NEHRU YUVA COMPUTER SHIKSHA KENDRA Chakdaha * Nadia 1. What is the computer? Ans. Computer is an electronics device, which can access binary data from outside by input device, processes it (under the control of storage programs) , produce our result through output device and store information in the storage device for future. an automatic electronic machine that can access, process, store retrieve, & produce data, 2. Who is the Father of Modern Computer? Ans. Charles Babbage. 3. Full form of COMPUTER. C=Commonly O=Operated M=Machine P=Particularly U=Used for T=Training E=Education R=Research 1ST = 1945-1960, 2ND=1960 - 1965 See OF A COMPUTER © functions of a computer divided into the following areas: NG) "Aecepting data F A computer can accept data from the user. lily Processing data : The accepted data can be process through a command or series of commands. iii) Storing data : The computer also offer you the facility of storing data for future reference and use. iv) Retrieving data g The stored data can be retrieved from the memory. 4‘ x 7 NEHRU YUVA COMPUTER SHIKSHA KENDRA f Chakdaha * Nadia 6. USES OF A COMPUTER Initially used in exclusively scientific and mathematical fields, the computer has immensely broadened the field of its application. 7. Types of Computer (Based on Operating System) Ans. i. Analog Computer a computer that operates with numbers represented by directly measurable physical quantities — compare DIGITAL COMPUTER. ii, Digital Computer a computer that operates with numbers in the form of digits — compare analog computer. iii, Hybrid Computer i A Hybrid computer is combined of anpieg {Distal Computer. Types of Digital Computer ( Based'on : Speed, Capacity ,OS) Ans. y 1) Super Computer 2) Main Frame Computer 3) Mini Computer 4 4) Micro Computer Types of Micro Compute es ( Based on Mother Board, Processor , Memory etc.) Ans. » a) Desk Top,b) Lap top c) Plum 2 % 1) Pc(Bersonal Computer) 2) “\PCXT(Extended Technology ) 3) PCAT(Advance Technology) Y80286 ‘b)) “80386 80486 Pentium pro Pentium- |, I1,1lI,4 , Dual Core ; Core 2 DuoNEHRU YUVA COMPUTER SHIKSHA KENDRA Chakdaha * Nadia 8. Types of Computer Dovices i, INPUT DEVICE Computer system accepts information from the user. The device, through which the user can enter those information and instructions, is called input device. Ex.- keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Optical Character Reader (OCR), Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR), light pen, Joystick; Camera(Web Cam.,Digital Cam.) et. ii, OUTPUT DEVICE Output devices are communications between user and the computer system. These devices take output results from the CPU and.show them to the user. Ex. - Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speaker etc. iii. Processing Unit 6 cpu Lo iv. Storage Device ead Storage devices are Store our Information for present & Future . user can able to retrieve information from these devices. a)Temporary / Primary Storage device RAM(volatile),ROM(non volatile) b)Permanent / SecondaryStorage device Harddisk,Floppy,CD,Pen drive etc. 9. PROCESSING UNIT The brain of any computer system is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). There are thiree main sections of the CPU: a) Control UNIT(CU) >) Primary Storage section (REGISTER) ‘e) Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU) Sas B: C=242 (Arithmetic) C=A+B (Logic)NEHRU YUVA COMPUTER SHIKSHA KENDRA Chakdaha * Nadia . MEMORY OF A COMPUTER i) PRIMARY MEMORY! Temporary It is the part where the data and programs can be stored temporarily It is divided into two main heads Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM) ii) SECONDARY / Permanent MEMORY Itis the part where the data and programs can be stored permanently. Hard Disk Drive, Floppy Disk Compact Disk(C.D) ,Digital, Video Disk (D.V.0) Tape Drive ,Pen Drive etc 44. Unit of Memory 4 NIBBLE=1 BIT 8 BIT = 1 BYTE (S) =1 character or wor 1024 BYTES = 1 KILO BYTE (K.B) . 1024 K.B = 1 MEGA BYTE (M.B) om 1024 M.B = 1 GIGA BYTE (GB) fy 1024 G.B = 1 TERA BYTE (TB). 12, WHAT IS HARDWARE? Hardware refers to tH& physical Components of your system. at the very least the system unit, monitor and keyboard. 