Exercise Number: 1

Title of the Exercise : DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL) COMMANDS

Date of the Exercise :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To practice and implement data definition language commands and constraints.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity
1 System 1
2 Operating System Windows
3 Front end VB/VC ++/JAVA
4 Back end Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2
b) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
DDL COMMAND
It is used to communicate with database. DDL is used to:
1 o Create an object
o Alter the structure of an object
o To drop the object created.
2 The commands used are: Create, Alter, Drop, Truncate
INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT
An integrity constraint is a mechanism used by oracle to prevent invalid data entry
3 into the table. It has enforcing the rules for the columns in a table. The types of the
integrity constraints are:
a) Domain Integrity b) Entity Integrity c) Referential Integrity
a) Domain Integrity
This constraint sets a range and any violations that take place will prevent the user
from performing the manipulation that caused the breach. It includes:
Not Null constraint:
While creating tables, by default the rows can have null value .the enforcement of
not null constraint in a table ensure that the table contains values.
Principle of null values:
4 o Setting null value is appropriate when the actual value is unknown, or when a
value would not be meaningful.
o A null value is not equivalent to a value of zero.
o A null value will always evaluate to null in any expression.
o When a column name is defined as not null, that column becomes a mandatory
i.e., the user has to enter data into it.
o Not null Integrity constraint cannot be defined using the alter table command
when the table contain rows.
Check Constraint:
Check constraint can be defined to allow only a particular range of values .when the
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manipulation violates this constraint, the record will be rejected. Check condition
cannot contain sub queries.

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 b) Entity Integrity
Maintains uniqueness in a record. An entity represents a table and each row of a
table represents an instance of that entity. To identify each row in a table uniquely
we need to use this constraint. There are 2 entity constraints:
Unique key constraint
It is used to ensure that information in the column for each record is unique, as with
telephone or drivers license numbers. It prevents the duplication of value with rows
of a specified column in a set of column. A column defined with the constraint can
allow null value.
6 If unique key constraint is defined in more than one column i.e., combination of
column cannot be specified. Maximum combination of columns that a composite
unique key can contain is 16.
Primary Key Constraint
A primary key avoids duplication of rows and does not allow null values. It can be
defined on one or more columns in a table and is used to uniquely identify each row
in a table. These values should never be changed and should never be null.
A table should have only one primary key. If a primary key constraint is assigned to
more than one column or combination of column is said to be composite primary
key, which can contain 16 columns.
c) Referential Integrity
It enforces relationship between tables. To establish parent-child relationship
between 2 tables having a common column definition, we make use of this
constraint. To implement this, we should define the column in the parent table as
primary key and same column in the child table as foreign key referring to the
7 corresponding parent entry.
Foreign key
A column or combination of column included in the definition of referential
integrity, which would refer to a referenced key.
Referenced key
It is a unique or primary key upon which is defined on a column belonging to the
parent table.
c) SQL Commands:
CREATE TABLE
It is used to create a table
Syntax: Create table tablename (column_name1 data_ type constraints, column_name2
data_ type constraints …)
Example:
Create table Emp ( EmpNo number(5), EName VarChar(15), Job Char(10) constraint un unique,
DeptNo number(3) CONSTRAINT FKey2 REFERENCES DEPT(DeptNo));

Create table stud (sname varchar2(20) not null, rollno number(10) not null,dob date not null);
Rules:
1. Oracle reserved words cannot be used.
3. Underscore, numerals, letters are allowed but not blank space.
3. Maximum length for the table name is 30 characters.
4. 2 different tables should not have same name.
5. We should specify a unique column name.
6. We should specify proper data type along with width.
7. We can include “not null” condition when needed. By default it is ‘null’.
ALTER TABLE
Alter command is used to:
1. Add a new column.
3. Modify the existing column definition.

