'kkfey FkkA cqtqxks± ds ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo us nh?kkZ;q vkSj ,d LoLFk] lfØ; thou
dk fp=.k fd;kA bl çdkj] cqtqxks± dks ldkjkRed :i ls fn[kk;k x;k vkSj
ehfM;k esa vDlj ns[kh tkus okyh udkjkRed :f<+;ksa dk fojksèk fd;kA nwljs Hkkx
us Hkweè;lkxjh; vkgkj ds LokLF; ykHkksa ds ckjs esa igys ds 'kSf{kd –f"Vdks.k dks
tkjh j[kk] ysfdu vc cgq-ih<+h ds ifjokjksa dks yacs thou dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gq,
fn[kk;k x;k gS fd tSrwu ds rsy dks vkgkj esa 'kkfey fd;k tk,A o`) o;Ldksa dks
nknk-nknh ds :i esa ldkjkRed Hkwfedkvksa esa fpf=r fd;k x;k Fkk] ftUgsa vxyh
ih<+h ds fy, nh?kkZ;q ds vius jgL;ksa dks ikfjr djus ds :i esa fn[kk;k x;k FkkA
rhljs pj.k esa cqtqxZ yksxksa dks ;qok xfrfofèk;ksa tSls LiksV~lZ dkj pykus ;k ;ksx
djus ij è;ku dsafær fd;k x;kA bu foKkiuksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw ;g Fkk fd
os vc ikjaifjd foLrkfjr ikfjokfjd O;oLFkk esa ugÈ fn[kk, tkrs Fks] cfYd thou
dk vkuan ysrs gq, ns[ks tkrs FksA pkSFks pj.k esa] cqtqxks± ds ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo esa
cnyko vkSj Hkh Li"V FkkA u dsoy cM+s o;Ldksa dks ;qok xfrfofèk;ksa esa fn[kk;k
x;k Fkk cfYd foKkiu esa jksekafVd fj'rs vkSj ;kSu vkd"kZ.k Hkh fn[kk, x, FksA o~}ksa
dh ,slh Nfo;ksa dks igys ds foKkiuksa esa dHkh fpf=r ugÈ fd;k x;k FkkA
Vrees, Y.B., Harwood, J., Williams, A., Ylänne-McEwen, V., Wadleigh, P. M., &
Thimm, C. (2006). The Portrayal of Older Adults in Advertising: A Cross-National Review.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 25, 264-282.

ekufld chekjh ds dkj.k bl lewg dks udkjkRed :i ls fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA
ehfM;k esa ekufld leL;kvksa okys ik=ksa dks vDlj muds okLrfod thou ds
led{kksa dh rqyuk esa dgÈ vfèkd Çgld fn[kk;k tkrk gS ¼MkbQsucSd] 1997½A
mUgsa vke rkSj ij vlgk;] detksj] ;k vU;Fkk vius Lo;a ds thou dk çcaèku
djus esa vleFkZ ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k tkrk gS ¼dojMsy] uk;j] Dyklsu] 2002½A
blds ifj.kkeLo:i vke turk esa ;g fo'okl iSnk gks x;k gS fd ekufld fodkjksa
okys O;fä vfu;af=r vkSj [krjukd gksrs gSa vkSj muls Mjuk vkSj muls cpuk
pkfg,A

1½ :f<+okfnrk D;k gS\ blds xBu esa ehfM;k dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\
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2½ lkekftd lewgksa ds :f<+oknh fp=.k dks le>us ds fy, fofHkUu ehfM;k ¼tSls
Vhoh] fizaV] lks'ky ehfM;k] vkfn½ dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
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192
3½ dkWuy
s ds iq#"kRo ds fl)kar dk lekykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft, ,oa vkt ds
ifjn`'; esa fdruk izklafxd gS] ij ppkZ dhft,\
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vc rd dh ppkZ ls irk pyrk gS fd fofHkUu lewgksa ds ehfM;k fp=.kksa dks dÃ

çdkj dh :f<+;ksa dh fo'ks"krk gSA ;s ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo fLFkj ugÈ jgrs cfYd
cnyrs lanHkks± ds lkFk cnyrs gSaA DykdZ ¼1969½ us lq>ko fn;k fd vYila[;dksa ds
ehfM;k fp=.k] fo'ks"k :i ls Vsyhfotu ij pkj pj.kksa ls xqtjrs gSaA igyk pj.k
*xSj-ekU;rk* gS tc eq[;èkkjk ds ehfM;k }kjk vYila[;d dks Lohdkj ugÈ fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj yxHkx v–'; gksrk gSA nwljk pj.k *migkl* gS tc lewg dks Vhoh
ij fn[kk;k tkrk gS] ysfdu mUgsa fpf=r djus ds fy, viekutud :f<+oknh
ehfM;k Nfo;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu Nfo;ksa esa mUgsa ew[kZ] nq"V] ew[kZ ;k
vkylh ds :i esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA bu vH;kosnu dk çkFkfed mís'; çeq[k lewg
ds vkRe-lEeku dks c<+kuk gSA tc vYila[;d lewg bu vH;kosnuksa dk fojksèk
djrk gS rks ge rhljs pj.k vFkkZr *fofu;eu* dh vksj c<+rs gSa] tc lewg dk
çfrfufèkRo lhfer] lkekftd :i ls Lohdk;Z Hkwfedkvksa tSls iqfyl vfèkdkfj;ksa]
f'k{kdksa] lSfudksa vkfn esa gksrk gSA pkSFkk pj.k *lEeku* gSA tc lewg dks
ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed nksuksa Hkwfedkvksa esa çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj muds
fp=.k çeq[k lewgksa ds leku gksrs gSaA

Non
Ridicule Regulation Respect
Representation

193
1½ Hkkjrh; fQYeksa esa fiNM+s oxksZa ds fp=.k ds fy, DykdZ ds ehfM;k izfrfuf/kRo
ds pj.kksa dks iz;ksx dks crk,¡A
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:f<+okfnrk gkfudkjd gSa D;ksafd os O;fä;ksa dh fof'k"Vrk vkSj fofoèkrk dh mis{kk

djrs gSaA dqN :f<+okfnrk,¡ tks ge ehfM;k ij ns[krs gSa] os gh dqN lewgksa ds ckjs
esa tkuus dk ,dek= rjhdk gSA ;s :f<+;k¡ cgqr udkjkRed gks ldrh gSa vkSj
blfy, gekjs Mj] lhfer ckrphr vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd lekt }kjk bu lewgksa ds
lkFk fd, x, vU;k; dks Hkh lgh Bgjk ldrh gSaA ;g gekjs vius vkSj nwljksa dks
ns[kus ds rjhds esa Hkh cnyko yk ldrh gSA dYVhos'kufl)kar] ehfM;kçkbÇex vkSj
lkekftd laKkukRed fl)kar rhu çeq[k fl)kar gSa tks bl ckr dh tkap djrs gSa
fd :f<c} ehfM;k lkexzh ds laidZ ds dkj.k n'kZdksa ds O;ogkj dSls çHkkfor gksrs
gSaA
¼xcZuj ,oa vU;] 2002½ dk ekuuk gS fd ehfM;k ds fy, yacs
le; rd laidZ n'kZdksa ds nqfu;k dks ns[kus ds rjhds dks çHkkfor djrk gSA [ksrh
dh ifjdYiuk ds vuqlkj] ftrus vfèkd O;fä Vsyhfotu ns[krs gSa] mruh gh
vfèkd laHkkouk gS fd os okLrfodrk dk fuekZ.k bl rjg ls djsaxs tks ehfM;k
fp=.k ds leku gSA de ls de dqN 'kksèk bl fl)kar ds vuq:i gSa D;ksafd ;g
n'kkZrk gS fd Hkkjh n'kZdksa esa vDlj efgykvksa] uLyh; vYila[;dksa] cqtqxks± vkSj
ekufld chekfj;ksa okys yksxksa ds lacaèk esa vfèkd :f<+oknh èkkj.kk,a gksrh gSaA
ehfM;k :f<+okfnrk ds çHkko dks le>us dk ,d vU; rjhdk
¼vk;axj ,oa ÇdMj] 1987½ gSA *çkbÇex* iwoZorÊ mÙkstuk ds ckjs esa
fdlh Hkh tkx:drk ds fcuk ckn ds mÙkstuk ds fu.kZ; ij dqN iwoZorÊ mÙkstuk
dk çHkko gSA ehfM;k lans'k ,d çeq[k ds :i esa dk;Z dj ldrs gSa vkSj n'kZdksa ds
ckn ds lans'kksa ds ckjs esa lkspus ds rjhds dks jax ldrs gSaA ehfM;k çkbÇex
vuqlaèkku vDlj vÝhdh-vesfjfd;ksa ds lanHkZ esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa
ehfM;k esa èkedh] vkØked ;k vijkfèk;ksa ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ,d
ç;ksx esa ik;k x;k fd ,d Çgld ?kVuk ¼ehfM;k çkbe½ ds ckjs esa ,d lekpkj
i= dh fjiksVZ ds laidZ esa ckn esa vÝhdk ds vesfjfd;ksa ds vkijkfèkd lafnXèkksa ds
fy, vkØkedrk ij mPp LoHkko jsÇVx gqÃ] ysfdu 'osr vkijkfèkd lafnXèkksa ds
fy, ugÈ ¼t‚ulu ,oa vU; 1997½A ;g vè;;u ;g fn[kkus esa l{ke Fkk fd
Çgld vijkèkksa ds ckjs esa dksÃ Hkh fu.kZ; n'kZdksa ds fnekx esa ÞÇgld v'osr iq#"kÞ
ds igys ls ekStwn :f<+okfnrk ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA

194
¼caMqjk] 1986½ ds vuqlkj] dqN 'krks± dks ns[krs
gq,] n'kZd mu O;ogkjksa dh udy djsaxs tks os ehfM;k esa ns[krs gSa rkfd dqN
Nfo;ksa dks nwljksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd ckj e‚My fd;k tk ldsA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
fd'kksj yM+fd;k¡ pqÇunk :i ls irys e‚My esa 'kkfey gks ldrh gSa ftUgsa ckj-ckj
ehfM;k esa fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls e‚Myksa dks lHkh iq#"kksa dk è;ku vkdÆ"kr
djus ds fy, fn[kk;k tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa lqanj ekuk tkrk gSA ,slh rLohjsa ns[kus
okyh fd'kksfj;ka vius 'kjhj dh vkykspuk dj ldrh gSa vkSj iryh cuuk pkgrh
gSaA irys gksus dh viuh pkgr esa os [kkus ds fodkj fodflr dj ldrh gSaA
LVkbl ,oa 'k‚ ¼1994½ us ik;k fd if=dk,a i<+us vkSj d‚yst dh efgykvksa ds [kkus
ds fodkj ds y{k.kksa ds chp ,d egRoiw.kZ lacaèk gSA gkykafd] ;g ges'kk ,slk ugÈ
gks ldrk gS D;ksafd yksxksa ds ikl ekrk-firk] lkfFk;ksa] f'k{kdksa vkSj vU; yksxksa dks
ns[kus ds dÃ volj gksrs gSa tks LoLFk thou 'kSyh dks c<+kok ns ldrs gSaA bl
çdkj] yksx ehfM;k esa fn[kkÃ nsus okyh Nfo;ksa ls çHkkfor gks ldrs gSa ysfdu vU;
lekthdj.k dkjdksa ds çHkko dks vuns[kk ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk gSA

1½ dYVhos'ku fl)kar] n'kZdksa ds vfHko`fÙk ,oa O;ogkj ij :f<+oknh ehfM;k

lkexzh ds izHkko dk ijh{k.k dSls djrh gSA
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2½ ehfM;k izkbfeax D;k gS\ okLrfod thou ls mnkgj.k ysrs gq, vo/kkj.kk dks
le>kb,aA
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3½ lkekftd laKkukRed fl)kar tksfd ehfM;k ij ykxw gksrk gS] dk
vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A
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;g vuqHkkx nks eqíksa ij dsafær gksxk tks ehfM;k esa jktuhfr ls lacafèkr gSaA igyk
lacafèkr gS fd ehfM;k dks jktuhfrd vkSj lacafèkr rkdrksa }kjk dSls fu;af=r fd;k
tk jgk gSA gkykafd ge esa ls dÃ yksx ;g lksp ldrs gSa fd ehfM;k Lora= gS
vkSj os fu"i{k rjhds ls ?kVukvksa dh fjiksVZ djrs gSa ysfdu okLro esa] ;g lp ugÈ
gSA ehfM;k dsoy dqN ?kVukvksa dks n'kZdksa ds lkeus çLrqr djrk gS tcfd vU;
eqíksa dks i`"BHkwfe esa ys tkrk gSA ehfM;k }kjk tks doj fd;k tk,xk og lkekftd]
lkaL—frd] vkÆFkd vkSj jktuhfrd lfgr dÃ dkjdksa ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA *ehfM;k
dSIpj* bl eqís ij Qksdl djsxkA *U;wt ÝsÇex* dk nwljk vad bl ckr ls lacafèkr
195
gS fd dSls ehfM;k n'kZdksa ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k –f"Vdks.k çLrqr djrk gS ftlls
turk dh jk; dks vkdkj nsus ds lkFk-lkFk eqís ij jktuhfrd vkSj uhfrxr
çfrfØ;k dk fuèkkZj.k gksrk gSA

i=dkj vkSj vU; lekpkj dÆe;ksa ij fof'k"V dgkfu;ksa dks doj djus vkSj mUgsa
dqN [kkl rjhdksa ls çLrqr djus dk vfo'oluh; ncko gksrk gSA gjeu vkSj
p‚ELdh ¼1988½ us ÞfofuekZ.k lgefrÞ ds e‚My dk çLrko j[kkA bl e‚My ds
vuqlkj] dqN 'kfä'kkyh dqyhu O;fä ;k fuxe turk rd igqapus okyh lwpukvksa
dks fQ+YVj djus ds fy, }kjiky ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA e‚My Þikap fQYVjÞ
ij tksj nsrk gS ftlesa LokfeRo] foKkiu] ekl ehfM;k lekpkjksa ds 'kfä'kkyh lzksr
¼mnkgj.k ds fy,] ljdkjh lzksr] cM+s O;kikj fuxe½] vkykspuk vkSj vkradokn ij
;q) 'kkfey gSaA
*ehfM;k dSIpj* çsl dh Lora=rk ds fy, ,d [krjs dks lanÆHkr djrk gS ftlesa
ehfM;k dks Þ;k rks lhèks ljdkjksa }kjk ;k jktuhfr ls tqM+s fufgr LokFkks± }kjk
fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSAÞ ¼eqafxM-fiIihMh 2013 i`- 41½A ehfM;k dSIpj dÃ :i ys
ldrk gSA cM+s fuxeksa ;k ljdkj }kjk ehfM;k dk LokfeRo ehfM;k lkexzh dks lhèks
fu;af=r djus dk ,d rjhdk gSA Hkkjr esa] vfèkdka'k çeq[k ehfM;k laxBuksa dk
LokfeRo fo'kky lewgksa ds ikl gS tks m|ksxksa dh ,d foLr`r J`a[kyk esa fuos'k djrs
gSaA bVyh esa] flfYo;ks cyqZLdksuh ,d brkyoh ehfM;k Vkbdwu gS] ftlus vius
jktuhfrd dfj;j dks 'kq: djus ds fy, vius ehfM;k gksÇYMXl dk bLrseky
fd;k vkSj dÃ ckj ns'k ds çèkku ea=h cus ¼MqjsaVs vkSj ukbV 2009½A ,jkLyku vkSj
vkst+VZdZ ¼2018½ us uksV fd;k gS fd jktusrk i=dkjksa dks pqÇunk :i ls igqap
çnku djds dojst dks fu;af=r dj ldrs gSaA
;gka rd fd tc os lhèks ehfM;k dks fu;af=r ugÈ dj jgs gSa] ljdkjsa vkSj cM+s
fuxe foKkiu jktLo dk ,d lzksr gSa ftl ij ehfM;k vius vfLrRo ds fy,
fuHkZj gSA ;g Hkkjr ds fy, Hkh lp gS] tgka ehfM;k ?kjkuksa ds cM+s fuxeksa ds lkFk
?kfu"B lacaèk gSa] tks cM+s foKkiu jktLo dk lzksr gSaA blh rjg] ehfM;k ?kjkuksa ds
dÃ lkoZtfud {ks= dh daifu;ksa ds lkFk ?kfu"B lacaèk gSa tks vius ehfM;k esa
foKkiu nsrs gSaA ;fn ehfM;k dh dgkfu;ka foKkiunkrkvksa dh udkjkRed rLohj
is'k djrh gSa ;k ;fn os viuh laikndh; uhfr;ksa ls vlger gSa rks ;s foKkiunkrk
vius ehfM;k esa foKkiu can djus dh èkedh ns ldrs gSaA
;gka rd fd xwxy] Qslcqd vkSj fV~oVj tSlh lks'ky ehfM;k daifu;ka tks eq¶r
lsok,a çnku djrh gSa] okLro esa gekjs czkmÇt+x bfrgkl vkSj lacafèkr MsVk dks
foKkiunkrkvksa dks csp jgh gSaA dÃ lks'ky ehfM;k ij Hkh viuh fjiksVks± esa i{kikr
djus] QtÊ [kcjsa QSykus] Çglk HkM+dkus vkSj ernkrk O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djus dk
vkjksi yxk;k x;k gSA nqfu;k Hkj dh dÃ ljdkjksa us lks'ky ehfM;k ij dM+k #[k
viukrs gq, bldk tokc fn;k gS- nwljh vksj lks'ky ehfM;k us Hkh dHkh-dHkh viuk
cpko djrs gq,] ehfM;k ij dCtk de djus ds fy, uhfr;ka cukdj] fMftVy
lk{kjrk ds egRo ij tksj nsrs gq,] viuh fjiksVZ esa ikjn'kÊ gksus dh dksf'k'k djrs
gq, vkSj bu eqíksa ds ckjs esa [kqyh lkoZtfud ckrphr djus dh çfrc)rk fn[kkrs
gq, çfrfØ;k nh gSA

196
ehfM;k dÆe;ksa }kjk r; fd, tkus ds ckn fd n'kZdksa dks D;k çLrqr fd;k tk,xk]
fofHkUu Ýseksa dk fuekZ.k Hkk"kk] çrhdksa vkSj çLrqfr ds HkkokRed Loj vkfn ds ekè;e
ls fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls eqíksa ds dqN igyqvksa dks mtkxj fd;k tk ldrk gS
vkSj nwljksa dks de djds vkadk tk ldrk gSA *QzÇs ex* esa lkexzh esa lw{e ifjorZu
djuk 'kkfey gS rkfd ;g ?kVuk ds ,d fo'ks"k ifjçs{; dks c<+kok nsA ;g cnys esa
yf{kr n'kZdksa ds –f"Vdks.k vkSj fopkjksa dks <kyrk gSA
Mh osjsl ¼2005½ Ýse fuekZ.k dks çHkkfor djus okys vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh dkjdksa ds
chp varj crkrs gSA vkarfjd dkjd laikndh; uhfr;ksa vkSj lekpkj ewY;ksa dks
lanÆHkr djrs gSa] tcfd ckgjh dkjd fofHkUu fgrèkkjdksa tSls fd dqyhu oxZ dks
lanÆHkr djrs gSa ftlesa jktusrk] cM+s d‚iksZjsV ds lnL; vkSj ehfM;k laxBu ds
ekfyd 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA vfHktkr oxZ ds vykok] fgr lewg vkSj lkekftd
vkanksyu Hkh Ýse fuekZ.k dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA ;s Ýse lwpuk dks lalkfèkr djus ds
rjhds ds lkFk-lkFk n'kZdksa ds joS;s vkSj O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrs gSa ¼Mh osjsl]
2005½A
dÃ 'kksèkdrkZvksa us lekpkj esa egRoiw.kZ ¶+jseksa dh igpku dh gS tks lekpkj dh
turk dh O;k[;k dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vk;axj ¼1991½ us ,d
fo"k;xr Ýse ls ,d ,filksfMd Ýse dks vyx fd;kA tcfd ,d O;fä vkSj ,d
fof'k"V ?kVuk ij è;ku dsafær djrk gS] ckn okyk O;fDr ,d gh ?kVuk ds ctk;
lkekftd eqíksa ij è;ku dsafær djrk gSA lekpkj i= fu;fer :i ls efgykvksa ds
f[kykQ Çglk] cykRdkj] ?kjsyw Çglk] ;kSu-'kks"k.k vkfn dks n'kkZus okyh ?kVukvksa dh
fjiksVZ djrs gSaA 'kksèk ls irk pyrk gS fd ,slh ?kVukvksa dh fjiksVZ djus ds fy,
ehfM;k esa ,filksfMd ÝsÇex dk mi;ksx djus dh ço`fÙk gSA bu Ýseksa esa dgkuh ds
luluh[kst rRoksa ij tksj nsus ds lkFk fof'k"V LFkkuksa vkSj le; ij gksus okyh
vyx-vyx ?kVukvksa ij è;ku dsafær fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg ds ,filksfMd Ýse
tsaMj vkèkkfjr Çglk ls lacafèkr cM+s lkekftd eqíksa tSls lekt ds fir`lÙkkRed
<kaps dh mis{kk djrs gSaA 'kksèk ds ,d fo'kky fudk; ls irk pyrk gS fd lekpkj
i= vijkfèk;ksa ds Çglk ds bfrgkl dks doj djus ds ctk; Çglk dh i)fr ij
è;ku dsafær djrs gSa] ftlls ;g èkkj.kk curh gS fd n'kZdksa dks ;g tkuus esa
vfèkd #fp gS fd iq#"k blds ihNs ds dkj.kksa ds ctk; vius lg;ksfx;ksa dks dSls
ekjrs gSa ¼Lohuh] 2012½ dkykZby] LysVj] vkSj pkØ‚Q ¼2008½ dk dguk gS fd
ehfM;k dk *gR;k dsafær* gS rkfd varjax Hkkxhnkjksa }kjk gR;k] efgykvksa ds f[kykQ
Çglk ds vU; :iksa] fo'ks"k :i ls euksoSKkfud nqO;Zogkj dks izkFkfedrk ls ys ldsA
;gka ;g è;ku j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd ehfM;k }kjk iwoZ dks vfèkd lekpkj ;ksX;
ekuk tkrk gS ysfdu lkaf[;dh; :i ls ckn okys dh rqyuk esa de laHkkouk gSA
vU; 'kksèkdrkZvksa us vkerkSj ij mi;ksx fd, tkus okys Qzseksa ij è;ku dsafær fd;k
gS tks uhps fn, x, gSa ¼U;weSu ,oa vU;] 1992 tSlk fd lsesVdks vkSj okYdsucxZ]
2000 esa m)`r fd;k x;k gS½%
1½ áweu baVjsLV Ýse% ;g Ýse lekpkjksa dks futh—r djds yf{kr n'kZdksa dh
#fp dks idM+us dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA ;g bl eqís esa 'kkfey fof'k"V O;fä;ksa
dh dgkuh is'k djds] dgkuh dks HkkoukRed dks.k nsdj vkSj lgkuqHkwfr ;k
lgkuqHkwfr iSnk djds ,slk djrk gSA

