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Chapter 5 Chemical Bond

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5.1 Basics of Compound Formation

1. Noble gases are stable because the valence shells are fully filled with electrons.

2. Besides noble gases, atoms of other elements are unstable because they do not have stable
duplet or octet electron arrangement.只有 noble gas 是 stable 的（stable 代表不会和其他 atom
有化学反应）

3. These atoms can achieve the stable electron arrangement by:

a) Transfer of electrons
b) Sharing of electrons

4. There are two types of chemical bonds:

a) Ionic bond （Transfer of electrons）

b) Covalent bonds （Sharing of electrons）

5.2 lonic Bond

1. An ionic bond is formed when a metal atom transfer electrons to a non-metal atom.

2. Metal atoms from Groups 1, 2 and 13 in the Periodic Table of Elements have 1, 2 and 3 valence
electrons respectively.

3. Metal atom releases(loses/donate) valence electrons to form positive ion (cation).

要懂画,不要忘记画括号右上角的 charge！

Na 丢掉一粒 e, e=-1, 0 - ( -1 ) = +1

4. Non-metal atoms from Groups 15, 16 and 17 in the Periodic Table of Element have 5, 6 and 7
valence electrons respectively.

5. Non-metal atom accepts electrons from a metal atom to form negative ion (anion).
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F 收一粒 e, 0 + (-1) = -1

6. Positive ion and negative ion are attracted to each other by strong electronic attraction forces are
called ionic bond.

** Half equation 的时候，e 在箭头左边代表 absorb e, 在箭头右边代表 release e

做题目的时候，我喜欢先用铅笔写一下 molecular formula, 我就会知道是需要画两个 Li

Electron 画 dot 和打叉是为了看得更清楚是谁的 electron

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要厉害换 molecular formula👍

Essays:这种绝对绝对会出!!
题目 1：Describe the formation of ionic bond in sodium chloride.

Given that the proton number of sodium is 11 and chlorine is 17.（ 铅笔写在旁边：NaCl）

• A sodium atom with electron arrangement of 2.8.1 donates 1 valence electron to achieve the
stable octet electron arrangement. A sodium ion, Na+ is formed.
• A chlorine atom with electron arrangement of 2.8.7 accepts 1 electron from sodium atom to
achieve the stable octet electron arrangement. A chloride ion, Cl- is formed.
• Na+ ion and Cl- ion are attracted to each other by strong electrostatic attraction force.
• An ionic compound with the formula NaCI is formed.
**可以用铅笔画出来，你会更清楚&方便写 essay，
画很丑很随便也不要紧（因为 essay 画画没有算分的哈哈）

题目 2：Describe the formation of ionic bond in magnesium fluoride.

Given that the proton number of magnesium is 12 and fluorine is 9. （自己尝试换

molecular formula 看看）

• A magnesium atom with electron arrangement of 2.8.2 donates 2 valence election to achieve
the stable octet electron arrangement. A magnesium ion, Mg2+ is formed.
• Each of two fluorine atoms with electron arrangement 2.7 accepts 1 electron from
magnesium atom. Two fluoride ions, F- are formed.
• Mg2+ ion and F- ions are attracted to each other by strong electrostatic attraction force.
• An ionic compound with the formula MgF2 is formed.
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5.3 Covalent Bond

1. Covalent bonds are formed when non-metal atoms share their electrons with each other.

2. Non-metal atoms can be

a) atoms from Group 14, 15, 16 and 17.

b) hydrogen atoms (proton number = 1).

3. During the formation of covalent bond, each non-metal atom contributes 1, 2 or 3 electrons to
each other for sharing and form molecule.

4. There are 3 types of covalent bonds:

a) Single covalent bond - sharing of 1 pair of electrons.

b) Double covalent bond - sharing of 2 pair of electrons.
c) Triple covalent bond - sharing of 3 pair of electrons.

5. Single covalent bond

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6. Double covalent bond

7. Triple covalent bond

Essays: 重要

题目 1：Describe the formation of covalent bond in water molecule.