413. WHAT IS SOFTWARE? A softwar’ [email protected] an integrated set of programs which supplied the data 2 to a computer. Basically stored in permanent storage age = Ms-Office(Word,Excel Access,Power int), Tally (Accounts),Fact,Pagemaker,Photoshop Etc. Language - C,C++,Java,HTML,DHTML DBMS - DBASE,FOXPRO, RDBMS- ACCESS, Oracle,SQL etc. og SYSTEM = MS-DOS, Windows-98/xp, Linux,Unix a heNEHRU YUVA COMPUTER SHIKSHA KENDRA Chakdaha * Nadia 44. Computer software can be classified into two broad categories: i)System software ‘System software controls your computer system and its resources, memory, the disk drives and the microprocessor. System software operating systems, Assembler, Compilers, Loader,Interpreters, Linkers, Language Translator etc. ii)Application software Application software turns your computer into a work tool. It includes, programs such as word processor, spreadsheets and database managements, RDBMS, Accounts, etc. An application program helps you apply your computer. system to solve the problems outside the computer. Examples: MsWord, MS-Excel, FoxPro,,MS-Access, Oracle, Visual Basic, FA, Multimedia(Photo shop,3d Max, Premier) XN ) a PEERS CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITICPU > The,main aiea of a computer in which data and instructions are processed by electrical circuits. § COMPILER > A programme uséd to. translate high-level languages into low- level language or machine code of ye DATA PROCESSING > Any operation involving the handling, sorting, merging or computing of data DEFAULT DRIVE > The disk drive , which a computer has been programmed to select if no other specification has been given . (Also frequently , default colours, default font, and default precision in mathematical operations.) “%s x QP DIRECTORY, >=An‘area of a magnetic storage medium in which data files are stored and which can be accessed by Specifying its name. A floppy disk will normally contain only one directory , a high capacity hard disk or other storage system may contain several fr the storage of different type of files. DISK DRIVE,>.A peripheral device in which data is stored on rotating magnetic disk (fixed in the case of a high capacity hard disk drive and interchangeable in the case of lower capacity floppy disk drives). Disk Operating System. A type of program , some of which is permanently resident in the computer which other programmes are being run, which co-ordinates the operation of the disk storage systems and other functions. FILE > The normal vehicle for the storage of data or programs with a name and other identifiers to enables its location. FLOPPY DISK > An inexpensive and re-usable form of magnetic storage, used in conjunction with a floppy disk drive.NEHRU YUVA COMPUTER SHIKSHA KENDRA Chakdaha * Nadia FONT > Aset of character instructions , which produce letters of a particular style when run through a printer. FUNCTIONAL KEYS > (F'1 — F12). A set of special keys, which can be programmed by software, of by the user to perform certain labour-saving tasks. HARD COPY > Printed output from a file. HARD DISK > A high capacity storage medium in which sophisticated non — interchangeable disks are used instead of the smaller capacity floppy disks. FAT = FILE ALLOWCATION TABLE NTFS = NEW TECHNOLOGY FILE SYSTEM HARDWARE > The magnetic, mechanical and electrical components of a computer and its peripheral. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE > Any programming language which code_used bya computers central processing unit ICON > A pictorial system of identifiers, used in many advanced application programme to replace keyboard — based commands. LASER PRINTERS > A type of printer permitting high-resolution printing which the use of laser technology. LINE PRINTER > A printer able, like a laser printer, to printa.line of type simultaneously instead of one character at atime. MENU_> A graphic representation on screen dufing the running of a programme. Which present a choice of actions to a user. MS- DOS > Microsoft Disk Operating System . A popular operating system. MOUSE > A Input device, which. is connacted to the computer NETWORK -> A system comprising Séveral keyboards and screens with one or more central processing tnits, and allowing several users at once to draw on the same date or altematively to use a different program at each terminal. & \ilintermediate program which resides between the applications program, (Word nid the-central processing unit itself, and which co-ordinates various aspects of the machine's operation», 4 SOFTWARE. > jth a computer, but not normally, the date files themselves. No TRACK’ An area of