197
2½ }a} Ýse% ;g Ýse ikÆV;ksa] O;fä;ksa ;k lewgksa ds chp vlgefr ;k }a} ij
è;ku dsafær djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA
3½ uSfrdrk@èkkÆed Qzse lekpkj Ýse uSfrdrk] èkeZ ;k lkekftd uqL[ks ds eqíksa
ij dsafær gSA
4½ vkÆFkd Qzse% ;gka fdlh eqís dks mlds vkÆFkd ;k foÙkh; ifj.kkeksa ds lanHkZ esa
çLrqr djus ij è;ku dsafær fd;k tkrk gSA
5½ mÙkjnkf;Ro Ýse% ;g Ýse ljdkj] O;fä ;k lewg dks fdlh leL;k ds dkj.k
;k lekèkku ds fy, ftEesnkjh nsrk gSA

1½ áweu baVjsLV Ýse% Þiq.ks esa] 36-lIrkg dk le; ls igys f'k'kq xaHkhj iksLV-
dksfoM ÇlMªkes dks ekr nsrk gSAÞ ¼2 flracj] 2021] VkbEl v‚Q bafM;k½
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/85847685.cms?utm_sour
ce=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

2½ }a} Ýse% Þ;g ,d ;q) dh rjg gS% Hkkjr ds ,d vLirky ds vanj ds –';
v‚Dlhtu ds fy, csrkc gSaAÞ ¼28 vçSy] 2021] fctusl LVSaMMZ½
https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/it-s-like-a-war-
scenes-inside-an-india-hospital-desperate-for-oxygen-
121042800140_1.html

3½ uSfrdrk@èkkÆed Ýse% Þdksjksukok;jl Hk;Þ% ÞèkkÆed js[kkvksa ds yksx ,d lkFk

vkrs gSa] iVuk esa çkFkZuk djrs gSaAÞ ¼ekpZ] 17] 2021] n U;w bafM;u ,Dlçsl½
https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/17/coronavirus-
fear-people-across-religious-lines-come-together-offer-prayers-in-patna-
2117789.html

4½ vkÆFkd Ýse% ÞLV‚d esa fxjkoV ds :i esa vfèkd jkT; dksfoM çfrcaèk yxkrs
gSaAÞ ¼vçSy] 20] 2021] ÇgnqLrku VkbEl½
https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/stocks-fall-as-more-states-
impose-covid-restrictions-101618874546400.html

5½ ftEesnkjh Ýse% Þle>k;k x;k% ge COVID-19 dh mRifÙk ds ckjs esa D;k

tkurs gSaAÞ ¼28 eÃ] 2021] n bafM;u ,Dlçsl½
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-we-know-
about-the-origins-of-covid-19-7333788/

198
1½ ehfM;k izfrfuf/kRo esa jktuhfr ls lacaf/kr eq[; eqís D;k gSa\
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2½ ehfM;k dsIpj D;k gS\ fofHkUu rjhdksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
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3½ fofHkUu lekpkj i=ksa ds lekpkj Ýseksa ds okLrfod thou dk mnkgj.k nsrs
gq, Ýsfeax fla}kr vkSj ehfM;k }kjk mi;ksx fd, tkus okys fofHkUu lekpkj
Ýseksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
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vkb, bl bdkÃ esa geus tks lh[kk gS] mls lkjkaf'kr djsaA
• ehfM;k dÃ lewgksa dks :f<+oknh Nfo;ksa ds ekè;e ls fpf=r djds mUgsa xyr
rjhds ls çLrqr djrk gSA
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199
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;g opZLooknh enkZuxh dk ,d vfrjaftr çfrfufèkRo
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muds }kjk mUgsa vkadk tk,xkA
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l½ iq#"k ik=ksa ds usr`Ro dh Hkwfedkvksa esa fn[kk, tkus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gS
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dhft,A
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10½ dÃ gkf'k, ds lewgksa }kjk ehfM;k esa fpf=r viuh :f<+;ksa dks cnyus ds fy,
U;w ehfM;k dk mi;ksx dSls fd;k tk jgk gS] ml ij foLr`r ppkZ dhft,A

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• Indian ads further gender stereotypes, shows study - The Hindu (444)
Media Representation | Media in Minutes | Episode 7 - YouTube
• Media Policy in India: A Political Shop | CMDS (ceu.edu)
• What Exactly is Media Representation Anyway? - Arab Film and Media
Institute (AFMI) (arabfilminstitute.org)

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204
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vf/kd ^îzfrf"Br** gks tkrs gSa ;fn muesa izfl) gfLr;k¡ ;k mYys[kuh; yksx
'kkfey gksa ¼jkstsd] 2001½A mudh izLrqfrdj.k esa n`f"Vxr :i ls vkSj Hkk"kk;h
:i ls vkos'k Hkjk jgrk gS tks O;fDrxr :i ls ijkuqHkwfr] frjLdkj ;k lnesa
ds laosxksa dks mRiUu djrk gS ¼xzhj] 2009½A mnkgj.k ds fy,] vijk/k dh ,d
Nfo ;k fofM;ks QqVst dh miyC/krk ;g r; djrh gS fd bls izlkfjr fd;k
tk,xk ;k NksM+ fn;k tk,xk] ftlls vijk/k ihfM+r ;k vijk/kh dks ,d
izfrf"Br ntkZ izkIr nsrk gSA lekpkj i= ds ikl lhfer {ks= ;k ikBd gksus
ds dkj.k vkSj ikBd ls nwjh gksus ds dkj.k Vsyhfotu ;k vU; fMftVy ekU;
vijk/k lekpkj dh fjiksfVZax dh fo"k;-oLrq vkSj izÑfr dks izHkkfor djus ds
fy, Hkh ftEesnkj gSa ¼iksyd vkSj dqcjhu] 2007½A
• vijk/k dh yksdfiz;rk vkSj U;k; ls lacaf/kr euksjatu dh
dksbZ lhek ugha gksus ds dkj.k vijk/k dks ehfM;k esa euksjatu dk ,d
egRoiw.kZ vkSj cgqr gh vke lzkrs ekuk tkrk gS ¼dsyuu vkSj jkslsu cxZj]
2011½A euksjatu vijk/k ehfM;k iyk;uokn dk ,d :i gS vkSj Vsyhfotu
m|ksx fo'ks"k :i ls vlk/kkj.k {kerk okys yksxksa ds vlaHko vijk/kksa] yM+kb;ksa
vkSj nqLlkglksa dk efgekeaMu djrk gSA blds vykok ubZ ehfM;k
izkS|ksfxdh;ksa us ,d cVu ds nckus ij vijk/k fo"k;-oLrq dks lqyHk cuk fn;k
gSA vlhfer baVjusV vkSj bysDVªkfs ud xstsV rsth ls fdQk;rh gksrs tk jgs gSa]
vc vijk/k euksjatu lkexzh dh nqfu;k ds nwj-njkt ds dksuksa esa ns[kk tk jgk
gSA nqfu;k Hkj esa vusd fQYesa vkSj Vsyhfotu Jà[kyk,asa iqfyl] tklwlksa]
lsa/kekjh vkSj xSaxLVj dgkfu;ksa ds fo"k;-oLrq ds bnZ-fxnZ ?kwerh gSaA ;gk¡ rd
fd fo'ks"k :i ls fgUnh fQYe m|ksx esa izse-dgkfu;k¡ Hkh ^^MkWu** dk
efgekeaMu djrh gSaA uk dsoy eq[; /kkjkvksa ds vfHkusrkvksa dks ysdj cfYd
vijk/k djus okys fgek;rh uk;d ds dk;Z dks rdZ laxr Bgjk dj] os
vijk/kh ds fy, lgkuqHkwfr] nq[k vkSj n;k dh Hkkouk iSnk djus dh dksf'k'k
djrh gSA pkgs og /kwe] xSaxLVj] oUl vikWu , VkbZe bu eqEcbZ] xSaXl vkWQ
oklsiqj] tSlh fgUnh fQYesa gksa] bu fQYeksa dh yksdfiz;rk dk vanktk muds
}kjk ckWDl vkWfQl ij lSdM+ksa djksM+ dh dekbZ ls vklkuh ls yxk;k tk
ldrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd vxj ge if'pe esa Hkh ns[ksa rks ,d yksdfiz; IysVQkeZ
ij lcls izpfyr vkSj izfrf{kr Vh oh Jà[kyk ^êuh gkbZLV** gS] tks ,d cSad
MdSrh ij vk/kkfjr ukVd gS vkSj ;qokvksa ds chp ,d fo'oO;kih ?kVuk cu
xbZ gSA

ehfM;k okLrfodrk dk fuekZ.k djrk gS vkSj lekt ds izHkko'kkyh ewY;ksa dks turk
ds lkeus j[krk gSA xzkElh ¼1971½ }kjk ehfM;k vkf/kiR; ;k ehfM;k iwokZxzg dh
vo/kkj.kk thou dh ,d fuf'pr 'kSyh ds izHkqRo dks lanfHkZr djrh gS vkSj bldks
Hkh fd bls turk esa dSls folfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ehfM;k

207
'kfDr'kkyh {ks=ksa dh fopkj/kkjkvksa dks tSls fd lÙkk/kkjh vkSj izHkko'kkyh fLFkfr;ksa ds
lkFk-lkFk izeq[k iwathoknh vkfFkZd fgrksa dks fo'ks"kkf/kdkj nsrk gSA
ehfM;k esa vijk/k dks bl izdkj lkekftd :i ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS%
• ukSdj'kkgh ds fu.kZ; tks ;g fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa fd fdu ?kVukvksa dh fjiksVZ
djuh gS vkSj mUgsa dSls fjiksZV djuk gSA bl izdkj] dksbZ Hkh lekpkj ^^ewY;
;qDr** ugha gS ¼tsÝsl] 1986½A
• n'kZdksa us lekpkj dks le>us vkSj O;k[;k djus ds rjhds ls viuh
okLrfodrk dk fuekZ.k djuk ¼fojtj vkSj dqcfju] 2004½A

-
ehfM;k esa vijk/k vk/kkfjr lkexzh esa mYys[kuh; o`f) ds ihNs izeq[k dkj.kksa esa ;g
'kkfey gSa%
• euksjatu us vijk/k ehfM;k iyk;uokn dk ,d :i gS vkSj Vsyhfotu m|ksx
fo'ks"k :i ls vlk/kkj.k {kerkvksa okys yksxksa }kjk vlaHko vijk/kksa] yM+kb;ksa
vkSj nqLlkglh dk;ksZa dk efgekeaMu djuk gS ¼lqjsV vkSj xkMhZuj-csl] 2014½A
• n`f"Vxr ?kqliSB djus okyh rduhdh :i ls l{ke ehfM;k esa o`f) ds lkFk
n'kZujfr ¼rkd¡->k¡d½ vkSj n'kZdksa dh euksjatu psruk esa o`f) ¼lqjsV vkSj vksVks]
2002½A
• vijk/k dk lh/kk izlkj.k fn[kkus okys fuxjkuh dSejksa dh la[;k esa o`f)A
• vijk/k laca/kh fo"k;-oLrq dk rqjar vkSj fo'o Lrj ij miyC/k gksukA
• vf/kd O;fDrxr Vsyhfotu ns[kus dk vuqHkoA
• Vsfyfotu ,d lk>h jaxHkwfe gS vkSj n'kZdksa dks ?kVukvksa ds dwV 'kCnksa dks
i<+us ds fy, de fof'k"V dkS'ky dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
• izeq[k jktuSfrd fopkj/kkjk iqu:RiknuA
• fofHkUu laxBukRed nckoA

ml tkx:drk ds vykok tks ehfM;k vijk/kksa dh fjiksVZ djds vkSj muls fuiVus
ds fy, iz'kklfud iz.kkyh ij ncko Mkydj mRiUu djrk gS] bUgsa baVjusV ds
ek/;e ls igq¡p vklku gksus ds dkj.k ;g dbZ ljksdkjksa dks Hkh mBkrk gSA bu
ljkdksjksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
• ehfM;k Vªk;y ds ek/;e ls T;wjh lnL;ksa ij izHkkoA
• miHkksDrkvksa esa vijk/k ds Hk; dk c<+ukA
• lekt ds ckjs esa fuEu dksfV n`f"Vdks.k dh Nfo dk fuekZ.kA
• vijk/k dks dsoy fjiksVZ djus dh ctk; fopkjksa ds ek/;e ls mls míhid
dkjd cukukA
• fo"k;-oLrq dh fjdkWMZ djus ds fy, fodYiksa dh miyC/krk bl izdkj miyC/k
gS fd bls ckn esa vkSj lkFk gh lkFk Lofoosd ds vuqlkj ckj-ckj ns[kk tk
ldrk gSA
208
• detksj leqnk;ksa tSls efgykvksa] ekufld vLoLFkrk okys yksxksa vkSj
vYila[;dksa ij izHkkoA
• iqfyl dk izk;% udkjkRed rjhds ls fp=.kA
• ,d ^vkn'kZih<+h* dh Nfo;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa vlgk; vkSj funksZ"k tcfd ^^vkn'kZ
vijk/kh** ds :i esa vko';d ekuoh; xq.kksa dh deh ds :i esa :f<+c) rjhds
ls izLrqr djukA
• tuer dh foÑfrA
• ehfM;k }kjk fgalk ds fu:i.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i okLrfod thou esa fgalkA

1½ ehfM;k esa vijk/k dk fu:i.k dSls fd;k tkrk gS\

fizUV ehfM;k ds le; esa fd;s x;s vijk/k dk izlkj /khek FkkA ysfdu izkS|ksfxdh
dh izxfr ds lkFk] ,d ns'k esa fd;s x;s vijk/k dks nwljs ns'k esa lfØ; djuk
vklku gks x;k gSA baVjusV vkSj bysDVªkfs ud xsEl ds ek/;e ls fMthVy
baVj,fDVo ¼laoknkRed½ ehfM;k ikjaifjd fizUV] /ofu vkSj n`'; ehfM;k ds lkFk
tqM+ jgk gSA
lqLeku vkSj O;wLVu ¼1995½ ¼ljek] ljek vkSj c:vk] 2017½ ^^lkbcj vijk/k**
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn dk izLrko djus okys igys O;fDr Fks tks ÑR;ksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dk
,d laxzg FkkA bUgsa lkbcj vkfJr vijk/k Hkh dgk tkrk gS] tks ,sls vijk/k gSa
ftugsa dsoy dEi;wVj@ysiVkWi] dEi;wVj usVodZ ;k lwpuk lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dh
ds vU; :iksa dh lgk;rk ls Hkh vatke fn;k tk ldrk gSA blesa okbjl ;k
eSyos;j QSykuk] gsfdax vkSj fMªLVªhC;wM fMuk;y vkWQ lfoZl vVSd ¼;w ,u eSuoy
vkWu izhos'kau ,aM daVªky
s vkWQ dE¶;wfVM fjysfVM Økbe] 1995½ 'kkfey gSaA lkbcj
vijk/k dh dqN ifjHkk"kkvksa esa dkWihjkbV mYy?kau ¼dksu] 2005½ ds lkFk-lkFk
lkbcj LVkfdax vkSj pkbYM izkus ksxzkQ ¼tsfo;kj - xht] 1997½ Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
blfy, daI;wVj ;k midj.k vijk/k dk ,tsaV] lw=/kkj ;k y{; gks ldrk gS
¼xkWMZu vkSj QksMZ] 2006½A lkbcj vijk/k dh fof'k"Vrk ;g gS fd blds fy,
ihfM+r vkSj vijk/kh ds lh/ks laidZ esa vkus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSaA os ehyksa
nwj ls mu ns'kksa ls dke djrs gSa] tgk¡ lkbcj vijk/k dkuwu detksj ;k
vfLrRoghu gks ldrs gSa] ftlls irk yxkus vkSj eqdnek pykus dh laHkkouk de
gks tkrh gS ¼ljek] ljek vkSj c:vk] 2017½A
209
Vsyhfotuksa ds fMthVy :ikaUrj.k dk m|ksx ds lanHkZ esa mRiknu vkSj forj.k ij
dqN ifjorZudkjh izHkko iM+k gSA ;g izHkko dFkk ds lUnHkZ esa 'kSyh] lkSUn;Z 'kkL=]
rduhd vkSj fo"k;oLrq ds laca/k ds lkFk-lkFk n'kZdksa ds lUnHkZ esa lkekftd]
lkaLÑfrd vkSj oSpkfjd vk;keksa ds laca/k esa Hkh iM+k gS ¼Msfut] 2021½A blds
vykok vest+Wu ,oa f¶yidkVZ tSlh bZ-dkWelZ osclkbVksa ds mi;ksx ds lkFk] Lohxh
vkSj tksesVks tSls [kk| forj.k ,si ds cM+s iSekus ij mi;ksx vkSj Hkkjr esa 2016 ds
foeqnzhdj.k ds ckn vkSj fQj 2020 esa dksfoM-19 ds ckn] fMthVy gksus ds dkj.k
gekjs cSad [kkrs dkMZ uEcj vklkuh ls usVodZ ij gSaA ladqfpr Lofu/kkZfjr lpZ tks
gesa ml ,d lpZ }kjk lq>kbZ tkrh gSa tks geus vrhr esa dh gks ldrh gSa] bldk
eryc gS fd ge vklkuh ls dSls izkS|ksfxdh dh Ñik ij gSA
fMthVy lkexzh }kjk cukbZ xbZ O;olkf;d :i ls tksf[ke Hkjh dFkk ds dkj.k
orZeku le; esa vkSj ;qx esa lkbcj vijk/k vf/kd u;k gks x;k gS tks xSj dkuwuh
xfrfof/k djus okys yksxksa ds fy, tuleFkZu cukrk gSA ,d baVjusV mi;ksxdÙkkZ
,d ok;jl MkmuyksM dj ldrk gS] ;fn mls yxrk gS fd bZ-esy fdlh Kkr
lzksr ;k fdlh lEekfur laxBu ls vkbZ gSA dqN nqHkkZoukiw.kZ Qkbysa mi;ksxh izrhr
gksrh gS tks mi;ksxdÙkkZvksa dks mUgsa [kksyus ds fy, /kks[kk nsrh gSaA ,d vijk/kh
yksxksa dks dkWy Hkh dj ldrk gS vkSj ,d lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh fo'ks"kK O;fDr gksus dk
fn[kkok dj ldrk gS] ikloMZ vkSj vks Vh ih ¼ou Vkbe ikloMZ½ izkIr dj ldrk
gS ftlls /ku dh /kks[kk/kM+h gks ldrh gSA lkbcj vijk/k tSls gSfdax] daI;wVj
usVodZ esa voS/k ?kqliSB ds ek/;e ls gks ldrk gSA ;g O;fDrxr vk¡dM+s bdêk
djus vkSj osclkbVksa dks [kjkc djus ds fy, fd;k x;k daI;wVj ;k usVodZ
lalk/kuksa dk vukf/kÑr mi;ksx ;k ,Dlsl gSA ;g LiSe ;k tad esy ds ek/;e ls
gksrk gS tks nqfu;k Hkj ds vusd izkIrdrkZvksa dks Hksts tkrs gSaA ;g daI;wVj dh
dk;Z{kerk vkSj usVodZ Lisl esa O;o/kku ;k Mkmu czhMhax ds ek/;e ls gks ldrk gS]
tSls eSyos;j }kjkA eSyos;j nqHkkZoukiw.kZ lkW¶Vos;j gSa tks daI;wVjlZ ds chp QSyrs
gSa vkSj muds lapkyu dks ckf/kr djrs gSa ¼fdjoku vkSj ikWoj] 2012½A ;g Qkbyksa
dks gVk ldrk gS] flLVe dks /oLr dj ldrk gS vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i
O;fDrxr vk¡dM+s dh pksjh gks ldrh gSA ok;jl] oDlZ] Vªkstu vkSj Likbosvj ds
:i esa ekStwn gks ldrk gS tks ,Mosvj ds :i esa vkrs gSaA
lkbcj vijk/k le; ds lkFk dbZ rjg ls fodflr gqvk gS tSls fd fp= 9-1 esa
iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA
Years Types of Attacks
1997 Cyber crimes and viruses initiated, that includes Morris Code
Worm and other.
2004 Malicious code, Torjan, Advanced worm etc.
2007 Identifying theif, Phishing etc.
2010 DNS Attack, Rise of Botnets, SQL attacks etc.
2013 Social Engineering DOS Attack, BotNets, Malicious Emalis,
Ransomware attack etc.
Present Banking Malware, Keylogger, Bitcoin wallet, Phone hijacking,
Anroid hack, Cyber warfare etc.