Given that the proton number of hydrogen is 1 and oxygen is 8. (H2O)

• A hydrogen atom, H with electron arrangement of 1 needs 1 more electron to achieve stable
duplet electron arrangement.
• An oxygen atom, O with electron arrangement of 2.6 needs 2 more electrons to achieve the
stable octet electron arrangement.
• Each of two hydrogen atoms contributes 1 valence electron and one oxygen atom
contributes 2 electrons to be shared.
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• One oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms share 2 pairs of electrons forming two single
covalent bonds.
• A covalent compound with the formula H2O is formed.

**跟 essay ionic bond 一样, 画出来会看得比较清楚

题目 2：Describe the formation of covalent bond in methane molecule.

Given that the proton number of hydrogen is 1 and carbon is 6.

• A hydrogen atom, H with electron arrangements 1 needs 1 more electron to achieve stable
duplet electron arrangement.
• A carbon atom, C with electron arrangement 2.4 needs 4 more electrons to achieves stable
octet electron arrangement.
• Each four hydrogen atoms contribute 1 valence electron and one carbon atom contributes 4
valence electrons to be shared.
• One carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms share 4 pair of electrons forming four single
covalent bonds.
• A covalent compound with the formula CH4 is formed.

Comparison between Ionic Bond and Covalent Bond

Ionic bond Covalent bond

Similarities

• Involve valence electrons only

• Atoms achieve stable duplet or octet electron arrangement

Differences

Transfer of electrons Sharing of elections

Between metal atoms and non-metal atoms Between non-metal atoms

Forms positive ion and negative ion Form a molecule

5.4 Hydrogen Bond

1. There are some atoms with high electronegativity, these include fluorine, F, oxygen, O and
nitrogen, N atoms. （FON）

2. Hydrogen bond is attraction force between hydrogen atom, H that is bonded to a highly
electronegative atom with fluorine, F, oxygen, O and nitrogen, N atoms in another molecule. （重
要，要一字不漏的记得，chemistry 考 definition 的时候很严，漏一个字都会 0 分）
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3. For example, hydrogen bond can be formed between hydrogen fluoride, HF, between water
molecules, H2O or between ammonia molecules, NH3.

Essays: 重要

题目 1：Describe the formation of hydrogen bond between water molecules, H2O.

• Water molecule, H2O consists of hydrogen atoms, H that are bonded to oxygen atom, O.
Oxygen atom has high electronegativity.
• The attraction force is formed between hydrogen atom in a water molecule with oxygen
atom in another water molecule.
• A hydrogen bond is formed.

**hydrogen bond is attraction force between molecules, not between atom!

是连接 molecule& molecule, 不是 atom& atom

题目 2：Describe the formation of hydrogen bond between ammonia molecules, NH3.

• Ammonia molecule , NH3 consists of hydrogen atom, H that are bonded to nitrogen atom, N.
Nitrogen atom has high electronegativity.
• The attraction force is form between hydrogen atom in a ammonia molecule with nitrogen
atom in another ammonia molecule.
• A hydrogen bond is formed.

4. Hydrogen bonds are weaker than ionic bonds or covalent bonds, but stronger than Van der Waals
forces.

5. Role of hydrogen bonds in daily life:

a) Hair sticks together when wet

When hair is wet, hair protein molecules will form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Water
molecules will also form hydrogen bonds with other hair protein molecules. This causes hair to stick
together. （头发是我们吃进去的蛋白质组成，蛋白质里面有 hydrogen）
b) Paper stick to wet finger
Cellulose in paper consists of hydroxyl group (-OH). When the fingers are wet, water molecules on
the finger will form hydrogen bonds with -OH group in the cellulose in paper. Thus, paper will stick to
the finger.
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7. Effect of hydrogen bonds on the physical properties of substances:

a) The boiling point of ethanol, C2H5OH (78 °C) is higher compared to chlorine, Cl2 (-34 °C).
b) Ethanol molecules, C2H5OH are attracted by hydrogen bonds and weak Van Waals forces.
c) Chlorine molecules, Cl2, are attracted by weak Van Waals forces only. Hence, less heat
energy is needed to overcome the weak Van der Waals forces.

d) Ethanol, C2H5OH is soluble in water due to the presence of hydrogen bonds between ethanol
molecule and water molecule.

5.5 Dative Bond

1. Dative bond or coordinate bond is a type of covalent bond between two atoms whereby the
shared pair of electrons are from one of the atoms.（只有一个 atom 在付出 ）
Essays: 重要
题目 1：Describe the formation of hydroxonium ion, H3O+ through dative bond between hydrogen
ion and oxygen atom in water.