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 3. To include or drop integrity constraint.
Syntax: alter table tablename add/modify (attribute datatype(size));
Example:
1. Alter table emp add (phone_no char (20));
2. Alter table emp modify(phone_no number (10));
3. ALTER TABLE EMP ADD CONSTRAINT Pkey1 PRIMARY KEY (EmpNo);
DROP TABLE
It will delete the table structure provided the table should be empty.
Example: drop table prog20; Here prog20 is table name
TRUNCATE TABLE
If there is no further use of records stored in a table and the structure has to be retained
then the records alone can be deleted.
Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>;
Example: Truncate table stud;
DESC
This is used to view the structure of the table.
Example: desc emp;
Name Null? Type
--------------------------------- --------
EmpNo NOT NULL number(5)
EName VarChar(15)
Job NOT NULL Char(10)
DeptNo NOT NULL number(3)
PHONE_NO number (10)
DOMAIN INTEGRITY
Example: Create table cust(custid number(6) not null, name char(10));
Alter table cust modify (name not null);
CHECK CONSTRAINT
Example: Create table student (regno number (6), mark number (3) constraint b check
(mark >=0 and mark <=100));
Alter table student add constraint b2 check (length(regno<=4));
ENTITY INTEGRITY
a) Unique key constraint
Example: Create table cust(custid number(6) constraint uni unique, name char(10));
Alter table cust add(constraint c unique(custid));
b) Primary Key Constraint
Example: Create table stud(regno number(6) constraint primary key, name char(20));
d) Queries:
Q1. Create a table called EMP with the following structure.
Name Type
---------- ----------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(6)
ENAME VARCHAR2(20)
JOB VARCHAR2(10)
DEPTNO NUMBER(3)
SAL NUMBER(7,2)
Allow NULL for all columns except ename and job.
Solution:
1. Understand create table syntax.
2. Use the create table syntax to create the said tables.
3. Create primary key constraint for each table as understand from logical table structure.

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Ans:
SQL> create table emp(empno number(6),ename varchar2(20)not null,job varchar2(10) not null,
deptno number(3),sal number(7,2));
Table created.

Q2: Add a column experience to the emp table. experience numeric null allowed.
Solution:
1. Learn alter table syntax. 2. Define the new column and its data type.
3. Use the alter table syntax.
Ans:
SQL> alter table emp add(experience number(2));
Table altered.

Q3: Modify the column width of the job field of emp table.
Solution:
1. Use the alter table syntax. 2. Modify the column width and its data type.
Ans:
SQL> alter table emp modify(job varchar2(12));
Table altered.
SQL> alter table emp modify(job varchar(13));
Table altered.

Q4: Create dept table with the following structure.

Name Type
------------ ---------------------
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
DNAME VARCHAR2(10)
LOC VARCHAR2(10)
Deptno as the primarykey
Solution:
1. Understand create table syntax. 2. Decide the name of the table.
3. Decide the name of each column and its data type.
4. Use the create table syntax to create the said tables.
5. Create primary key constraint for each table as understand from logical table structure.
Ans:
SQL> create table dept(deptno number(2) primary key,dname varchar2(10),loc
varchar2(10));
Table created.
Q5: create the emp1 table with ename and empno, add constraints to check the empno
value while entering (i.e) empno > 100.
Solution:
1. Learn alter table syntax. 2. Define the new constraint [columns name type]
3. Use the alter table syntax for adding constraints.
Ans:
SQL> create table emp1(ename varchar2(10),empno number(6) constraint ch
check(empno>100));
Table created.
Q6: drop a column experience to the emp table.
Solution:
1. Learn alter table syntax. Use the alter table syntax to drop the column.
Ans:
SQL> alter table emp drop column experience;
Table altered.

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Q7: Truncate the emp table and drop the dept table
Solution:
1. Learn drop, truncate table syntax.
Ans:
SQL> truncate table emp;
Table truncated.
SQL> drop table dept;
Table dropped.

e) Result:
Thus the data definition language commands was performed and implemented
successfully

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Define the terms

DDL:
Data base schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language
called a data definition language.
2. What are the categories of SQL command?
SQL commands are divided in to the following categories:
Data Delimitation language
Data manipulation language
Data control language
Transaction Control Language
3. What is integrity constraint?
An integrity constraint is a mechanism used by oracle to prevent invalid data entry into
the table. It has enforcing the rules for the columns in a table.
4. List the types of constraint.
a) Domain Integrity
b) Entity Integrity
c) Referential Integrity
5. Primary Key Constraint
A primary key avoids duplication of rows and does not allow null values. It can be
defined on one or more columns in a table and is used to uniquely identify each row in a
table. These values should never be changed and should never be null.
6. Referential Integrity
It enforces relationship between tables. To establish parent-child relationship between 2
tables having a common column definition, we make use of this constraint. To implement
this, we should define the column in the parent table as primary key and same column in
the child table as foreign key referring to the corresponding parent entry.

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