210
ljek] ljek vkSj c:vk ¼2017½ ds vuqlkj lkbcj vijk/k cgqfon :iksa esa gks
ldrk gS ftuesa 'kkfey gSa%
1½ lkbcj vijkf/k;ksa }kjk ,d
O;fDr ds f[kykQ fd;k tkrk gS] tSls &
• bZ-esy LiwfQax & ,d tkyh bZ-esy gSMj cukuk ftlesa lans'k ,slk izrhr
gksrk gS] tSls okLrfod lzksr ds vykok fdlh vU; lzksr ls izkIr gqvk gS
tks Kkr ;k oS/k izrhr gksrk gSA
• LiSfeax & tad bZ-esy ;k lkewfgd lans'k tSls LiSe ckVWl ds ek/;e ls
igq¡prk gS tks baVjusV esa bZ-esy irksa dh ryk'k esa ?kwerk gSA
• lkbcj eku-gkfu & lkbcj Lisl ds ek/;e ls nwljksa dh utj esa O;fDr
dh izfr"Bk dks uqdlku igq¡pkuk gSA
• baVjusV fjys pSV & :e ftlesa nqfu;k Hkj ds vusd yksx ,d lkFk pSV
djrs gS vkSj gSd djus] cSBds vk;ksftr djus dh rduhdksa ij ppkZ djrs
gSa ;k ihMksQkby NksVs cPpksa dk vkdf"kZr djrs gSa os tcju olwyh] ;kSu
mRihM+u vkSj /kefd;ksa ds fy, LFkku cu tkrs gSaA
• fQf'kax & geykoj izfrf"Br O;fDr ;k lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh fo'ks"kK gksus dk
ukVd djds ykWfxu ;k [kkrk tkudkjh izkIr djrs gSaA
2½ blesa daI;wVjksa ds lkFk tkucw> dj
eky dh gkfu djuk ds lkFk-lkFk dkWihjkbV] isVsaV vkSj VªsMekdZ ds ckSf)d
vijk/k 'kkfey gSaA muesa 'kkfey gSa%
• lkW¶Vos;j ikbjslh & vukf/kÑr udy
• dkWihjkbV mYya?ku & laxhr] lkW¶Vos;j ;k VsDLV tSlh dkWihjkbV lkexzh
dk mi;ksxA
• VªsM ekdZ mYya?ku & lfoZl ekdZ ;k VªsM ekdZ dk vukf/kÑr mi;ksxA
3½ & muesa 'kkfey gSa %
• vukf/kÑr :i ls vk¡dM+ks cnyuk ;k feVkukA
• xksiuh; tkudkjh dks vukf/kÑr :i ls i<+uk ;k dkWih djukA
• loZj ij geyk djuk ihfM+r ds lalk/kuksa dk vR;f/kd mi;ksx esa ykuk
ftlls muds fy, mudk mi;ksx djuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA
• bZ-esy ckWfEcax ds uke ls tkuh tkus okyh cgqr lkjh bZ-esy] esy ckWDl dks
Hkjus ds fy, ,d bZ-esy irs ij Hksth tkrh gSA
• cSad vkSj ØsfMV dkMZ fooj.k tSlh xzkgd tkudkjh dks izkIr djus ds fy,
vkWuykbZu vk¡dM+s csl ij geyk djuk ftls lykeh geyk dgk tkrk gSA
gSdj le; le; ij NksVh-NksVh jde fudky ysrk gS ftldk irk ugha
py ikrk gS ;k ftlds fy, dksbZ f'kdk;r ntZ gh ugha dh tkrh gSA
4½ & blesa 'kkfey gSa%
• tkylkth] >wBs nLrkost] gLrk{kj] eqnzk ;k jktLo fVdV cukukA

211
• osc tSfdax blesa ,d udyh osclkbV cukbZ tkrh gS] ftl ij fDyd djus
ij vly esa ihfM+r nwljs fyad ij fDyd dj jgk gksrk gS vkSj udyh ist
ij iqufunsZf'kr gks tkrk gS tks ihfM+r ds flLVe ij igq¡p vkSj fu;a=.k
ikus ds fy, le; ysrk gSA

lkbcj vijk/k djus okys yksx fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls izsfjr gks ldrs gSaA tSls%
• O;fDrxr ykHk ;k foÙkh; ykHk tSls cSad [kkrksa rd igq¡puk
• izfrjks/k dk :i ;k osclkbV dks [kjkc djus tSlh vkijkf/kd {kfr
• ckSf)d ftKklk dks larq"V djus ds fy,
• cnyk ysus ds fy,
• vkWuykbu leqnk;ksa ds chp lEeku vkSj 'kfDr LFkkfir djuk
• cksfj;r nwj djus ds fy,

tks yksx vkerkSj ij lkbcj vijk/k ds f'kdkj gksrs gSa os gSa%

• ;qok vkSj iq#"k tks baVjusV dk mi;ksx djrs gSa
• eksckby Qksu vkSj LekVZQksu mi;ksxdÙkkZ
• lkoZtfud okbZ-QkbZ flLVe ds mi;ksxdÙkkZA

lkbcj vijk/k djus okys yksxksa ds dbZ 'kks/kdÙkkZvksa }kjk izksQkby cuk, x, gSaA
jkstlZ ¼2000½ us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd blesa ;s yksx gks ldrs gSa%
• fLØIV fdM+ht & lhfer dkS'ky vkSj vuqHko okys yksx tks nwljksa }kjk
fodflr midj.kksa ij fuHkZj gSaA
• lkbcj iDal & os yksx ftudk bjknk geyk djus vkSj rksM+QksM+ djus dk gSA
• vkUrfjd yksx & os yksx tks vUn:uh gSa vkSj ftuds ikl fo'ks"kkf/kdkj igq¡p
gS ;k tks vlUrq"V deZpkjh gSaA
• dksMlZ & tks daI;wVj izksxzkfeax eas cgqr dq'ky gSaA
• vksYM xkMZ gSdlZ & ftuds ikl vkijkf/kd ea'kk ;k dkS'ky ugha gS] ysfdu os
flLVe dh detksfj;ksa dks [kkstuk pkgrs gSaA
• is'ksoj vijk/kh
• lkbcj vkradoknh

212
JhÑ".kk uke ds ,d gSdj us bZ-xousZal ds fy, dsUnz ds iksVZy dks gSd dj fy;k
vkSj 10-5 djksM+ :i;s vkSj 1-05 djksM+ #i;s dh jkf'k ,d xSj ljdkjh laxBu
¼,u th vks½ mn; xzke fodkl laLFkk] ukxiqj vkSj izkis jkbVjf'ki fuEeh
,aVjizkbftt] cqyan'kgj] ;wih ds uke ds cSad [kkrksa esa Hkst nh xbZA ckn esa ukxiqj
,u th vks us eky dh okLrfod [kjhn ;k fcØh ds fcuk O;kikj ds ysu-nsu dh
vkM+ esa fofHkUu foØsrkvksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ds cSad [kkrksa esa /ku dks ^^forfgr** dj
fn;kA fuEeh baVjizkbftl us O;kikfjd ysu-nsu vkSj O;fDrxr _.k dh vkM+ esa
fofHkUu foØsrkvksa vkSj cSad [kkrksa esa /ku tek dj fn;k ¼tkWulu] 2021½A
,u- lh- vkj- ch- ¼2019½ ds vuqlkj] lkbcj vijk/k ds rgr~ dqy 44]546 ekeys
ntZ fd, x,] tks 2018 ¼27]248 ekeysa½ dh rqyuk esa 2019 esa iathdj.k esa 63-5
izfr'kr dh Hkkjh o`f) n'kkZrh gSA bl Js.kh ds rgr~ vijk/k nj 2018 esa 2-0 ls
c<+dj] 2019 esa 3-3 gks xbZA 2019 ds nkSjku] ntZ fd, x, lkbcj vijk/k ds 60-4
izfr'kr ekeys /kks[kk/kM+h ¼44]546 ekeyksa esa ls 26]891½ ds ifj;kstu ls Fks] blds
ckn 5-1 izfr'kr ;kSu 'kks"k.k ds ¼2266 ekeys½ vkSj 4-2 izfr'kr cnukeh djus
¼1876 ekeys½ ds FksA ds ih ,e th us viuh lkbcj Økbe losZ fjiksVZ ¼2014½ esa]
89 izfr'kr Hkkjrh; laxBuksa us lkbcj vijk/k dks ^^izeq[k [krjk** ekuk gSA uksVZu
lkbcj Økbe fjiksVZ ¼2011½ us crk;k fd 30 fefy;u Hkkjrh; vijk/k ds f'kdkj
gq, gSa] ftlls Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks lkykuk 7-6 fcfy;u MkWyj dk uqdlku gqvk
gSA ;g vuqeku gS fd Hkkjr esa 10 izfr'kr lkbcj vijk/k fjiksVZ fd;s tkrs gSa]
ftuesa ls dsoy 2 izfr'kr gh okLro esa iathÑr gSaA mlesa Hkh ltk dh nj dsoy
nks izfr'kr Fkh ¼{ks=h] 2013½A
Hkkjr ds fMthfVykbts'ku ds lkFk gekjk mís'; lekt dks lwpuk lekt esa
cnyuk gS tgk¡ baVjusV dk mi;ksx laosnu'khy ysu-nsu djus vkSj dykmM ij
vk¡dM+s laxzg djus ds fy, fd;k tk,sxkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vR;ar egRokdka{kh
Hkkjrh; fof'k"V igpku izkf/kdj.k ¼;wvkbZMh,vkbZ½ ,d ,slh ifj;kstuk jgh gS
ftlesa ljdkjh ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, fuoklh dks thofefr; ¼ck;kseSfVªd½ vkbZ
Mh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bZ-xousZal] DykmM IysVQkeZ esa ckjg vadksa ds vk/kkj
uEcj dks nl fQaxj fizaV] vk¡[k dh iqryh LdSu] uke] tUe frfFk] irk laxzg dh
vko';drk gksxhA dbZ fo}kuksa us ppkZ dh gS fd ;g dSls vkus okys Hkfo"; esa 213
Hkkjr dks lkbcj vijk/kksa ds izfr vf/kd izo`Ùk cuk ldrk gSA bl rjg ds
ljksdkjksa ds ckotwn vkSj tcfd nqfu;k lkbcj vijk/k ij cqMkisLV dUosa'ku ¼1
tqykbZ] 2004 ls izHkkoh½ dks Lohdkj dj jgh gSA igyh vUrjkZ"Vªh; cgqi{kh; lfU/k
tks lhekikj ,d vijkf/kd uhfr }kjk jk"Vªh; dkuwuksa dk lkekUtL; djds lkbcj
vijk/kksa ls fuiVus ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dks izksRlkfgr djrh gS] Hkkjr us
vHkh rd ml ij gLrk{kj ugha fd, gSa ¼bdcky vkSj cs?k] 2017½A Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa
ds ,dy gksrs tkus ds lkFk] cqtqxksZa dks vius gky ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS vkSj
blfy, os lkbcj Lisl esa /kks[kk/kM+h ds izfr vf/kd laosnu'khy gksrs gSa
¼pksDdkukFku] uVjktu vkSj eksgarh] 2011½A fdlh ds thou dh vkf[kjh voLFkk esa
fpfdRlk mipkj ds fy, egRoiw.kZ thou Hkj dh cpr ij bldk vR;f/kd izHkko
gks ldrk gSA

tcfd ekrk-firk ;g fn[kkus esa xoZ dk vuqHko dj ldrs gSa fd muds cPps dSls
vius vki eksckby vkSj ysiVkWi lapkfyr dj ldrs gSa] ijUrq ;g Hkfo"; esa ;a=ksa
dh yr dk iwoZorhZ gSA xStsV~l vc fd'kksjksa ds fy, vf/kdkf/kd miyC/k gks jgs gSa
vkSj budk nq:i;ksx Hkh gks jgk gSA ;g lkbcj vijk/k ds eqn~nksa dks Hkh tUe ns
ldrk gS ¼in~ekoFFkh] 2018½A {ks=h ¼2016½ ds vuqlkj] lkbcj vijk/k vkSj lkbcj
lqj{kk ds ekeys Hkkjr tSlh fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa fuEufyf[kr dkjdksa dh
lgk;rk ls le>k;s tk ldrs gSa%
• & vk;
vkSj f'k{kk dk fuEu Lrj vi;kZIr ekuo fodkl] mPp csjkstxkjh] mPp Lrj
dh vk; vlekurk vkSj detksj yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa dks tUe nsrk gSA
• & ljdkj ds ikl rduhdh fo'ks"kKrk]
dkuwu izoZru ds fy, tu'kfDr vkSj lVhd vkijkf/kd MsVkcsl dk vHkko gSA
• lkbcj vijk/k dks ,d dayd ugha
ekuk tkrk gSA lkbcj vijkf/k;ksa esa vijk/k cks/k vkSj uSfrd Hkkouk dk vHkko
214
gSA dkWy lsaVj ds deZpkjh lqj{kk tk¡p ls xqtjuk viekutud ekurs gSaA
ikloMZ lk>k djuk ,d cgqr gh vke O;ogkj gSA
• lkbcj lqj{kk ls lacaf/kr tu'kfDr dh deh vkSj baVjusV
mi;ksxdÙkkvksa esa lkbcj lqj{kk mUeq[khdj.k dh deh] lkbcj fo'ks"kKksa dh
fuEu ek¡x vkSj ,UVhok;jl lkW¶Vos;j tSlh cqfu;knh lqj{kk iz.kkfy;ksa ij
vf/kd fuHkZjrkA
• lkbcj lqj{kk laca/kh izkS|ksfxdh dh de LohÑfr] vYi fodflr
lkbcj lqj{kk iz.kkyh] de ykxr okyh izkS|ksfxdh] lkbcj lqj{kk ls lacaf/kr
Lons'kh izkS|ksfxdh vkSj isVsaVksa dk vHkko] vijk/k mUeq[k izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk
mi;ksx djus okys daI;wVj vkSj vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl esa fuos'k dk fuEu
LrjA

Hkkjrh; lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vf/kfu;e ¼2000½ fMthVy vijk/kksa ;k lkbcj vijk/kksa

vkSj bZ-dkelZ ls lacaf/kr gSA la;qDr jk"Vª ekWMy bysDVªkfs uDl dkelZ dkuwu] 1996
(UNCITRAL Model) ij vk/kkfjr] blesa 'kkfey gSa%

• bZ-esy dks lapkj dk oS/k vkSj dkuwuh :i ekuk tkrk gSA

• fMthVy gLrk{kj dh dkuwuh oS/krkA
• u;s O;olk;ksa vkSj dEifu;ksa dks fMthVy izek.ki= tkjh djukA
• ljdkj dks bZ-xousZal ds ek/;e ls baVjusV ij uksfVl tkjh djus dh vuqefr
nsrk gSA
• dEifu;ksa ds chp ;k dEifu;ksa vkSj ljdkj ds chp lapkj] baVjusV ds ek/;e
ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• fdlh Hkh izdkj dk lkbcj vijk/k naMuh; gSA

tcfd lkbcj dkuwu ekStwn gS] fQj Hkh geas izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls gksus okyh
/kks[kk/kM+h vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ij gekjh c<+rh fuHkZjrk ls lko/kku jguk pkfg,A vr%
jkLdj vkSj iksy ¼2019½ ds vuqlkj lkbcj vijk/k dk f'kdkj gksus ls Lo;a dks
cpkus ds fy, ;s mik; mi;ksxh ekus tk ldrs gSa%
• daI;wVj dks fu;fer :i ls viMsV djukA
• etcwr ikloMZ lsV djukA
• vkWuykbu mi;ksx dh tkus okyh izR;sd lsok ds fy, leku ikloMZ dk
mi;ksx uk djukA
• ikloMZ fu;fer :i ls cnyukA
• daI;wVj dh lqj{kk lkW¶Vos;j ls lqjf{kr j[kukA
• O;fDrxr tkudkjh vkWuykbu lk>k djus esa lko/kku jgukA
215
• fdlh Hkh vthc bZ-esy ls lko/kku jgukA
• O;fDrxr tkudkjh ek¡xus okys lans'kksa dk mÙkj ugha nsukA
• osclkbVksa dh xksiuh;rk uhfr;ksa ij /;ku nsukA
• vius bZ-esy irs dh lqj{kk djukA
• fu;fer :i ls cSad vkSj ØsfMV dkMZ LVsVesaV dh leh{kk djukA
• fd'kksjksa ds lkFk bysDVªksfud midj.kksa ds i;Zosf{kr mi;ksxA
• lks'ky ehfM;k dk lqfoK mi;ksx lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj baVjusV ds lkFk-lkFk
cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa esa xstsV~l dh cqfu;knh lqj{kk ds ckjs esa tkx:drk
lqfuf'pr djukA

1½ lkbcj vijk/k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

20 tqykbZ 2012 dks fQYe cSVeSu% n MkdZ ukbV jkbftt dh LØhfuax ds nkSjku
gqbZ dkyksjkMks lkewfgd 'kwfVax dh ?kVuk ,d vfoLej.kh; ?kVuk gSA nks"kh tsEl b
gksEl ,d cSysfLVd gsyesV] cqyVs izwQ cfu;ku] cqysV izQ w ysfxax] ,d ekLd vkSj
nLrkus igus dj vk;k FkkA lSadM+ksa mifLFkr lansgghu yksxksa dh HkhM+ dks xksyh
ekjus ls igys ls mlus dbZ /kwzeceksa dk foLQksV fd;kA nl dh ekSds ij gh ekSrs
gks xbZ tcfd nks dh LFkkuh; vLirkyksa essa ekSr gqbZ tcfd lÙkj yksx ?kk;y gq,A
?kVuk ds dqN gh feuVksa ds Hkhrj gksEl dks fxj¶rkj dj fy;k x;kA mlus dgk
fd og n tksdj Fkk] tks ^^cSVeSu** fQYe dh frdM+h] ^^n MkdZ ukbV** dh nwljh
fd'r esa [kyuk;d FksA tk¡p iM+rky esa mlds ?kj ij Hkkjh ek=k esa xksyk ck:n
ik;k x;k ¼tSdkscks] 2017½A blh rjg ds ,d fjiksZV fd, x;s vesfjdh jkT;
eSjhySaM ds ekeys esa] ,d 28 o"khZ; iq:"k us ,d iwo-Z fu;ksDrk dks Lo;a dh ^^tksdj**
ls rqyuk djrs gq, xksyh ekjus dh /kedh nh] tc iqfyl us mls fgjklr esa fy;k
¼xkseZu] 2012½A fgUnh fQYe ^^Lis'ky 26** ls izsfjr gksdj ik¡p yksxksa ds ,d fxjksg
us Lo;a dks lhchvkbZ vf/kdkfj;ksa ds :i esa Nn~e os'k /kkj.k fd;k vkSj mÙkj-
if'pe fnYyh esa ,d MkWDVj ds ?kj ls 36 yk[k :i;s] vkHkw"k.k vkSj fons'kh eqnzk
ywV yh ¼27 ekpZ] 2021½A
gkL; iqLrdksa] laxhr] Vsyhfotu vkSj fQYeksa ds :i esa ehfM;k ds ckjs esa fpUrk,¡
c<+ jgh gSa] tks fonzkgs ] fgalk vkSj uSfrd iru dh vksj ys tk jgh gS ¼QX;qZlu]
216
2009½A baVjusV ds lkFk-lkFk icth vkSj bl rjg ds vU; izdkj ds ohfM;ks xsEl
dh yksdfiz;rk ds lkFk] vkØkedrk ij lkekftd vf/kxe~ vk/kkfjr izHkko ds fy,
caMqjk dh ckscksMkWy iz;ksx ppkZ ds vkSj vf/kd lcwr lqn`<+ gks ldrs gSaA

pwafd ftl fØ;k fof/k }kjk ehfM;k yksxksa dks vkØked :i ls dk;Z djus ds fy,
izHkkfor djrk gS] og vius Hkhrj ekuoh; laKkukRed izfØ;kvksa dks ykrk gSA ;g
le>uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd ehfM;k vkSj fgalk ds chp ds laca/kksa dks fl)kUrdkjksa us
dSls le>k gSA fuEufyf[kr n`f"Vdks.k dqN ifjizs{; iznku djus esa enn djrs gS%
• ;g fl)kar izLrkfor djrk gS fd O;fDr
tks ns[krs gSa mldk vuqdj.k djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkØkedrk dk
lkekftd vf/kxe ekWMy ¼caMqjk] 1977½] lkekU; vkØkedrk ekWMy ¼cqz'keSu
vkSj ,aMjlu] 2002½] fglad ehfM;k ns[kus ds ifj.kkeLo:i fgald ehfM;k
laKkukRed fyfi fodflr djus okys yksxksa ds ckjs esa ckr djrs gSaA blfy,
okLrfod thou dh ifjfLFkfr esa os 'k=qrk ds lkFk izfrfØ;k djus dh izo`fÙk
j[krs gSa] ;g bu fl)karksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ ,d izLFkkiuk gSA
• bu ekWMyksa ds vuqlkj vkØkedrk dks ,d
tSfod varuksZn ¼Mªkbo½ ekuk tkrk gS ftldh vfHkO;fDr dh vko';drk gksrh
gS ¼ykWjsat+] 1963½A blfy, ehfM;k fgalk bu vkØked varuksZn dks eqDr djus
dk ,d fuxZe }kj ¼vkmVysV½ iznku djrh gSA bl ekWMy ds vuqlkj] fgald
ehfM;k dk mi;ksx djus okys yksxksa ls de vkØked gksus dh mEehn dh
tkuh pkfg,A bls Lohdkj djuk fuf'pr :i ls ,d eqf'dy izLFkkiuk gSA
• pwafd ehfM;k fgalk dks fglad vijk/k ls tksM+us okys 'kks/k
ds lcwr Li"V ugha gSa] blfy, QX;Zqlu rFkk vU; ¼2008½ us izLrkfor fd;k
fd vkØkedrk tSfod vkSj ckâ; 'kfDr;ksa ds chp ,d vUr%fØ;k gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] vkuqoaf'kdh ds lkFk 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k dk ifj.kke ,d vlkekftd
O;fDrRo gks ldrk gSA i;kZoj.kh; ruko ds dkjd ekSfyd :i ls fgalk ds
fy, mRizsjd gSa D;ksafd ;s fdlh ,sls O;fDr esa fof'k"V fglad ÑR;ksa dk dkj.k
ugha curs gSa] ysfdu mUgsa mÙksftr djrs gSa tks igys ls gh fglad O;ogkj ds
fy, izo`Ùk gksrs gSA nwljh vksj] ehfM;k fgalk u rks ,d dkj.k gS vkSj u gh
,d mRizsjdA ysfdu okLro esa ;g ,d 'kSyhxr mRizsjd gS D;ksafd tks O;fDr
vkØked rjhds ls dk;Z djus dk fu.kZ; ysrs gSa] os dHkh-dHkh ,slk dj ldrs
gSa tSlk mUgksaus ehfM;k esa ns[kk gksA ehfM;k dks izHkko ds vHkko esa] ;s O;fDr
fQj Hkh fgald :i ls dk;Z djsaxs ysfdu FkksM+k vyx rjhds lsA