a magnetic storage medium such as a floppy diskihard diskiCD on which particular data is stored. V.D.U > VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT The screen of most computer (exce| CRT=Cathode Ray Tube L.CD=Liquid Crystal Display .ot portables or other using LCD of gas plasma displays), sees CRT. -6NEURU YUVA COMPUTER SHIKSHA KENDRA Chakdaha * Nadia WINDOWS > Wi onhanced foakinon half to hoop your lowe nan Operating Byslon vihieh makes your computer ea nt inyprnves 4 t0 ise with new and Hipiitor's Feliabiily hy jnliorueing Hew wizards, uliliies and fosource that Jone HiNnInG aioli I ftiie faster Than MSDO8 and inelides a suite of prograrns: onignod to aptinize yous oan y vil J toyethor Winakes your computer Mors ontortaining and fan by Inlradielng Howe fealites Hike tolevision, video playback and support for neve Harcware, We oltloloney, 4 COMPUTER Va A HUMAN BEING > Man can respond to 8 cortain problony by tis fn Fosponding by the way AFOUL The Gor tho Kayhonsd, procoawos Hin the G10. and reap ore fagter and agourate lh perforning certain bi toning il, thinking over it sitnilar yay. IL receives the problann through iin thie BOFOHN OF printer Hewever Computers are much or functions i HISTORY OF COMPUTEN MAGHANICAL COMPUTATIONAL MACHINES (1642-1716) ANALY HEAL CALCULATORS (using slectromagnotie ralays), (10308) Koradl Zino, John Atanasoll (lowa Stile College) George SibbitZ (Holl Labs) GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER (Mate Computers) Howard Atken(104 1) 1 GENERATION (Vaccum tube based,(1045 = 1955) ENIAG (Footronie Numerical Integrators and Computers) EDVAC y JAS-MACHINES (Ly John von Noumann using patallos binary arithinetic) 2" GENERATION (Transistor bined, (1955-1906) (LH of microprocessor industries) PDP -1,1M-790(1001),Fiist video game (at MET),PDP-8(A major Invention ~ BUS),CDC. 6000(1004) 3" GENERATION(intogratod Circult bated) (1905-1980) (24yton /16MB addrons space), 4 GENERATION AND BEYOND (VLSI based, 1980 -) P.C.momoty roquiromont (2.4 GB and moro) (2 bytos addrowt space {Mid 1980's) (2 bylow addrons apaco (at prosant))NEHRU YUVA COMPUTER SHIKSHA KENDRA Chakdaha, Nadia INTERNET URL=UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR WWW=WORLD WIDE WEB IYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL ILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL RANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL IP=INTERNET PROTOCOL INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER {YER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE DYNAMIC HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE E-MAIL=ELECTRONICS MAIL INTER CONNECTED NETWORK INTERNET=I NETWORK LAN=LOCAL AREA NETWORK MAN=METROPOLITON AREA NETWORK WAN=WIDE AREA NETWORK SOME WEB SITES NAME www.indianrall. gov. www.indianpassport.nic. www klyuniv.ac.in www.123greetings.com www.westbengal.com www filehippo.com www.westbengaltourism,gov.in www.rediff.com www.google.co.in woww..gmail.com www.orcut.com, www.yahoo.co.inNEHRU YUVA COMPUTER SHIKSHA KENDRA Chakdaha, Nadia ABBREVIATIONS (OS=OPERATING SYSTEM MSDOS=MICRO SOFT DICS OPERATING SYSTEM CUI=CHARACTER USER INTERFACE GUISGRAPHICS USER INTERFACE UPS=UN INTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY CPU=CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT ALUSARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT WITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY |ASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM CMOS=COMPLEMENTARY METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR SMPS=SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY IC=INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ASCII=AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE VDU (VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT) CRT=CATHODE RAY TUBE HIN FILM TRANSISTOR IQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY MEMORY (TEMPORARY; RAM=RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY ROM=READ ONLY MEMORY PROM=PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY EPROM=ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY MEMORY (PERMANENT) HDD=HARD DISK DRIVE FDD=FLOPPY DISK DRIVE CDD=COMPACT DISK DRIVE DVD=DIGITAL VERSATILE/VIDEO DISC EXTENSION NAME FILE FORMAT BMP=BIT MAP PICTURE JPEG=JOINT PAGE EXPERT GRAPHICS |OTION PICTURE EXPERT GRAPHICS }OCUMENT XLS=EXCEL PPT=POWER POINT MDB=MICROSOFT DATA BASE PEt