• Hydrogen ion, H+ does not have any electrons in its shell.

• Oxygen atom in water molecule has a lone pair of electrons that can be shared with the
hydrogen ion.
• The shared pair of electrons form a dative bond.
• The oxygen atom and all hydrogen atoms have achieved the stable octet and duplet electron
arrangement.
题目 2：Describe the formation of ammonia ion, NH4+ through dative bond between hydrogen ion
and nitrogen atom in ammonia.
• Hydrogen ion, H+ does not have any electrons in its shell.
• Nitrogen atom in ammonia molecule has a lone pair of electrons that can be shared with the
hydrogen ion.
• The shared pair of electrons form a dative bond.
• The nitrogen atom and all hydrogen atoms have achieved the stable octet and duplet
electron arrangement.

5.6 Metallic Bond

1. Metal atoms have 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons.
2. In solid state, metal atoms are packed closely in an orderly manner.
3. Even in solid state, valence electrons of metal atoms can be donated easily and delocalised.
Positively-charged metal ions are formed.
4. The delocalised valence electrons move freely between the metal structure and form a sea of
electrons.
5. The electrostatic forces between the sea of electrons and the positively-charged metal ion form
the metallic bond.
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6. Metals can conduct electricity because the delocalised electrons in the sea of electrons can
move freely and carry electrical charges from the negative terminal to the positive terminal.

5.7 Properties of Ionic Compounds and Covalent Compounds

Properties of lonic Compounds
1. lonic compound consist of positive and negative ions which are held together by strong
electrostatic attraction forces.
2. Therefore,
a) High melting and boiling points. They are not easily volatile.不容易挥发/蒸发
* Reason: Ions are attracted to each other by strong electrostatic attraction forces. More
heat energy is needed to overcome these forces.
b) Conduct electricity in molten state 熔解 or aqueous solution 水解, but not in solid state.
* Reason: At solid state, ions are attracted to each other by strong electrostatic attraction
forces and cannot move freely. In molten and aqueous states, ions can move freely to carry
electrical charges.
c) Soluble in water.
*Reason: Water molecules help to overcome electrostatic attraction force between ions and
break down the lattice structure 晶格结构（固定的形状）of the solid ionic compound.
d) Insoluble in organic solvent.
*Reason: Organic solvent cannot overcome electrostatic attraction force between ions in the
solid ionic compound.

Properties of Covalent Compounds

1. Covalent compound consists of neutral molecules which are held together by weak Van der Waals
attraction forces (intermolecular forces).
2. Therefore，
a) Low melting and boiling points. They are easily volatile.
*Reason: Covalent molecules are attracted to each other by Weak Van der Waals forces. Less
heat energy is needed to overcome these forces.
b) Cannot conduct electricity in all states.
*Reason: Covalent compound consists of neutral molecules. They do not contain free
moving ions. （neutral molecules 的 charge=0, 所以不带电）
c) Insoluble in water.
d) Soluble in organic solvent.
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Structure of Covalent Compounds

Covalent compound
Simple molecule Giant molecule
Example

Structure • Small and simple structures • Very large structures

• Available in solids, liquids, or gases • Usually exists as solids

Chemical • Strong covalent bonds in the molecules • Strong covalent bonds in the molecules
bond • Weak Van der Waals forces between • No weak Van der Waals forces between
molecules molecules

Melting Low because less heat energy is needed to High because more heat energy is needed
and overcome the weak Van der Waals forces to overcome the strong covalent bonds
boiling between molecules
points

Uses of lonic and Covalent Compounds

Ionic compound Use

Lithium iodide Used in batteries 锂电池

Ammonium nitrate, Potassium chloride Used in fertilisers 肥料
Sodium bicarbonate Used in antacids to relieve gastric pain
胃片减轻胃痛
Sodium chlorate (V) Used for domestic cleaning 家用清洁

Covalent compound Use

Bromoethane, Chloropicrin Used in pesticides to kill weeds and insects 杀虫剂

Paracetamol Used to treat fevers and irritation 治疗发烧和发炎
Glycerol 甘油 Used in skincare products to moisturise skin and
help to prevent dry skin 滋润
Pigment 颜料，Turpentine solvent 火水 Used in paint