217
;g igpkuuk vko';d gS fd ehfM;k dk O;fDr;ksa dh fopkj izfØ;kvksa vkSj
O;ogkjksa ij egRoiw.kZ izHkko iM+rk gSA gekjs nSfud thou ds mís';ksa ds fy,
ehfM;k ij c<+rh gekjh fuHkZjrk gesa ehfM;k ls nwj ugha gksus nsxhA ,d ftEesnkj
ehfM;k og gS tks O;fDrxr] ikfjokfjd vkSj lkekftd iz;klksa ds lkFk] vkØked
O;ogkj dh fuxjkuh vkSj fofu;eu djrk gSA dqN mik;ksa eas 'kkfey gSa%
• jktusrkvksa] fuekZrkvksa vkSj f'k{kdksa ds chp lkoZtfud cgl vkSj ckrphrA
• mRikndksa ds fy, ,d is'ksoj vkpkj lafgrk vkSj vkRe vuq'kklu dk fodklA
• l{ke vkSj egRoiw.kZ ehfM;k mi;ksxdÙkkZ cukus ds fy, ehfM;k f'k{kk ds
vfHkuo :iA
ehfM;k thou i;ZUr yksxksa ds thou dk ,d vfHkUu vax cu x;k gSa tcfd Hkkjr
igys ls gh LekVZ Qksu ;qx dh vksj c<+ jgk Fkk] dksfoM-19 us vkWuykbu f'k{k.k
vf/kxe vkSj ?kj ls dke djus dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks xfr nhA lcls NksVs cPpksa ls
ysdj lcls o`) O;fDr rd ds gkFkksa esa bysDVªkfs ud midj.kksa ds lkFk] ge ml
lkexzh dks LØkWy djus vkSj ml rd igqap ikus ds fy, ck/; gSa tks igys bruh
vklkuh ls miyC/k ugh FkhaA vks Vh Vh IysVQkeksZa ds Vsyhfotu dh lhekvksa dks ikj
djus ds lkFk] ?kj ij jgus ds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d ds ckn ,d J`a[kykvksa ¼lhjht½
dk mi;ksx ;k ^^T;knk mi;ksx** gqvk gSA ehfM;k lUlxZ ds dkj.k gksus okyh
lkekftd f'k{kk ds lkFk-lkFk] gekjs ns'k ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd ifjn`';
dks leku Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gSA csjkstxkjh] fu/kZurk vkdk{kk,a vkSj bZ";kZ dqN ,sls
dkjd gSa ftuds ifj.kkeLo:i fujk'kk vkSj vkØkedrk vkSj fgalk dk foLFkkiu
gksrk gSA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i lkcbj vijk/k lfgr fofHkUu :iksa esa vijk/kksa dk
tUe gksrk gSA
;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd lekt bl ckr dh ftEesnkjh ys fd fdl rjg ls rduhdh
izxfr ekuo O;ogkj ij gkfudkjd izHkko Mky jgh gS vkSj lekt miyC/k n`';
vkSj JO; n`'; lkexzh ds fy, ,d vkykspukRed :i ls xzg.k djus dh fn'kk esa
dke djsA

1½ Hkko fojspu ¼dSFkkflZl½ ekWMy dSls ehfM;k fgalk dh O;k[;k djrk gS\
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2½ ehfM;k ds dkj.k mRiUu fgalk dks de djus ds mik; lq>kb,A
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218
vkb;s bl bdkbZ esa geus tks lh[kk gS] mls lkjkaf'kr djsa%
• vijk/k ,d lkekftd leL;k gS ftldk ehfM;k ls xgjk laca/k gSA bl izdkj
Vsyhfotu] lekpkj i=ksa] if=dkvksa] jsfM;ks] baVjusV] eksckby Qksu] lsVsykbV]
dscy vkSj fMthVy Vsyhfotu tSls ehfM;k :iksa }kjk fufeZr fu:i.kksa dh
vkykspukRed tk¡p iM+rky egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA
• ehfM;k esa vijk/k dk fu:i.k vijk/k lekpkj vkSj vijk/k ukVd ds ek/;e
ls gksrk gSA ehfM;k esa vijk/k lkekftd :i ls mu ukSdj'kkgh fu.kZ;ksa ds
ek/;e ls fufeZr gksrk gS fd D;k fjiksVZ djuk gS vkSj dSls fjiksVZ djuk gSA
n'kZdx.k Hkh viuh okLrfodrk dk fuekZ.k mlh rjg ls djrs gSa ftl rjg ls
bls os le>rs gSa vkSj bldh O;k[;k djrs gSaA
• le; ds lkFk] ehfM;k esa vijk/k vk/kkfjr fo"k;-oLrq esa o`f) gqbZ gS vkSj vc
baVjusV ds ek/;e ls lqxqe igqap ds lkFk] blus izeq[k ljksdkj [kM+s fd;s gSaA
• izkS|ksfxdh ds vkxeu ds lkFk] daI;wVj] ySiVkWi vkSj vU; midj.kksa dh enn
ls vijk/k fd;s tk jgs gSaA bls lkbcj vijk/k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
lkbcj vijk/k fdlh O;fDr] laxBu] lekt ;k laifÙk ds f[kykQ gks ldrk
gSA Hkkjr esa lkbcj vijk/k dh nj esa 63-5% dh o`f) gqbZ gSA
• Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] lkbcj vijk/kksa dh o`f) ds fy, vkfFkZd]
lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkfn tSls fofHkUu dkj.kksa dks mÙkjnk;h crk;k x;k gSa
Hkkjr dk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh vf/kfu;e ¼2000½ lkbcj vijk/kksa ls fuiVrk
gSA
• ehfM;k vkSj fgalk ds chp laca/kksa dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, fofHkUu fl)karksa
tSls lkekftd vf/kxe ds n`f"Vdks.k] Hkko-fojspu ekWMy] vkSj mRizsjd ekWMy
dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
• ehfM;k ds fy, ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd og ehfM;k ds dkj.k gksus okyh fgalk dks
de djus esa ,d ftEesnkj Hkwfedk fuHkk,A

lkbcj vijk/k dk ,d :i ftlesa dkWihjkbV lkexzh tSls

laxhr] lkW¶Vos;j ;k VsDLV dk mi;ksx 'kkfey gSA
,sls vijk/k tks dsoy daI;wVj@ySiVkWi] daI;wVj usVodZ ;k lwpuk
lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ds vU; :iksa dh lgk;rk ls fd, tk ldrs gSaA
lkbcj vijk/k djus okys yksx ftudk bjknk geyk djus vkSj rksM+
QksM+ djus dk gksrk gSA
- lkbcj vijk/k dk ,d :i ftlesa tkyh bZ-esy gSMj yxkuk
'kkfy gS ftlls lans'k ,slk izrhr gksrk gS tSls okLrfod lzksr ds vykok fdlh
vU; lzksr ls izkIr gqvk gks tks Kkr ;k oS/k izrhr gksrk gSA

219
os yksx tks lkbcj vijk/k djrs gSa vkSj van:uh O;fDr gksrs gSa
ftuds ikl fo'ks"kkf/kdkj igq¡p gS ;k tks vlUrq"V deZpkjh gSaA
bldk vFkZ gS ^^vksoj n VkWi** tks vuqjks/k ij vkSj O;fDrxr
miHkksDrk dh vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i baVjusV ij Vsyhfotu vkSj fQYe lkexzh
iznku djus dk ,d lk/ku gSA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd ,d lkexzh iznkÙkk ekStwnk
baVjusV lsokvksa ds 'kh"kZ ds Åij ls tk jgk gSA
lkbcj vijk/k dk ,d :i ftlesa geykoj izfrf"Br O;fDr ;k lwpuk
izkS|ksfxdh fo'ks"kK gksus dk ukVd djds ykWfxu ;k [kkrk tkudkjh izkIr djrs gSaA
lkbcj vijk/k dk ,d :i ftlesa ,d udyh osc lkbV dk fuekZ.k
'kkfey gksrk gS] ftl ij fDyd djus ij ihfM+r okLro esa nwljs fyad ij fDyd
dj jgk gksrk gS vkSj udyh i`"B ij iqufuZnZsf'kr gks tkrk gS] ftlls ihfM+r ds
flLVe ij igq¡p vkSj fu;a=.k izkIr djus ds fy, dqN le; fey tkrk gSA
lkbcj vijk/k djus okys os yksx ftuds ikl lhfer dkS'ky
vkSj vuqHko gS tks nwljksa }kjk fodflr midj.kksa ij fuHkZj gSaA

1½ ehfM;k esa vijk/k dk fu:i.k fdlds ek/;e ls gksrk gS\

d½ vijk/k lekpkj vkSj vijk/k ukVd
[k½ fj;fyVh Vh oh 'kks
x½ Økbe isVªksy
?k½ fQYesa
2½ -------------------------------- fu.kZ; ehfM;k pSuyksa ij ?kVukvksa dh fjiksfVaZx esa izÑfr dks
fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA
d½ vkarfjd
[k½ ukSdj'kkgh
x½ izca/ku
?k½ ljdkjh
3½ vnkyr }kjk fn;s x;s fdlh QSlys dh ijokg fd;s fcuk] vkjksih ds vijk/k
ds O;kid dojst vkSj mlds ckjs esa ,d fuf'pr /kkj.kk Fkksius ds ek/;e ls
U;k;ky; }kjk vius fu.kZ; nsus ls igys gh vkjksih dks nks"kh ?kksf"kr djus dh
?kVuk dks ;g uke fn;k x;k gS%
d½ ifCyd Vªk;y
[k½ lekpkj i= vk/kkfjr Vªk;y
x½ ehfM;k Vªk;y
?k½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ughaA
4½ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn ^^lkbcj vijk/k** fdlds }kjk izLrkfor fd;k x;k Fkk\
d½ lqLeku vkSj g;wLVu
220
[k½ ljek] ljek vkSj c:vk
x½ QX;Zwlu
?k½ gkWYV
5½ lkbcj ekugkuh fdlds f[kykQ ,d izdkj dk lkbcj vijk/k gS\
d½ O;fDr
[k½ laifÙk
x½ laxBu
?k½ lekt
6½ tkylkth fdlds f[kykQ lkbcj vijk/k dk ,d :i gS\
d½ O;fDr
[k½ laifÙk
x½ laxBu
?k½ lekt
7½ vUrjkZ"Vªh; cgqi{kh; lfU/k tks lhekikj ,d vkijkf/kd uhfr }kjk jk"Vªh;
dkuwuksa ds lketaL; }kjk lkbcj vijk/kksa ls fuiVus ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh;
lg;ksx dks izkRs lkfgr djrh gS] vkSj tks Hkkjr }kjk vHkh rd gLrk{kfjr ugha
dh xbZ gS] og gS%
d½ lkbcj vijk/k ij ;w ,l dUos'ku
[k½ lkbcj vijk/k ij cwM+kisLV dUos'ku
x½ lkbcj vijk/k ij ;w ,u dUos'ku
?k½ lkbcj vijk/k ij Hkkjrh; dUos'kuA
8½ Hkkjrh; dkuwu esa fMthVy vijk/kksa ls fuiVus ds fy, ,d vf/kfu;e Hkh
'kkfey gSA bls dgk tkrk gS%
d½ izkS|ksfxdh vf/kfu;e
[k½ daI;wVj vf/kfu;e
x½ Hkkjr dk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vf/kfu;e
?k½ bysDVªkWfud dkelZ ij ;w ,u ekWMy ykW
9½ lkekU; vkØkedrk ekWMy --------------- fyfi;ksa dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djrk gS tks
fgald ehfM;k dks ns[kus dk ifj.kke gaS%
d½ O;ogkjoknh
[k½ vkØked
x½ vpsru
?k½ laKkukRed
10½ mRizsjd ekWMy dk izLrko gS fd ehfM;k u rks ,d dkj.k ;k mÙkstd gS cfYd
,d ------------ mRizsjd gS tks O;fDr;ksa dks fgald dk;Z djus dk ,d rjhdk
iznku djrk gS%
221
d½ o`f) dkjd
[k½ laHkkfor
x½ 'kSyhxr
?k½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha

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1½ d] 2½ [k] 3½ x] 4½ d] 5½ d] 6½ ?k] 7½ [k] 8½ x] 9½ ?k] 10½ x

225
∗

10-0 izLrkouk
10-1 fofHkUu vk;q oxks± esa ehfM;k dk mi;ksx
10-1 ekuo fodkl ij ehfM;k dk udkjkRed izHkko
10-2-1 tksf[ke Hkjs O;ogkj esa layXu gskuk
10-2-2 ehfM;k vkSj ekufld LokLF; ls bldk laca/k
10-2-3 xfrjfgr O;ogkj vkSj uhan ij bldk izHkko
10-2-4 Mjkuk-/kedkuk vkSj vkRegR;k
10-2-5 ehfM;k fgalk
10-3 ekuo fodkl ij ehfM;k dk ldkjkRed izHkko
10-3-1 lacy nsuk vkSj viusiu dh Hkkouk
10-3-2 ehfM;k vkSj dY;k.k
10-4 lkjka'k
10-5 eq[; 'kCn
10-6 iqujkoyksdu iz'u
10-7 lanHkZ ,oa i<+us ds lq>ko
10-8 vfrfjDr vkWuykbu lalk/ku

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn] vki buesa l{ke gksaxs%

• fofHkUu fodklkRed voLFkkvksa ds nkSjku ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk dh igpku djuk(
• ekuo fodkl ij ehfM;k ds udkjkRed izHkko dks Li"V djuk(
• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj ekufld LokLF; ds eqn~nksa ds chp laca/k dh O;k[;k
djuk(
• ekuo fodkl ij ehfM;k ds ldkjkRed i{k ij ppkZ djuk(
• lks'ky ehfM;k ds mi;ksx vkSj thou dh xq.koÙkk] vkRefodkl ds e/; laca/kksa
,oa dk; izfrek tSls eqn~nksa dh O;k[;k dj ikuk( vkSj
• ehfM;k lk{kjrk dks izksRlkgu nsus esa ekrk-firk] f'k{kdksa vkSj Ldwy dh Hkwfedk
dh igpku djukA

fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa ehfM;k dk ifjn`'; ukVdh; :i ls cny x;k gSA baVjusV]
ehfM;k IysVQkWeZ vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k vuqiz;ksxksa dh foLQksVd o`f) us ,d ubZ
fMthVy ehfM;k laLÑfr dks tUe fn;k gSA ;g ,d l'kDr eap gS vkSj gekjh

∗
n`f"V d';i ,oa o`'kkyh ikBd] 'kks/kkFkhZ] euksfoKku foHkkx] tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k]
226 ubZ fnYyhA
laLÑfr] vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj nqfu;k ds gekjs lexz n`f"Vdks.k dks izHkkfor djus esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk izrhr gksrk gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ds fofHkUu :iksa ds lkFk
gekjh lyaXurk le; ds lkFk c<+h gS tks ekuo fodkl ds fy, ykHk vkSj tksf[ke
nksuksa dks lkFk ykrh gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ds vuqiz;ksx tSls Qslcqd] baLVªkxzke]
VfoV~j] ;w-V~;wc vkfn ijaijkxr ehfM;k tSls v[kckj] jsfM;ks] iqLrdsa vkSj Vsyhfotu
ls vyx gSA Hkys gh ikjaifjd vkSj xSj ikjaifjd eap] fujis{k :i ls fHkUu ugha gS]
mnkgj.k ds fy,] v[kckj vkSj Vh-oh- pSuyksa ds lks'ky ehfM;k ij vius vdkmaV~l
gSa] tgka os ckrphr LFkkfir djds] viuk er lk>k djds] nwljksa dk er iwNdj
vkSj lkFk gh lkFk yksxksa ds lkFk laca/k cukdj turk ls tqM+us dk iz;kl djrs gSaA
ysfdu ;gk¡ /;ku nsus okyh ,d egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gksxh fd lks'ky ehfM;k ds
fofHkUu :iksa esa /;ku dsfUnzr djus ds fHkUu-fHkUu fcUnq gksrs gSA mnkjg.k ds fy,
Qslcqd] V~foVj] bLVªkx a zke] ;w V~;wc vkSj ,sls vU; IysVQkeZ] fe=ksa lgdfeZ;ksa vkSj
lk>k :fp;ksa okys yksxksa ls tqM+us ds fy, vusd nSfud volj iznku djds mUur
lapkj vkSj lkekftd laca/k ij /;ku dsfUnzr djrs gSaA lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQkeZ ij
dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vklkuh ls lwpuk izdkf'kr vkSj lwpuk izkIr dj ldrk gS vkSj os
vius O;fDrxr eap ij viuh lkexzh dk mRiknu dj mls lk>k dj ldrs gSaA
bl bdkbZ esa fofHkUu vk;q oxks± esa ehfM;k ds izHkko vkSj ekuo fodkl ij blds
ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed izHkkoksa ij /;ku fn;k tk,xkA

Hkys gh ehfM;k ,d l'kDr eap gS vkSj ,d O;fDr ds :i esa] ,d laLÑfr ds :i

esa] ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds :i esa vkSj nqfu;k ds gekjs lexz n`f"Vdks.k ds :i esa gekjs
fodkl esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] fQj Hkh] ehfM;k IysVQkeZ ij tks lkexzh
ewyxkeh :i ls fodflr gqbZ gS mlls dqN fpark,a Hkh mHkjrh gSaA fodkl dHkh Hkh
i`FkdRo esa ugha gksrk] pkgs og izÑfr esa LFky gks ;k lw{e] bl izdkj ehfM;k esa
fodkl Hkh f}-fn'kkRed gksrk gSA izkS|ksfxdh vkSj ehfM;k ds dkj.k ekuo thou
igys dh rqyuk esa vf/kd tfVy vksj rst xfr okyk gks x;k gSA blus
'kks/kdrkZvksa] O;olk;h yksxksa vkSj uhfr fuekZrkvksa dks ;g tk¡p djus ds fy, izsfjr
fd;k gS fd ;s ifjorZu ekuo fodkl dks dSls izHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA v/;;uksa esa
mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd ;g ,d nwljs esa fo'okl vkSj lgtrk dks udkjkRed :i
ls izHkkfor dj jgk gS vkSj ;g gesa ,d nwljs ls izkIr HkkSfrd leFkZu vkSj
laosxkRed vko';drk,¡ tks ge igys dHkh ,d nwljs ls izkIr djrs Fks] mlls
gVdj gesa nwljksa dks /;ku uk j[kus okyk vkSj vlkekftd yksxksa esa cny jgk gSA
ehfM;k ds vR;f/kd lalxZ esa vkus ds ifj.kkeLo:i 'k=qrk] vkØkedrk vkSj nwljksa
ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr dh Hkkouk esa deh vkbZ gS ¼xzhVses;j] 2011½A
fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa] miHkksxdrkZvksa dh la[;k] fo'ks"kdj cPpksa ds ekeys esa] ehfM;k
ij fcrk;k x;k le; cM+k gSA ckWDl 10-1 cPpksa }kjk mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys
ehfM;k IysVQkeZ dh ,d leh{kk is'k djrh gSA ukflj vkSj lgdfeZ;ksa ¼2018½ us
mYys[k fd;k fd Hkkjr esa yxHkx 24-3 djksM+ yksx lfØ; :i ls lks'ky ehfM;k
dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSa vkSj ;g la[;k yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA ,aMjlu vksj ft;akx
¼2019½ us mYys[k fd;k fd Qslcqd vkSj ;w-V~;cw lks'ky ehfM;k ifjn`'; ij gkoh
gSaA I;w fjlpZ lsUVj us losZ{k.k ¼8 tuojh ls 7 Qjojh] 2019 rd vk;ksftr½ ds
vuqlkj] tulkaf[;dh; fo'ks"krkvksa dh ijokg fd;s fcuk] vf/kdka'k fd'kksjksa ¼13 ls
17 o"kZ½ us ;w-V~;wc] baLVkxzke vkSj LusipSV dh rqyuk esa Qslcqd dk mi;ksx djus
dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ;s yksdfiz; IysVQkeZ ¼Qslcqd vkSj ;w-V;wc½ vHkh Hkh la;qDr
227
jkT; vesfjdk esa yksxksa }kjk lcls O;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys ehfM;k
vuqiz;ksx gS ¼vkSDlh;j vkSj ,aMjlu] 2021½A

ehfM;k midj.kksa vkSj lsokvksa ds lkFk cPpksa esa mi;ksx vkSj

- ds vf/kdka'k cPps lIrkg esa yxHkx 14 ?kaVs Vsyhfotu ns[krs gSaA

Vsyhfotu ij fcrk;k tkus okyk le; de gks jgk gS ysfdu 3-4 lky dh mez ds cPps 'kh"kZ
Vsyhfotu lsokvksa ds ek/;e ls Vh oh dk dk;ZØe ns[krs
gSaA os ;w-V;wc ij dkVwZu] 'kjkjrh fofM;ks vksj etsnkj ohfM;ks ns[krs gSA

ds vf/kdka'k cPps vkWuykbu gksus ds fy, eksckby Qksu] ySiVkWi ;k VscysV

dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA vksVhVh] Vsyhfotu lsokvksa ds vykok -
v/;;uksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd lkexzh dk mi;ksx ,d futh
xfrfof/k cu jgk gS D;ksafd cgqr ls cPps vius Qksu ;k VscysV ij lkexzh ns[krs gSaA Vhoh dk
egRo de gksrk tk jgk gS vkSj bldk mi;ksx LiksVZl] ykbo LiksVZl pSuy] fo'o di ;k vU;
yksdfiz; dk;ZØeksa rd lhfer gSaA bu IysVQkeksZa dks lkexzh ds izfr joS;k cPpksa }kjk mi;qDr
vk;q ds :i esa mYys[k fd;k x;k Fkk D;ksafd os ,slh lkexzh Hkh ns[krs gS
tks mudh vk;q ds cPpksa] muls NksVs cPpksa ;k vkerkSj ij lHkh ds ns[kus ds iz;kstu ls cukbZ
xbZ gSA

12-15 lky ds cPpksa ds chp ns[kuk dkQh yksdfiz; gks jgk gSA vf/kdka'k cPpksa us
CykWxlZ ls izsfjr eglwl fd;k D;ksafd mUgsa yxk fd ;g mudh l`tu'khyrk dks c<+krk gS vkSj
mUgsa vyx-vyx phtksa dks vktekus dh izsj.kk nsrk gSA

12-15 vk;q ds cPpksa }kjk mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk lcls ilanhnk lks'ky ehfM;k
vuqiz;ksx vkSj eSlsftax ,Iyhds'ku gSA ysfdu fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQkeZ esa
cnyko vk;k gS D;ksafd cPpksa esa baLVkxzke dk izpyu c<+ jgk gSA muesa ls vf/kdka'k ds ikl
nksuksa ,Iyhds'ku ij ,d lks'ky ehfM;k izkQs kby gSA cgqr de yksxksa us LusipSV ij ,d izksQkby
gksus dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

'kks/k bafxr djrk gS fd cPps - lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQkeZ ij eksgd] lqanj vkSj
vkd"kZd fn[kus ds fy, ls ncko eglwl djrs gSa tc os viuh rLohjsa iksLV
djrs gSaA udkjkRed ncko yM+dksa ls T;knk yM+fd;ksa us eglwl fd;kA os vius psgjs dks lqanj
vkSj lyksuk fn[kkus ds fy, fQYVj dk Hkh mi;ksx djrs gSa rkfd rLohjsa ^ijQsDV fiDpj* fn[k
ldsaA cPps bl ckr ls voxr gSa fd lks'ky ehfM;k ij vf/kdk'ka lkexzh okLrfod ugha gS vkSj
O;ofLFkr ¼D;wjsVsM½ dh tkrh gSA muesa ls dqN us eglwl fd;k fd mu vkgr djus okys lan's kksa
vkSj fVIif.k;ksa dks fu;af=r djus dh vko';drk gSA ftudk vU; yksx vkWuykbu mYys[k djrs
gSa D;ksafd og fdlh O;fDr ds vkRe lEeku dks de djrk gS vkSj nq[k dk dkj.k curk gSA vUr
esa] mUgksaus mYys[k fd;k fd lks'ky ehfM;k esa lHkh [kjkc ugha gSa] bldk ldkjkRed izHkko Hkh gS
D;ksafd ;g mUgsa vius nksLrksa ds djhc eglwl djkrk gSA tc mudk fnu ;k le; [kjkc gksrk gS
rks os vkWu ykbu vius fe=ksa }kjk [kq'k vkSj lefFkZr eglwl djrs gSaA

12-15 o"kZ ds chp ds cPpksa ds fy, ij fcrk;k x;k le; 1-5 ?kaVs c<+ x;k
gSA yM+dksa ¼16 ?kaVs½ dks yM+fd;ksa ¼9 ?kaV½s dh rqyuk esa vkWuykbu xsfeax esa vf/kd le; O;rhr
djrs ik;k x;kA blesa ,d etcwr lkekftd rRo Hkh gS tks mi;ksxdrkZ dks vkWuykbu psV
lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS tks vU; cPpksa dks lans'k Hkstdj IysVQkeZ ds usVofdZax igyw dks c<+krk gS]
;gk¡ rd fd mu cPpksa dks Hkh tks muds lkekftd usVodZ ls ckgj gksrs gSaA
228
buds vykok] baLVkxzke vksj fydaMbu Hkh yksxksa }kjk mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys vU;
IysVQkeZ gSa ¼I;w fjlpZ lsaVj] 2021½A vesfjdk esa cgqr de yksxksa us LusipSV]
VohVj] OgkVlvi vkSj fVd-VkWd tSls ehfM;k ,Iyhds'ku ds mi;ksx djus dk
mYys[k fd;k gSA I;w fjlpZ lsaVj ds ,d gky ds losZ{k.k ls irk pyk gS fd
baLVkxzke ¼71 izfr'kr½ vkSj LusipSV ¼65 izfr'kr½ dk mi;ksx fd'kksjksa vkSj ;qok
o;Ldksa esa vf/kd Fkk vkSj cgqr de izfrHkkfx;ksa us fVd-VkWd dk mi;ksx djus dk
mYys[k fd;k Fkk ¼vkSDlh;j vkSj ,aMjlu] 2021½] ysfdu ;qok o;Ldksa] fd'kksjksa vkSj
cPpksa dk lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx muds }kjk mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys ?kaVksa dh
la[;k ¼;kfu] Qslcqd] ;w-V~;wc] V~ohVj] baLVkxzke] LusipSV vkSj VEcyj lfgr
lks'ky usVofdZax lkbVl½ ds dkj.k ekufld LokLF; ds eqn~nksa vkSj fofHkUu
'kkjhfjd leL;kvksa ds dkj.k fpark dk fo"k; gS ¼pkbukik ,oa vU;] 2011½A g:Ldk
vkSj eklksZok ¼2020½ us ik;k fd 18 ls 29 o"khZ; O;fDr;ksa esa ls 88 izfr'kr us
ikjaifjd ehfM;k dh rqyuk esa lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQkeZ@,Iyhds'ku ¼o`) vk;q
lewgksa ds 73-78 dh rqyuk esa½ dk vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k vkSj os o`) o;Ldksa dh
rqyuk esa lks'ky ehfM;k ij vf/kd le; ¼izfrfnu vkSlru 3 ?kaVs ls vf/kd½ fcrkrs
gSaA
fiNys dqN o"kksZ esa] lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj fofHkUu ^vksoj n VkWi* ¼vksVhih½ Vsyhfotu
IysVQkeZ ¼tSls usV¶yhDl] vestkWu izkbe] ohfM;ks½ dk mi;ksx djus okys iwoZ-
fd'kksjksa vkSj fd'kksjksa dh la[;k esa o`f) gqbZ gSA ;g laHkkfor :i ls cPps ds
laKkukRed] lkekftd vkSj laosnukRed fodkl dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA ckWDl
10-2 esa cPpksa ds laKkukRed fodkl ij ehfM;k ds izHkkoksa dk foLrkj ls mYys[k
fd;k x;k gSA

ehfM;k IysVQkeZ] ftlesa iqLrdsa] jsfM;ksa] fQYesa] Vsyhfotu vkSj fMthVy midj.k tSls VscysV]
daI;wVj vkSj LekVZQksu 'kkfey gS]a

ehfM;k dk laKkukRed izHkko tSls ¼rhu o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPps½ ij

Vsyhfotu ds mi;ksx] lalxZ ds ifjek.k] ohfM;ks ij izLrqr fo"k;-oLrq vkSj ns[kus ds lkekftd
lanHkZ ls tqM+k gSA vkerkSj ij nks lky ls de vk;q ds cPpksa ds fy, ehfM;k dk izHkko
udkjkRed ik;k x;k gS D;ksafd os dk;ZØeksa ij izR;{k /;ku ugha ns ldrs gSa vkSj mUgsa le> Hkh
ugha ldrs gSaA i`"BHkwfe esa Vsyhfotu ;k ohfM;ks ns[kuk 12 eghus ls 24 eghus dh vk;q ds cPpksa
dks muds f[kykSuksa ds [ksy ls /;ku gVk ldrk gS vkSj Hkk"kk ds fodkl dh xq.koÙkk vkSj ekrk-
firk vkSj cPps dh vUr%fØ;k dks de dj ldrk gSA
- tSls VsyhQksu] ohfM;ks midj.k] vkSj
LekVZ Qksu vkfn ds lkFk lyaXu gksus ls Hkh ekrk-firk vkSj cPps dh vUr%fØ;k dh xq.koÙkk vksj
ifjek.k dks de djrk gSA ;g ik;k x;k gS fd ;g cPps ds laKkukRed dkS'ky] Hkk"kk-fodkl
vkSj dk;Zdkjh dk;Ziz.kkyh izHkkfor djrk gSA
- nksuksa Vsyhfotu vkSj vU; baVjSfDVo ehfM;k midj.kksa ij 'kS{kf.kd
ohfM;ks ls lh[k ldrs gSa D;ksafd ;g ik;k x;k gS fd ;g mudh 'kCnkoyh] O;ogkj vkSj
vdknfed Kku dks izHkkfor djds cPpksa ds Kku dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA ysfdu ;g Hkh ik;k x;k
gS fd N% o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds cPps euksjatu pSuy ns[krs gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i muds iqLrd
i<+us] 'kkjhfjd xfrfof/k] dk;Zdkjh dk;Z iz.kkyh] ,dkxzrk vkSj lkekftd vUr%fØ;k tSls O;ogkjksa
dk foLFkkiu gqvk gSA bl ckr ds izek.k gS fd fglad daI;wVj xse vkSj fgald ohfM;ks lkexzh
cPpksa esa vlkekftd vkSj vkØked O;ogkj dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gSA ysfdu baVjSfDVo ohfM;ks
229
xse [ksyus ls ldkjkRed izek.k feyrs gSa tSls mPp Lrj dh ,dkxzrk] /;ku dsfUnzr gksuk]
izlaLdj.k n`'; LFkkfud Le`fr vkSj fu:i.k dkS'kyA
- fd mUgsa nks o"kZ dh vk;q ls igys cPpksa dk
djuk pkfg, D;ksafd bl vk;q ds nkSjku Vsyhfotu vkSj ohfM;ks lkexzh ns[kus ls
cPps ds Hkk"kk fodkl] laKkukRed] lkekftd vkSj dk;Zdkjh dk;Ziz.kkyh izHkkfor gks ldrh gSA
blds vfrfjDr] ekrk-firk cPpksa ij ehfM;k ds udkjkRed izHkko ds ckjs esa euksf'kf{kr gksus
pkfg,A mUgsa cPpksa ds lkeus vius ehfM;k ds mi;ksx ds :i esa uk viuk,aA fpfdRldksa dk
mYys[k gS fd ekrk-firk dks cPpksa dks vR;f/kd ehfM;k ns[kus ls cpkuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;g i<+us
ds O;ogkj dk LFkku ys ysrk gSA
Anderson, D. R., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2017). Digital screen media and cognitive
development. Pediatrics, 140 (Supplement 2), S57-S61

cgqr ls ekrk-firk izkS|ksfxdh dk vfo'oluh; :i esa vPNh rjg ls mi;ksx djrs

gS] blls lgt eglwl djrs gSa vkSj vkWuykbu feyus okys dk;ZØeksa vkSj LFkkuksa ds
ckjs esa l{ke gSaA ysfdu Kku] rduhdh dkS'ky vkSj n{krk ds ekeys esa ;qokvksa vkSj
muds ekrk-firk ds chp vHkh Hkh ,d varj ekStwn gSA blfy,] lekt esa fdlh Hkh
'kfDr'kkyh izxfr vkSj uokpkj ds leku ¼tSls fd 21oha lnh esa fMthVy ehfM;k
vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k½] ds ckjs esa fdlh leqnk; ds fy, fojks/kh vkSj jpukRed nksuksa
fo'ks"krk,a gksxhA ikjaifjd fMthVy ehfM;k vkSj lks'ky usVofdZax lkbVksa ds izHkko
dk lHkh ekuo thou-dkyksa ij egRoiw.kZ izHkko iM+k gSA blfy,] vkWuykbu thou
gekjs vkWQykbu thou dk foLrkj gSA ehfM;k dk ,d cqjk i{k Hkh gS] ftls
igpkuk tkuk pkfg,A vxyk Hkkx ekuo-fodkl ij ehfM;k ds udkjkRed izHkko
ij ppkZ djrk gSA

tSlk fd ppkZ dh xbZ gS] fiNys dqN iz;ksxksa ds nkSjku ehfM;k vuqiz;ksxksa lks'ky
usVofdZax lkbVksa dh yksdfiz;rk esa rsth ls o`f) gqbZ gSA fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls fo}kuksa
us bldh cgqr vkykspuk dh gSA muesa ls dqN fd ppkZ ;gk¡ dh tk jgh gS%

;qokvksa esa tksf[ke Hkjs O;ogkjksa esa lyaXu gksus vkSj ehfM;k ds e/; laca/k dks le>us
dh vko';drk gS D;ksafd buesa luluh pkgus dh ,d O;ogkjkRed vfHkO;fDr gSA
gkykafd fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa ekrk-firk dh fuxjkuh ds dkj.k] vR;f/kd 'kjkc vkSj
u'khys nokvksa ds lsou tSls tksf[ke Hkjs O;ogkj de gks x;s gSA ysfdu lks'ky
ehfM;k us mu O;ogkjksa dks ,d u;k lanHkZ iznku djds foLFkkfir dj fn;k gS tgka
mUgsa vHkh O;Dr fd;k tk jgk gSA lqczge.;e vkSj vU; ¼2006½ us mYys[k fd;k
fd tks yksx tksf[ke ysus ds fy, izo`Ùk gksrs gSa os lks'ky ehfM;k dk ckjEckj
vf/kd mi;ksx djrs gS D;ksafd ;g mudh tksf[ke ysus dh vko';drk dks iwjk
djus vkSj O;Dr djus dk ,d {ks= gSA ¼lqczge.;e ,oa
vU;] 2006½ esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd yksx vkWuykbu leqnk;ksa dk mi;ksx]
vuqlj.k vkSj lgfuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj tgk¡ os mu vU; yksxksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSa
vkSj muls izHkkfor gksrs gSa tks mudh fodkl vko';drkvksa ds lkFk rkyesy fcBkrs
gSa vkSj bl izdkj muls vkdf"kZr gksrs gSaA ;g IysVQkeZ tksf[ke Hkjs O;ogkj ds fy,
mudh vko';drk dks iwjk djrs gSa D;ksafd os vklkuh ls fdlh Hkh O;ogkj dks
vkWuykbu iznf'kZr dj ldrs gSa vkSj mlds fy, nwljksa ls vuqeksnu vkSj
230
ldkjkRed izfriqf"V izkIr dj ldrs gSaA os tksf[ke Hkjs O;ogkjksa ds ckjs esa Hkh
lwpuk izkIr dj ldrs gSa] vU; yksxksa ls fey ldrs gSa vkSj tksf[ke Hkjs O;ogkjksa esa
vkWQykbu lyaXu gks ldrs gSaA
,d vU; ekWMy ¼eksjsuks vkSj OgkbV fgy] 2014½ lq>ko nsrk
gS fd lks'ky ehfM;k fe= lewg ds izHkko dh izfØ;k dks rst djrk gS] tks rc
fdlh O;fDr dh vuqHkwfr vkSj O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ;g fØ;kfof/k rc
gksrh gS tc lks'ky ehfM;k mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds lkFk O;fDr dh vUr%fØ;k leku
tksf[ke okys O;ogkjksa vkSj fopkjksa dh ppkZ ij mudh vuqHkwfr dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
fQj os tksf[ke Hkjs O;ogkj dh vuqdj.k djrs gSa D;ksafd os lks'ky ehfM;k usVodZ
}kjk lqn`<+ gksrs gS vkSj izfrQy izkIr djrs gSA bl izdkj] lks'ky ehfM;k dk
mi;ksx ,d O;fDr dks mlds fe=ksa vkSj vU; lks'ky ehfM;k dks iksLV dh xbZ
lkexzh ds ek/;e ls tksf[ke mBkus okys O;ogkj ds fy, lqxE; cukrk gSA gkykafd
vkWuykbu iksLV dh xbZ tksf[ke Hkjh lkexzh ifjek.k esa vf/kd ugha gks ldrh gS
ysfdu bl ekWMy ds vuqlkj] bl lkexzh dk izpkj] O;kid miyC/krk vkSj izfrQy
ikus dh O;oLFkk ds dkj.k lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQkeZ ij csgrj izHkko] yksdfiz;rk
vkSj 'kfDr gSA
LVªklcxZj ¼2007½ us dk izLrko fn;k ftlesa crk;k x;k
fd ehfM;k mÙke fe= lewg ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS vkSj yksxksa ij tksf[ke Hkjs
O;ogkj esa layXu gksus ds fy, cgqr vf/kd izHkko vkSj ncko Mkyrk gS ftls lks'ky
ehfM;k }kjk ^^lkekU;** ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ikjaifjd
ehfM;k ;k vkWQykbu ,dkmaVl ds foijhr fe= lewg ds izHkko dks etcwr djrk
gS D;ksafd os ^ialn* fVIif.k;ksa vkSj viuh Lo;a dh fe= eaMyh ds ckgj usVodZ ds
O;kid lalxZ ds :i esa lqn`<+hdj.k iznku djrs gSaA blfy,] muds tksf[ke Hkjs
O;ogkj dks izfrQy iznku djds vkSj tksf[ke Hkjs O;ogkj ds vU; fodkl ds
iwokZuqeku djus okyh fØ;kvksa tSls flxjsV ihus vkSj ohfM;ks vkfn] ftUgsa lks'ky
ehfM;k }kjk jksekapd vkSj vkuUnnk;d ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA
lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQkeZ
Hkh iznku djrs gS tks O;fDr;ksa ds fy,
tksf[ke Hkjs O;ogkj esa layXu gksuk vklku cukrk gS ¼oUuwph ,oa vU;] 2020½A ;g
,d ,slk eap gS tgka os vius fopkjksa vkSj erksa dks O;Dr dj ldrs gSa] lyaXurk
dks lqfo/kktud cuk ldrs gSa vkSj tgka mUgha viuh igpku O;Dr djus ,oa Lo;a
ds igywvksa dks iznf'kZr djus dh Lora=rk gS ftUgsa os okLrfod nqfu;k esa lk>k ugha
dj ik,saxsA ;g fd'kksjkoLFkk dks mudh igpku dk orZeku vFkZ] igpku ds igyqvksa
vkSj muds vkn'kZ-vkRe dks vkWuykbu izLrqr djus dk volj iznku djrk gS tks
vDlj tksf[ke Hkjs O;ogkj dks lyaXurk vkSj izn'kZu gksrk gS ¼,Y;wVsjh] lykfnuksa
vkSj osjk"Vªks] 2017½A

fd'kksj vkSj ;qok o;Ld lcls lfØ; lks'ky ehfM;k mi;ksxdÙkkZ gSa] ftlesa 91
izfr'kr dk mi;ksx fofHkUu lks'ky ehfM;k xfrfof/k;ksa] tSls euksjt
a u] nwljksa ds
lkFk usVofdaZax ;k Kku izkIr djus ds fy, djrs gSa ¼XystkMZ vkSj LVksal] 2019½A
Hkys gh lks'ky ehfM;k vlk/kkj.k :i ls yksdfiz; gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh ;g le>uk
cgqr eqf'dy gS fd yksx lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx D;ksa djrs gSaA 'kks/kdrkZvksa us
bafxr fd;k gS fd lks'ky ehfM;k ij IysVQkeZ efLr"d dh
231
dks lfØ; djrs gSa tks mlh rjg dke djrk gS tSls gekjs 'kjhj ds
'kfDr'kkyh izkFkfed izfrQy dke djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkstu vkSj laHkksx
¼fLVªdySaM] 2014½A uMdjuh vkSj gkWQeSu ¼2012½ us bl ckr ij izdk'k Mkyk fd
- Hkh lks'ky
ehfM;k IysVQkeZ dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, ,d izkFkfed izsj.kk ds :i esa dk;Z
djrh gSA
fLVªdySaM ¼2014½ us ppkZ dh fd fofHkUu vk;q oxZ ds yksx fofHkUu mís';ksa ds fy,
lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx djrs gSa tSls fd ;qok o;Ld vius thou esa igys ls
ekStwn yksxksa ls tqM+us ij /;ku dsfUnzr djrs gSa] ysfdu e/;e vk;q oxZ vkSj
vis{kkÑr iqjkuh ih<+h ds yksx leku #fp j[kus okys yksxksa ls tqM+us ij /;ku
dsfUnzr djrs gSaA
;g Kku fd ;qok o;Ld vkSj fd'kksj lks'ky ehfM;k ds brus mRlqd mi;ksxdrkZ
gSa] ;g le>uk Hk;kog gSa D;ksafd v/;;uksa ls ladsr feyrk gS fd os fo'ks"k :i ls
dk vuqHko djus esa vf/kd izo.k gSaA lks'ky ehfM;k ifjokj o fe=ksa ds
lkFk O;rhr fd;s x;s le; dks de dj nsuk gS D;ksafd yksx vkeus-lkeus ckrphr
dh ctk, lks'ky ehfM;k vuqiz;ksxksa dk mi;ksx djuk ilan djrs gSaA blus
,dkadhiu vkSj O;kdqyrk ds c<+rs Lrjksa ds lkFk laizs"k.k] vkuUn vkSj tqM+ko dks
de dj fn;k gS ¼V~oSax] 2019½A ;g ik;k x;k gS fd lks'ky ehfM;k ij O;rhr
fd;k x;k l{ke nqf"park ds Lrj ij egRoiw.kZ izHkko Mkyrk gS vkSj volkn ds
y{k.kksa dks c<+kus esa Hkh bldh Hkwfedk gksrh gSA LohÑfr ryk'kuk vkSj fe=ksa ls tqM+s
jguk vkt ds le; dh ,d egRoiw.kZ ekax gS ftls lks'ky ehfM;k vuqiz;ksx }kjk
iwjk fd;k tk jgk gSA gkykafd] lks'ky ehfM;k }kjk ekaxs tkus okys fujarj tqM+ko
vUrr% ,d vkRe tkx:drk ;k vkRe ewY;kadu dk ,d dkj.k cukrk gS tks dqN
yksxksa ds fy, volkn dk mRizsjd cu ldrk gSA bl izdkj] tc yksx lks'ky
ehfM;k ls vyx gks tkrs gS rks mUgsa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS ftlls Qslcqd volkn dh vksj ys tkrk gS ¼QukZMht] 2011½A ;g
volkn dsoy Qslcqd rd lhfer ugha gS cfYd ekufld LokLF; leL;kvksa dks
iSnk djus ds dkj.k lks'ky usVofdZax lkbVksa ds izHkko dks Hkh lanfHkZr djrk gSA
bu O;fDr;ksa esa lkekftd ,dkdhiu dk [krjk gS vkSj os dHkh-dHkh enn ds fy,
vuqfpr baVjusV osclkbVksa vkSj Cyksxksa dh vksj :[k djrs gSa ogk¡ ,slh lykg ns tk
ldrh gS tks mi;qDr ugha gksrh] tSls eknd nzO;ksa ds lsou] vlqjf{kr ;kSu O;ogkj]
vkØked vkSj vkRe fouk'kdkjh O;ogkjA lks'ky ehfM;k ij fuf"Ø; vkSj vFkZghu
czkmftax dks LoLFk thou ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls gkfudkjd fn[kk;k x;k gS D;ksafd
bldk ldkjkRed :i ls ,d volknxzLr euksn'kk ls laca/k gS ¼lhczqd ,oa vU;]
2016½A blds vykok tks O;fDr izfrfnu nks ?kaVs ls vf/kd vkWuykbu fcrkrs gSa
muesa gksus dh laHkkouk dkQh vf/kd gksrh gS ¼V~oSax ,oa
vU;] 2016½A
'kks/k lkfgR; lq>krk gS fd Qslcqd vkSj baLVkxzke tSlh usVdoZ lkbVksa dk mi;ksx
udkjkRed :i ls thou dh rqyuk djus dh izo`fÙk dks c<+k ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g
,d dkQh Nfo lapkfyd eap gSA ;g vLoLFk thou 'kSyh dh vkSj ys tkrk gS
D;ksafd yksx vius thou vkSj jax-:i dh rqyuk Vsyhfotu] lks'ky ehfM;k
vuqiz;ksxksa vkSj foKkiuksa ds vU; ekWMyksa vkSj izHkkodkjh yksxksa ds lkFk djus yxrs
gSa tks muds vkRefo'okl vkSj vkRe lEeku dks izHkkfor djrk gS ¼lhczqd ,oa vU;]
2016½A yksx Vsyhfotu] Vhoh J`a[kyk vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds ekWMy
ds tSls vkn'kZ dk; izkIr djus ds fy, vLoLFk vkgkj izk:i vkSj Øs'kMkbV dk
232
vuqikyu djuk 'kq: dj nsrs gSa D;ksafd mUgsa 'kjhj dh Nfo ls ljksdkj gksus yxrk
gSA lkekftd usVodZ ds Hkhrj ,d vokLrfod vkSj igq¡p ds ckgj vkRe-vuqHkwfr
dks iz{ksi djus dh fujarj vko';drkvksa volkn vkSj nqf'park dk ,d izeq[k dkj.k
gSA lkekftd nqf'park ;k ruko gj le; ,d vkn'kZ vkRe dks iz{ksi djus ds
iz;kl ls tqM+k gqvk gksrk gSA mRÑ"Vrk] dSfj;j] vkn'kZ fookg] vkfn dh Nfo dk
yxkrkj iz{ksi.k djus dh dksf'k'k ls ruko gkekZsu dksfVZlksy ds vf/kd L=ko dh
vksj ys tkrk gS] ftlls volkn vkSj nqf'park mRiUu gksrh gSA dksfVZlksy dk
vf/kd L=ko ikpu izfØ;k tVjkU= ¼vkar½ dks Hkh uqdlku igq¡pkrk gS tks 'kjhj
vkSj efLr"d esa ,d izfrj{kk mÙkstd izfrfØ;k ds fy, jkLrk cukrk gS ftlls
volkn vkSj nqf'park mRiUu gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr dk
,d vU; dkj.k lks'ky ehfM;k ds vkus okys u;s lans'kksa vksj vf/klwpukvksa ds izfr
LFkk;h lrZdrk gS tks ruko gkeksZu dksfVZlksy dk Hkh lzko djrh gSa vkSj tks
LokHkkfod yM+ks ;k Hkkxksa vuqfØ;kvksa dks izHkkfor djrk gS] tks mlh Js.kh dk gS
fQj tks tkuojksa eas ijHk{kh ds fy, fujarj lrZd jgus ds leku gSA
ehfM;k ds dkj.k ekufld LokLF; ds eqn~nksa dk ,d vU; dkj.k gSa
tgka lks'ky ehfM;k jkLrk fn[kkrk gSA ge nqfu;k dks okLrfod :i vkSj bZekunkjh
ls ;g fn[kkus dh ctk, fd ge okLro esa dkSu gSa] dsoy nqfu;k dks viuh ,d
vPNh vuqHkwfr izLrqr djkuk pkgrs gSA bl LFkk;h la;kstdrk ls ,d u;k esfMdy
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn cuk;k x;k gS] ftls dgk tkrk gSA bls
,d eglwl fd;s tkus okys lsyQksu ds daiu ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS
tks okLro esa daiu ugha dj jgk gksrk gSA ;g cgqr la[;k esa yksxksa ds lkFk gksrs
ns[kk x;k gS ¼jksFkZcxZ ,oa vU;] 2010½A ;g ,d nqf'park dk lwpd gS tks lsyQksu
muesa izdV djrk gS tks yksx vius lsk'ky ehfM;k vkSj lans'kksa dks pSd djus ds
fy, gj oDr vklDr jgrs gSaA ,d vU; v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd ;qok ih<+h gj
,d ?kaVs ;k 15 feuV ds ckn vius Qksu vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k ,Iyhds'kUl dh tk¡p
djrh gS vkSj tc os viuh bZ-esy ;k lks'ky usVodZ lkbVksa rd ugha igqap ldrs
rks ;g vUrr% ruko vkSj nqf'park dks tUe nsrk gS ¼lhczqd ,oa vU;] 2016½A
lks'ky ehfM;k] fQYesa CykWxlZ vkSj Vhoh J`a[kyk vkfn yksxksa dks ,d eq[kkSVk yxkus
dks izksRlkfgr djrs gSa tks etk] mRlkg vkSj lQyrk dks fof'k"V :i ls n'kkZrk gS
ftldk ge vkuUn ysrs gSaA ysfdu ;g yksxksa ds vius nSfud thou esa la?k"kZ djus
ds rjhds ds ckjs esa cgqr de crkrs gSaA bls izdkj ehfM;k dh >wBh nqfu;k esa lgh
cSBus ds fy, euq"; iwjh rjg ls [kq'k vkSj QS'ku ijLr fpf=r djus ds fy,
eq[kkSVksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa D;ksafd yksx pkgrs gSa fd nqfu;k mudk ;gh psgjk ns[ks
uk fd mudh okLrfod rLohjA tks yksx lks'ky ehfM;k ij LØksy djrs gq, le;
fcrkrs gSa] mlls ,d vlarks"k vkSj vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA tc
ge ns[krs gSa fd nwljs gels vf/kd gkfly dj jgs gSa] rks ;g fuEu Lrj ds vkRe
lEeku vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd vkRe-ewY; dh deh dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA ;g blfy,
fd ehfM;k Nfo;k¡] ohfM;ks] fQYe vkSj vkWuykbu iksLV lks'ky ehfM;k ds >wB dks
mtkxj djrh gSaA ;g c<+rh ekU;rk dh ehfM;k IysVQkeZ] tSls baLVkxzke] Qslcqd
vkfn euq";ksa ds vokLrfod :i dks n'kkZrs gSa] ;g >wBh vuqHkwfr cuke~ okLrfodrk
vkUnksyu dh cgl dks tUe ns jgk gSA ;g vkWuykbu lkekftd lfØ;rk dk ,d
:i gS tgka yksx vxy-cxy esa viuh rLohjsa] ohfM;ks vkSj Nfo;k¡ iksLV djrs gSa]
tgk¡ ,d rLohj vkn'kZ ehfM;k :i dks n'kkZrh gS] tks lEiw.kZr lqlfTtr gksrh gS
vkSj viuk loZJs"B vkRe dks izLrqr djrh gSA vkSj nwljh vf/kd okLrfod :i esa
LokHkkfod eqnzk ¼tks O;fDr dh [kkfe;ksa dks n'kkZrh gS½ dks is'k djrh gSA bl rqyuk
233
ls irk pyrk gS fd dSls dSejs vkSj 'kjhj ds dks.k ls] izdk'k ls vkSj ,d fo'ks"k
:i ls gko Hkko vkSj eqnzk ls eglwl fd;s tkus okyk otu vkSj jax :i rsth ls
cny ldrk gSA bl izdkj ;g vkUnksyu Lej.k djkrk gS fd Lo;a dh rqyuk
djuk Bhd ugha gS] D;ksafd ehfM;k ij lkexzh ges'kk lp ugha gksrh ;k dbZ ckj
udyh gksrh gSA ;g bl fopkj dks izpkfjr djrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr nks"kh ugh
gS vkSj LVªspekDlZ] eksVk isV gksuk] eqgk¡ls] fu'kku rFkk vU; rFkkdfFkr 'kkjhfjd
=qfV;ka gksuk lkekU; ckr gSA ckWDl 10-3 'kjhj dh Nfo ds eqn~nksa ij ehfM;k ds
izHkko ds ckjs esa vf/kd tkudkjh iznku djrh gSA

çkS|ksfxdh us fiNys ,d n'kd esa vk'p;Ztud çxfr dh gS ysfdu ;g volkn vkSj de

vkRelEeku dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA ;g laiw.kZ 'kjhj vkSj lEeksgd :i okyh e'kgwj gfLr;ksa dh
vjk/kuk ds dkj.k lkekftd rqyuk ds fy, ,d eap ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] ftlls yksx dk;
çfrek ds eqíksa ds çfr laosnu'khy gks tkrs gSaA bl çdkj] lqanjrk dk vokLrfod vkSj vçkI;
fp=.k vkRe-lEeku dks de dj ldrk gS vkSj dbZ eqíksa dk dkj.k cu ldrk gS] ftuesa ls dqN
dh ppkZ ;gka dh tk jgh gSA
iSnk djus esa ehfM;k ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gS D;ksafd O;fä vius dk; çfrek
dh nwljksa ds lkFk rqyuk djds [kqn dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, etcwj gksrs gSaA
crkrk gS fd ehfM;k yksxksa dh muds dk; çfrek vkSj muds vkRe-lEeku dh
/kkj.kk dks dSls çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA ehfM;k dqN 'kjhj ds vkdkj dks lqanj vkSj okaNuh;
fn[kkdj lkSan;Z vkn'kksaZ dks vkdkj nsrk gSA mi;ksxdrkZ ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ ds ek/;e ls LØ‚y
djrs gSa vkSj mu e‚Myksa vkSj ledf{k;ksa dh Nfo;ksa dks ns[krs gSa] ftuds :i dh os ç'kalk djrs
gSa vkSj udy djuk pkgrs gSaA fd'kksj] ;qok o;Ld vkSj cPps bu fp=ksa dks çsj.kknk;d ekurs gSa]
tks fdlh çdkj dh vkn'kZ 'kjhj Nfo dks ewrZ :i nsrs gSaA bl çdkj] mUgsa yxkrkj ;kn fnyk;k
tkrk gS fd mUgsa dSlk fn[kuk pkfg, D;ksafd os vius fj'rsnkj dh fLFkfr dk vkdyu djus ds
fy, [kqn dh rqyuk nwljksa ls djrs gSaA tc yksx e‚My ns[krs gSa] çHkkfor djus okys ;k nksLrksa
dks yxrk gS fd os [kqn ls vf/kd 'kkjhfjd :i ls vkd"kZd gSa] rks bls Åij dh vksj fn[kus
okyh rqyuk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl çfØ;k ds ifj.kkeLo:i 'kjhj esa vlarks"k gks ldrk
gS ¼VkbxjeSu vkSj czkmu] 2018½A
,d vkSj tfVyrk tks [kjkc vkRelEeku vkSj [kjkc dk; çfrek ds lkFk mRiUu gksrh gS] og gS
gkbZ Ldwy dh yM+fd;ka
ehfM;k ls cgqr vf/kd çHkkfor gksrh gSa vkSj dSls if=dkvksa] Vsyhfotu] fQYeksa vkSj ehfM;k esa
Nfo;ka 'kjhj ds vlarks"k vkSj otu de djus dh bPNk dks çksRlkfgr djrh gSaA
tks otu ?kVkus] viekutud vf/kd otu okys ik=ksa] de otu
okyh vfHkusf=;ksa vkSj vR;f/kd ekalisf'k;ksa okys vfHkusrkvksa ij dsafær gS] vkn'kZ ugha gSa D;ksafd os
vius c<+s gq, çHkko'kkyh gks ldrs gSaA ehfM;k esa lans'k fo'ks"k :i ls foKkiu djrs gSa fd ^;fn
vki bl rjg ugha fn[krs gSa] rks vkidks vkd"kZd ugha ekus tkrs gS^ varr% de vkRe-ewY; dh
Hkkouk iSnk dj ldrk gS] tks vlkekU; [kkus ds iSVuZ esa layXu gksus ds lkFk lglac) lkfcr
gksrk gSA gky ds v/;;uksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd dk; çfrek esa xM+cM+h okyh vf/kdka'k
efgykvksa ds fy,] muds vkdkj ls vlarks"k irys gksus dh bPNk ls mitk gSA ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ
ij fn[kk, x, irys-vkn'kZ ds çHkko ls O;fä ds vkRe-ewY;kadu vkSj 'kjhj ds vuqHko ds fy,
udkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA rhu vo/kkj.kk,a fo'ks"k :i ls egRoiw.kZ ikbZ xbZ gSa tks dk; çfrek
ij irys-vkn'kZ ehfM;k dks çHkkfor djrh gSa] ftlesa irys vkn'kZ ds ckjs esa tkx:drk] irys
vkn'kZ dk vkarfjddj.k vkSj irys gksus ds fy, dfFkr ncko 'kkfey gSaA
,d vU; fl)kar tks crkrk gS fd 'kjhj ds vlarks"k vkSj 'kjhj ls lacaf/kr vU; ifj.kkeksa dks
çHkkfor djus ds fy, ehfM;k ,Dlikstj dSls vkrk gS] og gS oLrqijd fl)karA oLrqijd
fl)kar crkrk gS fd tc yksx fo'ks"k :i ls efgykvksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks mudh ;kSu vihy vkSj
234
'kkjhfjd mifLFkfr ds fy, eq[; :i ls yxkrkj egRo fn;k tkrk gS] rks bldk ifj.kke vkRe-
oLrqdj.k ¼csy ,oa vU; 2018½ gks ldrk gSA ;g çfØ;k efgykvksa ds vkarfjddj.k vkSj [kqn
dks ,d ,sls ifjçs{; ds lkFk ewY;kadu djus dk ifj.kke gS ftlls 'kjhj esa vlarks"k vkSj
mifLFkfr laca/kh fpark,a gks ldrh gSaA blds vykok] v/;;uksa us ladsr fn;k gS fd ehfM;k ¼tSl]s
Vsyhfotu] foKkiu] if=dk,a] laxhr ohfM;ks] lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ tSls Qslcqd] ;w-Vîwc]
baLVkxzke] vkfn½ esa oLrqfu"B lkexzh ds laidZ esa vkus ls vkRe-oLrqdj.k vkSj dk izfrek
udkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gS ¼csy ,oa vU; 2018½A baLVkxzke tSls dbZ yksdfç; lks'ky ehfM;k]
Nfo vkSj ohfM;ks lapkfyr lkexzh ij vk/kkfjr gSaA bl çdkj fd'kksj] fd'kksj vkSj cPps tks
lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] mUgsa ,slh lkexzh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk tks 'kkjhfjd
mifLFkfr ds egRo dks iq"V djrh gSA blds vykok] ehfM;k ds ikjaifjd :iksa ¼tSls Vsyhfotu]
laxhr ohfM;ks] if=dk,a½ ds foijhr] lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks viuh lkexzh
cukus vkSj fVIif.k;ksa] 'ks;jksa] vuq;kf;;ksa vkSj ilan ds :i esa nwljksa ls lq–<hdj.k çkIr djus dh
vuqefr nsrs gSaA blfy,] os tks lkexzh iksLV djrs gSa og n'kZdksa vkSj mudh ilan ds fy, gS]
blfy, ;g ekSdk vkRe-oLrq o`f) ds ,d :i dk çfrfuf/kRo dj ldrk gSA ;g laHko gS fd
lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ ij QksVks O;ogkj esa 'kkfey gksuk] ftlesa QksVks ns[kuk vkSj lsYQh ysuk
vkSj iksLV djuk 'kkfey gS] 'kjhj ls vlarks"k] vkRe-mís'; vkSj vU; udkjkRed mifLFkfr-laca/kh
ifj.kkeksa esa o`f) ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gSA
: Opara, I., & Santos, N. (2019). A Conceptual Framework Exploring Social
Media, Eating Disorders, and Body Dissatisfaction Among Latina
Adolescents. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 41(3), 363-377.

lks'ky ehfM;k gekjs detksj laaca/kksa ¼os yksx tks gesa ,d vPNs nUr fpfdRld ds
ikl Hkstus ;k ukSdjh [kkstus esa gekjh enn djus esa mi;ksxh gks ldrs gSa½ vkSj
gekjs etcwr laca/kh ¼ftuds ge cgqr djhc gSa½ ds chp Hkh Hkze iSnk dj jgs gSaA
fMthVy dusD'ku fparkizn gS D;ksafd blls yksxksa ds fy, okLrfod nksLrksa]
ifjfprksa vkSj vkWuykbu feys nksLrksa vkfn ds chp vUrj djuk eqf'dy gks jgk gSA
blls yksxksa ds ,d nwljs ds lkFk fofHkUu laca/kksa ds chp lhek,a vLi"V gks jgh gSaA
bl izdkj] fMthVy lekthdj.k izfØ;k esa mi;skxdrkZ mu yksxksa ds lkFk laaca/k
cuk;s j[kus esa vf/kd le; O;rhr dj jgs gSa ftudh vUrr% os okLro esa ijokg
ugha djrs ¼vch - tkSns] 2020½A ;g fHkUurk dh ekaxksa dks iwjk fd;s fcuk lkgp;Z
ds Hkze ds dkj.k dj jgk gSA
blds vykok] lks'ky ehfM;k ij yksxksa] ?kVukvksa vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa dh fuajrj
fuxjkuh ls vkWuykbu vkSj vkWQykbu laca/k ij[k vkSj O;fDrxr thou ;s vuqfpr
gLr{ksi udkjkRed ifj.kke gks ldrs gSaA
blls futrk dk guu gksrk gS D;ksafd yksxksa ds lkFk vUr%fØ;k vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k
IysVQkeZ ij vtufc;ksa ds lkFk usVofdZax lks'ky ehfM;k ij vU;
vuqlj.kdrkZvksa@yksxksa dks fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS] tks vUur% O;fDrxr futrk dks
izHkkfor djrk gSA blds vykok] lks'ky ehfM;k ds vR;f/kd mi;ksx ls udkjkRed
vUroSZ;fDrd {kerk iSnk gksrh gS D;ksafd vkWQykbu laca/k esa igy djuk eqf'dy gks
tkrk gSA bldk eryc ;g gS fd ,d O;fDr ftruk vf/kd lks'ky ehfM;k dk
mi;ksx djrk gS] mlds fy, u;s laca/kksa dks 'kq: djuk mruk gh dfBu gksrk gSA
v/;;uksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQkeZ dk nq:i;ksx djus
ls lkekftd vyxko] laca/kksa eas vfo'okl] csoQkbZ] lkekftd lkeatL; dh deh
vkSj rykd tSls lkekftd udkjkRed ifj.kke gks ldrs gSa ¼vCcklh vkSj vyxenh]
2017½A lks'ky ehfM;k nqf'park] fe=rk Hkax djus vkSj CykWd djus ls mRiUu
ruko] ;k yksxksa dks vius psgrksa }kjk fdlh vkSj ls ckrphr djrs ikus ij fo'okl
ls lacaf/kr eqnns tSlh leL;kvksa dks c<+krk gSA ;g ^^ ** dks Hkh tUe nsrk gS 235
ftls lkekftd ifjos'k esa fdlh ls lh/ks ckr uk djds mls viekfur djus ds
fy, vius Qksu ij O;Lr jgus ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS ¼vkxkMZ] 2020½A
lsyQksu vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQkeZ ds mi;ksx esa o`f) us Qfcax dh ?kVuk dks
c<+k fn;k gS ftlls vUrr% ,d nwljs ds lkFk ekuo vUr%fØ;k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ
cnyko vk;k gSA
vkWuykbu vkSj vkWQykbu laca/kksa dh vLi"V lhek,a dks izHkkfor
dj jgh gSaA vkWuykbu fe= lewg ds lkFk ckrphr ds fu;eksa dk nSfud thou ij
dbZ udkjkRed izHkko iM+s gSa tSls vkWQykbu laca/kksa dh fØ;k i)fr ls le>kSrk
djuk tks baVjusV vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k O;luksa dh laHkkouk dks Hkh c<+k jgk gSA
vkWuykbu vkSj vkWQykbu laca/kksa esa vLi"V lhek,as bruh vf/kd tqM+ xbZ gSa fd ge
buesa ls fdlh Hkh laca/k esa tks dqN Hkh djrs gSa og nwljs laca/k dks izHkkfor djrk
gSA gVZyhy ¼2012½ us mYys[k fd;k gS fd ehfM;k ds vR;f/kd mi;ksx ls muds
vkWQykbu laca/kksa dh xq.koÙkk esa deh vkbZ gS] muds laca/kksa esa izfrc)rk esa deh
vkbZ gS vkSj muds fe=ksa] ifjokj vkSj Hkkxhnkjksa ds lkFk Vdjko c<+ x;s gSaA ehfM;k
uk dsoy nwljksa ds lkFk gekjs laca/kksa dks izHkkfor djrk gS] cfYd og gekjs Lo;a ds
lkFk gekjs laca/kksa dks Hkh izHkfkor djrk gS vkSj bl ckr dks Hkh fd ge vius
vklikl dh nqfu;k dk voyksdu dSls djrs gSA lks'ky usVofdZax lkbVksa dk
nq:i;ksx vkSj vR;f/kd mi;ksx fd'kksjksa ds O;fDrxr vkSj eukslkekftd LokLF;
dks udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor djds muds thou dks egRoiw.kZ :i ls izHkkfor
djrk gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ,d vkSj lkekftd ?kVuk dks fcxkM+ jgk gS ftls
'kks/kdrkZ gkFk ls fudy tkus dk Mj dg jgs gSa ;kfu nwljksa ds lkFk ekufld :i
ls tqM+s jgus vkSj blds ckjs esa voxr jgus dh muds fe=] mi;ksxdrkZ vkSj
usVodZ D;k dj jgs gSa] og tkuus dh euksoSKkfud vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g yksxksa
ds vkRe fu;a=.k dks izHkkfor dj jgk gS D;ksafd blls laKkukRed ewY;kadu ¼tks
fdlh dh ekufld ;k laosnukRed fLFkfr dk ewY;kadu djus esa vleFkZrk gS½ esa
deh vk jgh gS vkSj ;g laosnukRed neu dks c<+k jgk gS ¼viuh Hkkoukvksa dk
neu tks vDlj nqf'park] ncko vkSj ruko dk fuekZ.k djrk gS½A fofHkUu v/;;uksa
ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk gS fd tks yksx lks'ky ehfM;k dk vR;f/kd mi;ksx djrs gSa]
tc os mlls vyx gks tkrs gSa rks os mPp Lrj dh nqf'park dk vuqHko djrs gSa
vkSj le; ds lkFk yksxksa dks vius eksckby Qksu ls vyx j[kuk eqf'dy gksrk tk
jgk gS ¼/khj ,oa vU;] 2008½A

1½ ikjaifjd ehfM;k vkSj xSj-ikjaifjd ehfM;k IysVQkeZ esa D;k vUrj gS\
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2½ cPps lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx dSls djrs gSa\
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236
3½ Qfcax D;k gS\ yksxksa ij blds izHkko dk mYys[k dhft,A
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4½ ehfM;k fdl izdkj tksf[ke Hkjs O;ogkjksa esa lyaXurk dh vksj ys tkrk gS\
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xfrjfgr O;ogkj mu xfrfof/k;ksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gS ftuesa cSBuk] ysVuk]

Vsyhfotu ns[kuk] daI;wVj] LekVZ Qksu dk mi;ksx djuk] fuf"Ø; euksjt a u vkSj
ohfM;ks xse [ksyuk 'kkfey gSa tks O;; dks
udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor djrk gSA ;s O;ogkj udkjkRed LokLF; ifj.kkeksa tSls
eksVkik] ân; jksx] vkSj loZdkj.k e`R;qnj vkSj fcxM+s euksoSKkfud LokLF; ds
fofHkUu :iksa ls tqM+s gSaA ehfM;k IysVQkeZ ds lkFk lyaXurk fofHkUu izdkj ds
xfrjfgr O;ogkjksa dks izksRlkfgr djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] O;fDr vius eksckby
;k VscysV dk mi;ksx usV¶yhDl] vestkWu izkbe ns[kdj] ;k fdlh vU; míss'; ds
fy, le; dk mi;ksx djus dh ctk, lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx djrk gSA cPps
fdlh Hkh vU; xfrfof/k;ksa dh rqyuk esa bysDVªkfud ehfM;k tSls Vsyhfotu] ohfM;ks
vkSj baVjusV ij vf/kd le; nsrs gSa ¼pkbukik] 2011½A cPpksa vkSj ;qok o;Ldksa dk
ehfM;k mi;ksx muds thou ij gkoh gS tks 6 ?kaVs 40 feuV rd dk le; ysrk gS
ftlesa ls dsoy 2-5 ?kaVs Vh oh lkexzh ns[kus esa O;rhr gksrs gSa ftu cPpksa ds ikl
eksckby Qksu dh igqap gS] os ckrphr vkSj VsfDlfVax dks NksM+dj] izfrfnu vkSlru
4-5 ?kaVs bldk mi;ksx djrs gSa ¼ckusZV] 2018½A ;s xfr jfgr O;ogkj] tks ehfM;k
ds mi;ksx }kjk izksRlkfgr fd;s tkrs gSa] mUgsa Vkbi-II e/kqesg] eksVkik] mPp jDr
pki vkSj p;kipbZ flUMªkse tSls 'kkjhfjd LokLF; tksf[keksa ls tksM+dj ns[kk x;k
gSA xfrjfgr O;ogkj vkSj ekufld LokLF; tksf[keksa ds chp ,d lg-laca/k gSA
v/;;u bl ckr dk izek.k nsrs gSa mPp Lrj ds xfr jfgr O;ogkj ¼mnkgj.k ds
fy,] Vhoh ns[kuk vkSj daI;wVj dk mi;ksx½] esa volkn xzLrrk vkSj@;k nqf'park
fodkj fodflr gksus dk tksf[ke c<+ tkrk gSA tks yksx xfrjfgr O;ogkj esa le;
dk bLrseky djrs gSa muds ikl vkeus-lkeus ds lkekftd vknku-iznku vkSj
'kkjhfjd xfrfof/k ds fy, de le; gksrk gS] ftls vPNs 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld
LokLF; ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA xfrjfgr
O;ogkjksa esa o`f) vkSj volkn] ruko vkSj nqf'park ds vf/kdkf/kd tksf[ke ds chp
laca/k dh O;k[;k djrh gSaA ;g izLrko j[krh gS fd yksx ftruk ckj-ckj vf/kd
Vhoh ns[krs gSa] daI;wVj@baVjusV ;k lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] mruk gh
os Lo;a dks vkeus-lkeus ds ;k lkekftd vUr%fØ;k ls nwj dj ysrs gSa ftlds
dkj.k ekufld O;kf/k;ksa dk [krjk c<+ tkrk gSA ;g vkxs pydj lkekftd
leFkZu ;k laizs"k.k ds usVodZ ds VwVus dh vksj ys tkrk gS] ftlls ,dkdhiu]
mnklh vkSj vyxko dk tksf[ke c<+ ldrk gS ¼lhcqzd ,oa vU;] 2016½A
ehfM;k LokHkkfod fnolh; y; ¼ ] ;k 24 ?kaVs dh tSfod ?kM+h tks
gekjs funzk pØ dks fu;af=r djrh gS½ dks Hkh ckf/kr dj jgh gS D;ksafd Vhoh] vksoj
237
n VkWi Vhoh lsok,a ¼usV¶yhDl] izkbe vkfn½] ysiVkWi] eksckby vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k
vuqiz;ksxksa }kjk gekjs funzk pØ dks ckf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA ehfM;k lkbVksa dks ns[kus
ds fy, eksckby midj.kksa] daI;wVj LØhu vkSj Vhoh LØhu ds mi;ksx esa mPp Lrj
dh uhyh jks'kuh fudyrh gS tks gekjs LoLFk funzk pØ dks ckf/kr djrh gSA
lw;kZLr ds ckn bu midj.kksa }kjk Ñf=e izdk'k ls lalxZ gksus ls gekjs efLr"d
dks fnu ds le; dks ladsr feyrk gS tks gekjs funzk pØ dks cny nsrk gSA
ifj.kkeLo:i cgqr ls yksx 24 ?kaVs ds fnu ls vyx gks tkrs gSa ftlds lkFk
gekjk 'kjhj lfn;ksa ls fodflr gqvk gS D;ksafd os vHkh Hkh bZ-esy] Qksu] baLVkxzke]
;w-V~;wc ij ohfM;ks ns[kuk vkSj Vhoh vkfn esa O;Lr gksrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ;g vans'kk Hkh
ugha gksrk fd ;s 'kksj jkf= dk e/; gSA ,slk rc gksrk gS tc uhyh jks'kuh
esykVksfuau ¼;k efLr"d esa funzk ykus okyk jlk;u½ dk neu dj nsrh gS] ftlls
yksxksa ds lksuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA esykVksfuu dk neu djus okyh uhyh jks'kuh
gekjs Vhoh] daI;wVj LØhu] vkSj eksckby midj.kksa esa ekStwn gS] bl izdkj lksus ls
igys ;k igys ;k tc O;fDr lksus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gks rks ehfM;k dks ns[kus esa
funzk dh xq.koÙkk dks fcxkM+rk gS blds vykok] LØhu eas ikbZ tkus okyh uhyh
jks'kuh ls izHkkfor de xq.koÙkk okyh uhan ;k de uhan esa gekjs ekufld LokLF;
ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+ ldrk gS D;ksafd vPNh xq.koÙkk okyh uhan vPNs ekufld
LokLF; ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gS Bhd mlh izdkj tSls vPNh xq.koÙkk okyh uhan ds
fy, vPNk ekufld LokLF; vko';d gS ¼Hkê rFkk vU;] 2018½A ckWDl 10-4 thou
dh xq.koÙkk ij usVofdZax lkbVksa ds izHkko ij ,d jkspd vuqizLFk vuqHkkx v/;;u
is'k djrh gSA

lks'ky ehfM;k ekuo vUr%fØ;k dk ,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Hkkx curk tk jgk gSA ysfdu ;g
le>us dh t:jr gS fd ;g euq";ksa ds thou dh xq.koÙkk ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkyrk gSA ;g
dkWyt s tkus okys Nk=ksa ds thou esa yxkrkj muds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] vk/;kfRed LokLF; dks
izHkkfor dj jgk gSaA Nk=ksa dh ;g vlqjf{kr vkSj ftKklq vkcknh vius thou ds vxys pj.k
¼fo|ky; ls dkWyst rd½ esa laØe.k dj jgh gS vkSj v/;;uksa us muds thou dh xq.koÙkk ij
lks'ky ehfM;k ds izHkko dks le>us dh dksf'k'k dh gSA ;g ,d vo/kkj.kk gS tks laLÑfr vkSj
ewY; iz.kkfy;ksa ds lanHkZ esa vkSj y{;ksa] lqvoljksa vkSj ekud ds lanHkZ esa] ,d O;fDr ds lexz
LokLF; vkSj thou larqf"V dh vksj ladsr djrh gSA lSuh ,oa vU; ¼2020½ us 18-21 o"kZ dh vk;q
ds 220 dkWyt s tkus okys Nk=ksa dk v/;;u paMhx<+ Hkkjr esa lks'ky usVofdZZax lkbVksa ds mi;ksx
dh O;kidrk vkSj thou dh xq.koÙkk ij blds izHkko dk v/;;u djus ds fy, fd;kA vk¡dM+s
,d iwoZ ijh{k.k Lo-iz'kkflr iz'ukoyh dk mi;ksx djds ,d= fd;s x;s Fks ftls ;ax dh
baVjusV mi;ksx iz'ukoyh ls :ikarfjr fd;k x;k FkkA ifj.kkeksa us lq>ko fn;k fd lks'ky
ehfM;k ds nSfud vkSj xSj-nSfud mi;ksx drkZvksa ds chp 'kkjhfjd vkSj lkekftd LokLF;
leL;kvksa ds chp dksbZ laca/k ugha FkkA ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fd lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx djus dk
,d ilanhnk LFkku ?kj Fkk vkSj Nk= fo|ky; ;k dkWyst ds le; ds nkSjku vius ,dkmaV~l esa
ykWx bu djus ls cprs FksA os okgd lsok 'kqYd dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, ikWdsV euh ds vk/kkj
ij lko/kkuh ls lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx djrs FksA os lks'ky ehfM;k ds xSj-mi;ksxdrkZvksa dh
rqyuk esa lac/a kksa ls lacaf/kr ruko dks laHkkyus vkSj vPNh rjg ls dke djus esa Hkh l{ke FksA
tSlk fd dqN yksx dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gSa rkfd og vius fe= lewg ds lkeus viuh Hkkouk dks
ckgj fudky ldsa vkSj csgrj eglwl dj ldsaA bl izdkj ;g v/;;u bafxr djrk gS fd
lks'ky ehfM;k ,d ,slh fLFkfr esa igq¡p ldrk gS tgka ;g LokLF; dh ekStwnk fLFkfr dks] lrr~
vkSj egRoiw.kZ ewY;kadu vkSj cnyrs fodkl ds voyksdu ds lkFk] izkjaHk djrk gSA
Saini, N., Sangwan, G., Verma, M., Kohli, A., Kaur, M., & Lakshmi, P. V. M. (2020).
Effect of social networking sites on the quality of life of college students: A Cross-Sectional
Study from a City in North India. The Scientific World Journal, 2020.
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1½ ehfM;k vkSj dk; izfrek ds eqn~nksa ds chp D;k laca/k gS\
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2½ fQ;j vkWQ feflax vkÅV D;k gS\
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3½ lqij fi;j fl)kar dks Li"V dhft,A
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4½ ehfM;k gekjs funzk pØ dks dSls izHkkfor djrk gS\
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-
vkWuykbu yksxksa dks lrkus dh tk¡p dks vf/kdkf/kd egRo izkIr gqvk gS D;ksafd ;g
dbZ ekufld LokLF; ds [krjs ls tqM+k gqvk gSA rduhdh izxfr dh O;kidrk us
lkbcjLisl esa Mjkuk-/kedkuk ds nk;js dks bl gn rd c<+k fn;k gS fd ;g vkt
,d egRoiw.kZ eqn~nk curk tk jgk gSaA lks'ky ehfM;k] osclkbVksa] pSV:e vkSj bZ-
esy dh c<+rh igq¡p ds lkFk vkWuykbu mRihM+u] vkWuykbu Mjkuk-/kedkuk vkSj Hkh
vf/kd izpfyr gks jgk gSA dqN ekeyksa esa vkRe?kkrh fopkjksa esa o`f) ds lkFk-lkFk
volkn] nqf'park] Øks/k vkSj vyxko dk vuqHko gksrk gSaA -
ds ihNs nks rjg dh gksrh gS( muesa ls ,d dk y{; ;k
lalk/ku izkIr djuk gS ftls dgk tkrk gS] vkSj nwljk rc
gksrk gS tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh mdlkos ;k izfr'kks/k ij izfrfØ;k djrk gS] ftls
dgk tkrk gSA v/;;uksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd
lkbcj Mjkus-/kedkus esa vkØkedrk ds bu nksuksa :iksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn fdlh O;fDr us fdlh vU; O;fDr ds ckjs esa dqN ?kfV;k
dgk vkSj fQj nwljs O;fDr us dqN ?kfV;k iksLV djds cnys esa vkØked :i ls
tokch dk;Zokgh dh] rks nksuksa O;fDr vfuok;Z :i ls vkØked O;ogkj esa layXu
gq, gSa vkSj bl rjg ds vkWuykbu mRihM+u O;ogkj dk f'kdkj Hkh gq, gSaA
vkWuykbu Mjkus-/kedkus dh vfHkizsj.kk ds fy, ,d vkSj Li"Vhdj.k izÑfr esa
vkUrfjd vkSj ckâ; nksuksa gks ldrk gSA blesa vkUrfjd vfHkizsj.kk esa T;knkrj
Hkkoukvksa dks iqufuZnsZf'kr djuk] okil Hkqxrku djuk] Lo;a dks csgrj eglwl
djuk] bZ";kZ] uhjlrk vkSj vuqeksnu izkIr djuk 'kkfey gSaA tcfd ckâ; vfHkizsj.kk
esa T;knkrj vfr-laosnu'khy vkSj detksj yksxksa dks fu'kkuk cukuk 'kkfey gS
¼vns;ck;ks ,oa vU;] 2020½A ;g vkWuykbu cu tkrk
239
gS tks nwljs O;fDr dks ekufld :i ls izHkkfor djrk gS] ftlesa vkWuykbu
mRihM+u vkSj vkRe?kkrh izo`fÙk;ksa ls lacaf/kr fopkj 'kkfey gSaA
v/;;uksa us ds chp] fo'ks"kdj lks'ky
ehfM;k vkSj LØhu Vkbe ds c<+rs mi;ksx ds ekeys esa] laca/kksa dk irk yxk;k gSA
lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj vkRegR;k ij bldk izHkko vkSj vkRe gkfu laca/kh O;ogkj
fo'ks"k:i ls fpUrktud gSA ;g yksxksa ds chp c<+rh fpUrk dk fo"k; gS D;ksafd os
ijs'kku djus okyh vkSj fo{kqC/k djus okyh lkexzh dks vkWuykbu izkIr dj ldrs gSa
tks vkRegkfu dks c<+kok nsrh gS vkSj tks vUrr% ^lkekU;* gks tkrh gSA ;g ik;k
x;k gS fd lks'ky ehfM;k ij okLrfod vkRegR;k dh ?kVuk;sa ;k vkRegR;k ls
lacaf/kr tkudkjh miyC/k gksus ds dkj.k vkRegR;k ls lacaf/kr O;ogkj esa o`f) gqbZ
gSA fcuk fdlh iwoZ vkRe?kkrh fopkj ;k vkRegR;k ds fopkj okys O;fDr] viuh
py jgh leL;kvksa ls futkr ikus ds fy, fdlh vU; O;fDr ;k ekeys dh udy
djus dh pkg ls ftls mUgksaus fofHkUu lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQkeZ ij ns[kk ;k lquk
gksxk] vpkud izsfjr gks ldrk gSA bls dgk tkrk gS ¼iksiy w k rFkk
vU;] 2020½A izsl esa vkRegR;k ds yksdfiz; ekeyksa] fo'ks"k :i ls izfl) O;fDr;ksa
dh vkRegR;k ds ekeyksa us] vke turk ds chp vkRegR;k dh ?kVukvksa dks
yksdfiz; cuk fn;k gSA gky ds v/;;uksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd vc ;g cgqr
egRoiw.kZ gks x;k gS fd mfpr fn'kk-funZs'kksa dk ikyu fd;k tk, rkfd izfl)
O;fDr;ksa ds vkRegR;k ds ekeyksa dh fjiksZafVax ds ckn] yksxksa esa oFkZj bQsDV de gks
¼iksiwyk ,oa vU;] 2020½A

ehfM;k fgalk v/;;uksa ls ladsr feyrk gS fd vf/kdka'k ehfM;k lkexzh esa fgalk
gksrh gS ftls vDlj de djds vkadk tkrk gS] vkd"kZd cuk;k tkrk gS ;k
gkL;iw.kZ :i esa fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA euksjatu ehfM;k vkSj ohfM;ks xse ds
vf/kdka'k L=ksrksa esa miHkksDrkvksa dh lcls lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
Vsyhfotu] fQYe vkSj laxhr fofM;ks ls tqM+h fgald lkexzh dks Nqikdj ns[kk tkrk
gS vkSj blds ds foijhr fglad ohfM;ks xse ds f[kykfM+;ksa dks fgald j.kuhfr;ksa dks
ykxw djus ds fy, lqn`<+ fd;k tkrk gSA Vsyhfotu fgalk ds leku] ohfM;ks xse esa
fgalk dks fcuk fdlh udkjkRed ifj.kke ds Lohdk;Z djus ds ;ksX; ds :i esa
izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA v/;;uksa us ehfM;k fgalk vkSj euksfoÑfr ds chp laca/k ik;k
gS] ftlesa vkarfjdhdj.k fodkj vkSj laosnukRed fodkj 'kkfey gSaA fgald
Vsyhfotu ilan djus okys cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa us de fgald dk;ZØeksa dks ilan
djus okyksa dh rqyuk esa lexz vkØked vkSj fgald O;ogkj esa mPp Ldksj gkfly
gqvk gSA
izk;ksfxd v/;;u Hkh Vsyhfotu esa c<+rh vkØkedrk vkSj fQYe fgalk ds fy, ,d
dkj.k laca/kh Hkwfedk ds izek.k iznku djrs gSaA bl {ks= esa izfl) v/;;uksa esa ls
caMqjk vkSj muds lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk fd;k x;k ,d Dykfldh 'kks/k gS ftlus cPpksa dks
,d ,slh fQYe ls :c: djk;k ftlesa eq[; ik= ,d IykfLVd ckscksMkWy - iaphax
cSx ds f[kykQ 'k=qrkiw.kZ vkSj vkØked O;ogkj esa fyIr FkkA ckn esa ;g ns[kk x;k
fd ftu cPpksa dks ;g ohfM;ksa fn[kk;k x;k Fkk] os fgald ekWMfyax ds lalxZ esa
ugha vkus okys cPpksa dh rqyuk esa ,d leku xqfM+;k ds lkFk vius Lo;a ds [ksy ds
nkSjku vf/kd 'k=qrkiw.kZ vkSj vkØked Fks ¼caMqjk] jkWl vkSj jkWl] 1961½A mlds ckn
ls 'kks/k us bl ckr dh iqf"V dh gS fd cPps Vsyhfotu vkSj fQYe jksy ekWMy ls
240
vkØked O;ogkj lh[k ldrs gSaA bls voyksdukRed vf/kxe ds :i esa le>k
x;k gSA
fd'kksjksa vkSj ;qok o;Ldksa esa Hkh blh rjg ds izHkko ik, x;sA ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk
x;k fd ftu yksxksa us fgald ;kSu fQYesa ns[kh] muesa fdlh vU; O;fDr dks]
ftUgksaus us mUgsa Øksf/kr fd;k Fkk] mu iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa ftUgksaus vfgald ;kSu
fQYe ;k rVLFk fQYe ns[kh Fkh] dks dBksj n.M nsus dh vf/kd laHkkouk Fkh ¼iVsy]
2021½A fgalk ds v/;;u dks fo'ks"k:i ls 'kS'kokoLFkk esa xhrksa vkSj laxhr esa Hkh
fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA laxhr vkSj xhrksa ds {ks= esa ifj.kke vk'p;Ztud :i ls
vU; izdkj dh ehfM;k fgalk ds fy, ik, x;s ifj.kkeksa ds leku gSaA ;g ik;k x;k
gS fd fgald xhr lquuk ;k laxhr ds lkFk fgald n`'; ns[kuk vkØked fopkjksa]
laosnukvksa vkSj O;ogkj dks c<+k ldrk gSA ;g fpark dk fo"k; gS fd cPps vkSj
fd'kksj tks dqN izdkj ds laxhr ialn djrs gSa] tSls jSai vkSj gsoh esVy] bu xhrksa
ds xhrhdkO; ¼fyfjDl½ esa mPp fgalk lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij vf/kd fgald gksus dh
laHkkouk jgrh gSA blds vykok] laxhr ohfM;ks esa fgalk ds lkFk fefJr ;kSu
lkexzh dk la;kstu Hkh leL;kRed gS vkSj ;g mu O;fDr;ksa dks mPp tksf[ke okys
O;ogkj ds fy, vukfJr NksM+ nsrk gSA

vc rd geus ehfM;k ds udkjkRed izHkkoksa dh ppkZ dh gS] ysfdu vxyk Hkkx

ds ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku djsxkA orZeku 'kks/k bl ckr dk
izek.k nsrk gS fd ehfM;k ekufld LokLF; ds eqn~nksa dk izfrdkj gh djrk gS vkSj
mu ij /;ku nsrk gSA fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa] i`"BHkwfe] fyax vkfn ds yksxksa ds lkFk
vkWuykbu fMthVy leqnk; cukus ds fy,] ftuds lkFk ge leku fo'ks"krk,a vkSj
er lk>k djrs gSa vkSj ehfM;k dk mi;ksx vR;Ur 'kfDr'kkyh gks ldrk gSA buesa
ls dqN igyqvksa ij fuEufyf[kr Hkkx esa ppkZ dh tk jgh gSA

ehfM;k mu fofHkUu lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj vYila[;d lewgksa ds yksxksa dk

izfrfuf/kRo djds] muds vyxko dks de djds vkSj viusiu dh Hkkouk dks c<+kus
esa enn djrk gS] ftUgsa vU;Fkk vius fopkj vkSj er lk>k djus dk ekSdk ugha
feyrk gSA vYila[;d lewgksa ds yksx tks viuh igpku leySafxd mHk;fyaxh ;k
VªkaltsaMj ¼,ythchVh½ ds :i esa djrs gSa] os ^^oSf'od ukxfjd** cuus esa l{ke gSa]
vkSj bl izdkj vyxko dks de djrs gSA baLVkxzke] ;w-V~;wc] Qslcqd vkSj VfoVj
tSls vkWuykbu IysVQkeZ esa Hkkxhnkjh djus ls mUgsa viuh igpku lk>k djus okys
vU; yksxksa ls feyus] vkilh leFkZu] HkkoukRed leFkZu vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ ,d
tqVrk dh Hkkouk gkfly djus dk volj feyrk gSA fofHkUu lks'ky ehfM;k
leqnk;ksa ds vuqlj.kdrkZ vkSj lnL;] vkadus ds Mj vkSj vekuoh; gksus ds Mj ds
fcuk ckr dj ldrs gSa] ppkZ dj ldrs gSa vkSj fopkjksa] 'kkSd] pqukSfr;ksa ;k
vfHk#fp;ksa dks lk>k dj ldrs gSa] vkSj bl izdkj viuh laca/krk dk foLrkj dj
ldrs gSaA muds ikl ,d ckSf}d] HkkoukRed vkSj ewÙkZ leFkZu iz.kkyh cukus dk
volj gksrk gS ftldk foLrkj okLrfod thou fLFkfr;ksa vkSj pqukSfr;kasa esa gks
ldrk gSA blds vykok] ;s IysVQkeZ yksxksa dks izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds izfr
yphyk cuus esa enn dj ldrs gSa tks vUrr% mUgsa ekufld :i ls LoLFk jgus esa
enn dj ldrk gSA fe=] lacaf/k;ksa vuqlj.kdrkZvks]a vkfn ls tqM+s jgus dk Hkh ykHk
feyrk gSA vU; ykHk ;s gks ldrs gSa% 241
1½ psfjVh dk;ZØeksa ds fy, /ku tqVkuk vkSj LFkkuh; dk;ZØeksa ds fy, Lo;a-lsok
djuk tks esa enn djrk gSA
2½ dykRed vkSj japukRed iksLV] Nfo;ksa vkSj ohfM;ks dks lk>k djuk tks O;fDr
ds esa enn djrs gSaA
3½ CykWx] iksLV] ohfM;ks vkSj Nfo;ksa ds fuekZ.k ls A
4½ vyx-vyx i`"BHkwfe ds ls O;fDrxr vkSj
oSf'od eqn~nksa ds ckjs esa ckrphr dks c<+kus esa enn feyrh gSA

1½ ^^ehfM;k fgalk** dh O;k[;k dhft,A

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2½ lkekftd usVofdZax dk thou dh xq.koÙkk ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS\
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3½ vkWuykbu Mjkus-/kedkus dk D;k izHkko gS\
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4½ ehfM;k viusiu dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsus esa dSls lgk;rk djrk gS\
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fdlh O;fDr ds lexz esa ehfM;k dh ,d

Hkwfedk gksrh gS] fo'ks"k:i ls ehfM;k IysVQkeZ ij fo[;kr iz'kalk ds ek/;e ls] tks
ilan vkSj fVIif.k;ksa ds :i esa gSaA ;g yksxksa dks ;g pquko djus dh vuqefr nsdj
fd os nwljksa ds lkFk D;k lk>k djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj mUgsa lkekftd usVodZ ds
ek/;e ls enn djds igpku dh Hkkouk fodflr djus dk volj iznku djrk gSA
lkekftd leFkZu] laosxkRed leFkZu vkSj ekufld leFkZu dh Hkkouk] tks ehfM;k
iznku djrk gS] mlds lexz dY;k.k ij ldkjkRed izHkko iM+rs gSa D;ksafd blls
yksxksa dks izkIr gksrk gS] larks"k ds Lrj esa o`f)
gksrh gS] euksoSKkfud LokLF; esa lq/kkj gksrk gSA mUgsa ;g cks/k gksrk gS fd os fiz;]
pgsrs gSa] mUgsa lquk tkrk gS] leFkZu fn;k tkrk gS vkSj izkRs lkgu fn;k tkrk gSA
bl izdkj ;g yksxksa dh euksn'kk dks mBkus esa enn djrk gS vkSj fujk'kk] mnklh
242
vkSj ,dkdhiu dks de djrk gSA ;g mu yksxksa esa ldkjkRed euksn'kk vkSj eu
dh ldkjkRed fLFkfr dks c<+kok nsrk gS ftUgsa vkWQykbu tqM+uk eqf'dy yxrk gSA
lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQkeZ esa tkx:drk c<+kus] nqfu;k Hkj ds yksxksa ls tqM+us vkSj
lqUnj] miyfC/k;kssa vkfn ds {k.kksa dks lk>k djus dh {kerk gS tks
djus okyk gks ldrk gSA ;g mUgsa ,d ,slh
O;oLFkk esa nwljkas ds lkFk tqM+us dk ,d volj iznku djrk gS tks vf/kd lgt gks
ldrk gSA bl izdkj ;g mUgsa ,d ,slh igpku cukus esa enn djrk gS ftlesa
mudk vius ckjs esa nwljksa dh vuqHkwfr;ksa ij fu;a=.k gskrk gSaA blds vykok]
ehfM;k iznku djrk gS] ftldk mu yksxksa ij
ldkjkRed izHkko gks ldrk gS tks vUroSZ;fDrd laca/kksa dks c<+kus] leFkZu <q<+us vkSj
nq%[k ;k pqukSfr;ka esa vFkZ ryk'kus esa yxs gksrs gSaA gky ds 'kks/kksa us fodkl ij
ehfM;k ds izHkko ds izeq[k {ks=ksa dh igpku dh gS ftldk lkjka'k uhps fn;k x;k
gS%
1½ ehfM;k us tksf[ke vkSj lqj{kk ds eqn~nksa ij esa
enn dh gSA tks lHkh vk;q oxZ ds yksxksa dks l'kDr cukrk gS] muesa yphykiu
fodflr djrk gS vkSj muds HkkoukRed vkSj ekufld LokLF; dk leFkZu
djrk gSA
2½ ehfM;k us yksxksa dh ds fy, pSV:e]
vkWuykbu lewg vkSj ist tSls u;s LFkku cuk, gSA blus fofHkUu izdkj dh
Hkkxhnkjh] vkRe vfHkO;fDr ds lkFk-lkFk jpukRed :i esa lkekftd eqn~nksa dks
lacksf/kr djus ds fy, u;s dk;ZLFky vkSj lkeqnkf;d fuekZ.k ds volj [kksys
gSaA
3½ blus yksxksa ds foÙkh;] O;fDrxr vkSj 'kkjhfjd dY;k.k ds fy,
A ;g l'kDr cukus okyk jgk
gS D;ksafd blls ehfM;k dk ldkjkRed miHkksx gksrk gS tks fo'ks"k :i ls
cPpksa vkSj ;qok o;Ldksa dh enn dj jgk gSA
4½ blesa euksjtad LFkku] vkWuykbu xse] osfcukj] lEesyu vkSj vkWuykbu u;s
QqlZr ds {ks= ¼dqfdax ds pSuy] CykWx] vkfn½ tSlh
gaSa tks vf/kxe] ltZu'khyrk] igpku dh [kkst] igpku
fuekZ.k] u;s lEcU/k cukus] foJke vkSj ruko ls jkgr ds volj djkrk gSa
var esa] ckWDl 10-5 eas dqN vuq'kalkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftudk mi;ksx
fo|ky;ksa] f'k{kdks]a vfHkHkkodksa vkSj ns[kHkky djus okyksa }kjk cPpkas vkSj ;qok
o;Ldksa dks ehfM;k ds euksoSKkfud izHkko ds ckjs esa ekxZn'kZu djus ds fy, fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
-

cPpksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus vkSj mUgsa lwpuk iznku djus esa ekrk-firk vkSj fo|ky;ksa dh vge~ Hkwfedk
gksrh gS rkfd os lqjf{kr jgsa vkSj laoknkRed ehfM;k dk mi;ksx djrs le; ftEesnkjh cjrsaA
ekrk-firk }kjk vius cPpksa ds ehfM;k ds mi;ksx dh fuxjkuh gksuh pkfg,] vkSj mUgsa muds }kjk
ns[kh tk jgh lkexzh dh xq.koÙkk ds ckjs esa pkSdl jguk pkfg,A 'kkjhfjd] laons ukRed vkSj
ekufld LokLF; ij lks'ky ehfM;k ds izfrdwy izHkkoksa dks le>us esa yksxksa dh enn djus ds
fy, f'k{kd vkSj fe= lewg Hkh ftEesnkj gSaA dk izlkj djuk egRoiw.kZ
gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd yksxksa dks ehfM;k IysVQkeZ ij Hkzked vkSj >wBh fo"k;-oLrq ds ckjs esa
243
tkx:d djuk] lkbcj ncaxbZ ;k bl izdkj dh vU; xfrfof/k;ksa ij dkcw ikus ;k muls cpus esa
mudh enn djuk gSA blls mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks vkWuykbu lkexzh dh LVhdrk dk lgh ewY;kadu
djus esa enn feysxh tks Hkzked ehfM;k fo"k;-oLrq vkSj lans'kksa dh fo'oluh;rk dks de djsxkA
;g mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks leL;kRed lkexzh ds ladsrdksa dh igpku djus vkSj ckn esa 'kjhj ds
vkn'kZ vkUrfjdj.k vkSj jax:i rqyuk O;ogkj dks de djus esa enn djsxkA
lks'ky ehfM;k ij jgrs gq, lqj{kkRed eqdkcyk j.kuhfr;ksa ds ckjs esa Kku vkRe lEeku ds
fuekZ.k esa enn dj ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vokafNr 'kjhj vkSj jax:i laca/kh lkexzh 'kjhj
ds ckjs esa vlarks"k iSnk dj ldrh gSaA bl izdkj] rduhd dk
mi;ksx] tks pqfuank :i esa mu lans'kksa dk vkUrfjdhdj.k djrh gS tks ldkjkRed 'kjhj dh Nfo
dks c<+kok nsrs gSa vkSj vLoLFk 'kjhj ls lacaf/kr lwpuk dks vLohÑr djrs gSa] dk mi;ksx fd;k
tk ldrk gSA fo|ky; vkSj ekrk-firk ns[kHkky djus okys yksx bl rjg ds okLrfod mnkgj.kksa
dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gS fd dSls ehfM;k rLohjksa dks fQYVj vkSj laikfnr djrk gS vkSj
vokLrfod jax-:i laca/kh mu ekudksa dks c<+kok nsrk gS tks okLro esa okLrfod Nfo;ksa ls vyx
gksrh gSA
fo|ky; vkSj f'k{kd ij dk;Z'kkykvksa dk lapkyu dj
ldrs gSa rkfd ;qok] ekrk-firk vkSj vU; yksx ,slh dk;Z'kkykvksa esa 'kkfey gksdj fo{kqC/k djus
okyh lkexzh dk izR;qÙkj nsus ds rjhds ds ckjs esa Kku izkIr dj ldsaA ;g yksxksa dks >wBh [kcjksa
ij loky mBkuk vkSj lVhdrk] mRihM+u] 'kks"k.k] uLyokn] nqO;Zogkj vkSj HksnHkko dh fo"k;-oLrq
ij ftjag djuk lh[kk ldrk gSA ;g fMthVy lk{kjrk dks izkRs lkfgr djrk gS vkSj yksx
nqO;Zogkj vkSj vijk/kdrkZvksa dh fjiksVZ djuk lh[k ldrs gSaA
f'k{kdksa dks yksxksa dks ;g lh[kkuk pkfg, fd os dSls ,d cuk;s j[k
ldrs gSa vkSj dSls laoknkRed ehfM;k dk ftEesnkjh ls mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA Qsd vkWuykbu
[kcjksa vkSj fo"k;-oLrq ds izlkj dks ns[krs gq,] fo|ky;ksa esa ,d lks'ky ehfM;k odZ'kkWi vkSj
ikB~;Øe gksuk pkfg, rkfd vkWuykbu fn[kkbZ iM+us okyh lkexzh dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu
fd;k tk lds rkfd os bl rjg dh fo"k; oLrq ds gkfudkjd izHkkoksa dks le> ldsA Ldwy mUgsa
ekufld LokLF;] 'kkjhfjd LokLF;] funzk] f'k{k.k vkSj thou dh xq.koÙkk ij ehfM;k ds
gkfudkjd izHkkoksa ds ckjs esa fn'kk-funsZ'k nsdj f'kf{kr vkSj ekxZn'kZu djus esa ,d egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk Hkh fuHkkrs gSaA
ekrk-firk rFkk ns[kHkky djus okyksa dks Hkh cuus dh vko';drk gS D;ksafd os mEehn
ugha dj ldrs fd muds cPps ehfM;k dk ftEesnkjh ls mi;ksx djus ds dkS'ky dks viuk,axAs
;fn] os bu dkS'kyksa dks Lo;a iznf'kZr djus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gSaA bl izdkj] mUgsa LoLFk
vkWuykbu O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A mUgas ehfM;k ds tksf[ke vkSj ykHkksa ds ckjs esa Kku
fodflr djus vkSj cPps dks izHkkoh <ax ls enn djus dh Hkh vko';drk gSA mUgsa vius cPps ls
bl ckjs esa ckr djuh pkfg, fd D;k gSA blds
vfrfjDr ;fn vko';d gks rks cPpksa dks laHkkfor uqdlku ls cpkus ds fy,] os dqN fu;e
LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ikfjokfjd le; ds nkSjku Qksu dk mi;ksx ugha djuk]
LØhu le; dh ek=k dks lhfer djuk] vkfnA ;g vf/kd izHkkoh gksxk ;fn cPps Hkh vius
egRoiw.kZ vU; yksxksa ds lkFk bl ppkZ esa 'kkfey gks fd mi;qDr ehfM;k vkSj baVjusV dk mi;ksx
D;k gSA
Kim, A., Moravec, P. L., & Dennis, A. R. (2019). Combating fake news on social media with
source ratings: The effects of user and expert reputation ratings. Journal of Management Information
Systems, 36(3), 931-968.

Schreurs, L., &Vandenbosch, L. (2021). Introducing the Social Media Literacy (SMILE) model with
the case of the positivity bias on social media. Journal of Children and Media, 15(3), 320-337.

244
vkbZ;s bl bdkbZ esa geus tks lh[kk gS] mls lkjkaf'kr djsa%
• ehfM;k lekthdj.k] usVofdZax] fe=ksa ls tqM+s jgus] fopkjksa dk vknku iznku
djus vkSj Kku gkfly djus dk ,d midj.k gS ysfdu ;g lHkh vk;q oxZ ds
yksxksa ij ,d gkfudkjd izHkko Hkh Mky ldrk gSA
• ehfM;k dbZ ekufld LokLF; eqn~nksa tSls nqf'park] volkn] vkSj 'kjhj dh Nfo
dh fpark] vkRe-gkfu vkSj vkRegR;k ds tksf[ke dks c<+k ldrk gSA
• ehfM;k tksf[ke okys O;ogkj vkSj jksekap ryk'kus okys O;ogkj esa lyaXurk dks
Hkh c<+kok nsrk gS tks vkWuykbu vkSj vkWQykbu nksuksa rjg dh nqfu;k esa Hks)rk
dk lwpd gks ldrk gSA
• lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQkeZ ij vkWuykbu Mjkuk vkSj /kedkuk cgqr vke gS] tks
nwljs O;fDr dks viekfur vkSj vkgr djus ds mís'; ls vkifÙktud] vlH;]
vkgr djus okyh fVIif.k;ksa] baVjusV ij xyr vkSj ?kfV;k phtsa iksLV djus
ls gks ldrk gSA
• ehfM;k ykHknk;d gks ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g yksxksa ds HkkoukRed leFkZu] vkRe-
lEeku dks c<+kus vkSj viusiu dh Hkkouk dks c<+kus esa enn djrk gSA
• vkWuykbu yksxksa ds fy, lqvolj Hkh gS tSls] ldkjkRed lkexzh lk>k djuk]
vuqnku lap; djuk] lkeqnkf;d lyaXurk dks c<+kuk] leku fopkj okys yksxksa
dks <wa<+uk] lkekftd leFkZu esa o`f)] lkekftd nqf'park dks de djuk vkSj
vUroSZ;fDrd laca/k cukus esa enn djuk tks lkekftd vyxko dks de djrk
gSA
• ;g dayd vkSj gkf'k;s iM+s lewg dk vuqHko djus okys yksxksa ds fy,]
vkWuykbu leFkZu ikdj vkSj viuk er lk>k djds vkRe-igpku ds fodkl
ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA

bls Vsyhfotu] jsfM;ks] flusek] QksVksxzkQh vkSj foKkiu tSls lEizs"k.k

pSuyksa ds ek/;e ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
;g ,d baVjusV vk/kkfjr rduhd gS ftldk mi;ksx fopkjksa]
erksa vkSj lksp dks tksM+us vkSj lk>k djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
;g vius bnZ-fxnZ ds yksxksa dks vuns[kk djus vkSj vius Qksu ij /;ku
nsus vkSj mlesa e'kxwy jgus dk dk;Z gSA
;g lwpuk ds izokg dks lpsr :i ls izcaf/kr djus
vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k ds gkfudkjd vkSj ldkjkRed igyqvksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus ls
lfØ; :i ls Hkkxhnkjh djus dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
Lo;a ds ewY; ;k dher dk ewY;kaduA
,d O;fDr dh vius Lo;a ds 'kjhj ds ckjs esa udkjkRed
fopkj vkSj Hkkouk tks otu ds izfr vlarks"k] iryk gksus ds fy, rhoz bPNk] jax:i
245
dh rqyuk] vkRe-oLrqdj.k vkSj irysiu ds vkn'kZ vkarfjddj.k ls lacaf/kr gks
ldrk gSA
;g ,d vlgt Hkkouk gS tks nqf'park dk dkj.k
curh gS fd vU; yksx lq[kh thou th jgs gSa tks gesa izkIr ugha gSA
;g ,d ehfM;k }kjk fufeZr vuqHkwfr gS ftlesa
yksx ,d ,slh dk;k ds fy, iz;kl djrs gSa] ftlesa 'kjhj de olk ds lkFk nqcyk
gks vkSj dej iryh gks] mlh dks lqUnj ekuk tkrk gSA
;g ,d lewg ds lnL; ds :i esa tqM+us ds fy, ,d
euksoSKkfud vkSj HkkoukRed vko';drk gSA

1½ yksxksa ds ekufld LokLF; ij ehfM;k ds izHkko ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

2½ QsUVe okbczs'ku flUMªkse D;k gS\
3½ lks'ky ehfM;k gekjs utnhdh nksLrksa vkSj ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk gekjs
laca/kksa dks dSls izHkkfor dj jgk gSA
4½ ml euksoSKkfud dk;Ziz.kkyh dk mYys[k dhft, ftlds }kjk ge 'kjhj dh
[kjkc Nfo cukrs gS ftlls 'kjhj ds izfr vlarks"k mRiUu gksrk gSA
5½ lkbcj Mjkuk-/kedkuk D;k gS vkSj blds ihNs dh vfHkizsj.kk D;k gS\
6½ lkbcj Mjkus-/kedkus ds D;k izHkko gSa\
7½ oFkZj izHkko D;k gS\
8½ fodkl esa ehfM;k ds D;k ykHk gSa\
9½ ehfM;k laosxkRed leFkZu dks dSls izkRs lkgu nsrk gS\
10½ fo|ky;] ehfM;k lk{kjrk dks dSls c<+kok ns ldrk gS\
11½ vius cPps dh ehfM;k ds gkfudkjd izHkkoksa dks le>us eas lgk;rk djus esa
ekrk-firk rFkk ns[kHkky djus okys dh Hkwfedk ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls crk,¡A

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248
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• Ted talk: The effects of social media on the mental health of people:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJQGHiBqBcA

• Eating Disorders and Social Media:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWF8CY6jW6s

• Social Media and Mental Health:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZfzafKFjs8

• Media Literacy - The Power (and Responsibility) of Information:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sX7EMTjMf6k
• Media and its impact on human development:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oLe2stRSbw

249

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Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002).The effects of media violence on

Callanan, V. J., & Rosenberger, J. S. (2011). Media and public perceptions of

Chokkanathan, S., & Natarajan, A. (2018).Perceived quality of life following

Deniz, K. (2021). Deniz, K. (2021). Question Concerning Evil in the Age of

Ferguson, C. J. (2009). Media violence effects: confirmed truth or just

Jeffres, L. W. (1986). Mass Media: Processes and Effects. Prospect Heights,

Jewkes, Y. (2017). Media & Crime. UK: Sage Publications Ltd.

Lorenz, K. (1963). On aggression. London: Methuen.

National Crime Records Bureau (2019).Crime in India- Statistics. Retrieved

TV viewership in India grew by 9% in 2020: BARC (2021, March 1).

Raskar, B. J., & Pol, H. S. (2019). Cybercrime in India: trends and

Rogers, M. K. (2001). A social learning theory and moral disengagement

Yar, M. & Steinmetz, K.F. (2019).Cybercrime and Society. UK: Sage

Zeviar-Geese, G. (1997). The State of the Law on Cyberjursidiction and

Internet world stats (2021).Internet World Stats Usage and Population

• The human face of cybercrime. Identifying targets, victims, and their

• (PDF) Media made criminality: The representation of crime in the mass

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Aagaard, J. (2020). Digital akrasia: a qualitative study of phubbing. Ai &

• Eating Disorders and Social Media:

• Social Media and Mental Health:

• Media Literacy - The Power (and Responsibility) of Information:

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