Mobile Application Development

Pre – Requirements for ANDROID

Basic Introduction
Android – Open Source & Linux Based OS for Mobile Devices, Smartphones,
Tablets, Computers et…
Android apps can be developed using Kotlin Programming Language or
Java Programming Language.
Java is a simple, powerful, and robust object-oriented programming
language suited for various purposes like Android apps, web apps, server
apps, embedded systems, big data and more.
Kotlin is a programming language that runs on a Java virtual machine
(JVM), can be compiled into JavaScript, and run-in browsers. An Android
developer can code on Kotlin/Native and use IDE to build cross-platform
apps.
Kotlin and Java provide almost the same speed for coding.
As both Kotlin and Java compile to ByteCode (which runs on JVM) it is a
daunting task to compare them when it comes to memory usage. Hence,
measuring, tracking, and comparing their performance is hard.
Android applications are usually developed in Java language using android
software development kit.

Basic Understanding of Java is Required for Android

1. JAVA OOPS Concepts
2. Control Statements
3. Java Basics
4. Interface
5. Inheritance
6. Packages
7. Type Casting
8. Multi-Threading
9. Exception Handling
10. Java Annotations
11. IO
12. Collections
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Syntax :
1. Variables :
int rollnumber = 3;
char name = 'X';
float income = 500.36;
Local Variables: These can be defined inside method, constructor or
also inside block. The scope or life time of local variable destroyed
with end of method completion.

Instance variables: These are associated with the object creation. As

the object get created instance variable also get created

Class Variable/static variables: These are loaded and initialized when

class is loaded in JVM and there exists only one copy of class variable

public class TypeOfVariable{

public static int staticvariable;
int instancevariable;
public void printValue(){
int localvariable;
System.out.println("the value of staticvariable \t"+staticvariable);
System.out.println("the value of instancevariable\t"+instancevariable);
System.out.println("the value of localvariable \t"+localvariable);
}
public static void main(String args[]){
TypeOfVariable object=new TypeOfVariable();
object.printValue();
}
}

2. Data Type
Byte
Short
Int
Long
Char
Float
Double
Boolean

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3. String
String s1= “Welcome to Android Lecture Series”;
String s2 = new String(“This is example of String”);
Functions : compare(), concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(),
compareTo(), charAt(), endsWith(), indexOf(), trim(),
toLowerCase(),startsWith()

4. Operators
4.1 Arithmetic Operator : +, -, /, *, %
4.2 Unary Operator : +2, -2, x++, --x,
4.3 Equality & Relational Opeator : = =, !=, <, >, <=, >=
4.4 Conditional Operator : &&, ||, ?:
4.5 Assignment : =, +=, -=, *=,
4.6 Bitwise Operator : &, ^, |,

5. Keywords : Abstract, Continue, For, New, switch, assert, default, goto,

package, synchronized, boolean, do, if, private, this, break, double,
implements, protected, throw, byte, else, import, public, throws, case,
enum****, instanceof, return, transient, catch extends, int, short, try,
char, final, interface, static, void, class, finally, long, strictfp**, volatile,
const*, float, native, super and while

6. Class & Objects

class LearnAndroid{
int sub_code;
String file_path;

LearnAndoroid la = new LearnAndroid();

7. Arrays
Array Declaration in JAVA

int[] arr;

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arr = new int [5];

int [] arr = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

String fullname = new String[3];

Fullname[0] = “Jenis”
Fullname[1] = “Jayesh”
Fullname[2] = “Shah”

Multidimensional Array :
Int [][] learnArray = new int[2][3];

int[][] learn2DArray= new int[2][];//right way to write

int[][] learn2DArray= new int[][3];//wrong way to write

int[][] learn2DArray=new int[2][];

learn2DArray[0]=new int[2];
learn2DArray[1]=new int[2];

8. Inheritance
class Base
{
//Code of Base class
}

Class Child extends Base

{
//extends the properties of base class
}

Multiple inheritance is not supported in java.

Types:
Single, Multi Level and Hierarchical

9. Abstraction
It is a process of hiding internal working and showing only necessary
details.

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abstract class LearnAndroid

{
abstract void test();
abstract void messaging();
{
System.out.println("Messaging");
}
}

class TestAndroid extends LearnAndroid

{
Void test()
{
System.out.println(“Start Testing”);
}
}

psvm(String args[])
{
TestAndroid ta = new TestAndroid();
ta.test();
}

10. Interface
- 100% Abstraction
- Contains methods which has no implementation
- Uses implement keyword
interface vehicle {
void inition();
void breaking();
}

class TwoWheeler implements vehicle {

public void ignition() {

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}
}

One interface can extends another interface. Remember interface cannot

implements other interface, only class can do that.
all the methods of Interface does not have body at all. So these methods
must be implemented in some other class before accessing them.
Class which is implementing Interface must override/implement all the
declared methods inside interface

11. Encapsulation
Encapsulation is a process of hiding the data from the users or in
other words we can say it protects the code by preventing access
from the outside class.
class Test
{
int a;
int b;

public Test(int a, int b)

{
this.a= a; this.b= b;
}
public void setA(int a){ this.a =a }
public int getA() { return a; }
}

12. Polymorphism
- Run time polymorphism: Dynamic Binding at Run time : Method
Overriding
- Compile time polymorphism : Method Overloading

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class Test
{

public int sum(int a, int b)

{
return (a+b);
}
public int sum(int a, int b, int c)
{
return(a+b+c);
}
}

Runtime
class Base {
public void read()
{
System.out.println(“Hello Base Class”);
}
}
class Child{
public void read()
{
System.out.println(“Hello Child Class”);
}

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class TestRunTimePolymorphism
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
Base b = new Child();
b.read(); // call child class
Base c = new Base();
b.read(); // call base class
}

13. Constructor :
- A constructor always has a same name as the class whose instance
members they initialize.
- A constructor does not have a return type,
- not even void.
- It is because the constructor is automatically called by the compile
whenever an object of the class is created.

class Test
{
int a,b;
Test()
{
a = 3; b = 5;
}
Test(int c, int d)
{
a = c; b = d;
}
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}
Default Constructor : public Test() {}
Parameterized Constructor: `` public Test(int c, int d) {}
Copy Constructor : Test( Test obj ) { a = obj.a; b = obj.b }

How to call constructors:

Default constructor: Test t = new Test();
Parameterized Constructor : Test t1 = new Test(3,4);
Copy Constructor : Test t2 = new Test(t1);

14. Multi Threading

- Multithreading in Java is a process of executing multiple threads
simultaneously.
- Thread = Light Weight Sub Process
- Non Blocking Paradigm, Multiple Operations at a Same time

Creating Thread
- By Extending Thread Class
- Implementing Runnable Interface
Ex:
- Thread()
- Thread ( String Name)
- Thread( Runnable r)
- Thread ( Runnable r, String Name)

Methods of Thread :

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Run(), start(), sleep(), join(), getPriority(), setPriority(),suspend(),

resume(), stop(), interrupt(), getId() etc…..

By extending Thread Class

class MultiThreadEx extends Thread {
public void run(){
System.out.println(“Thread is running”);
}

public stactic void main(String args[])

{
MultiThreadEx mlt1 = new MultiThreadEx();
mlt1.start();
}
}

Implementing Runnable Interface

class MultiThreadEx2 implements Runnable{
public void run(){
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}

public static void main(String args[]){

MultiThreadEx2 m1=new MultiThreadEx2 ();
Thread t1 =new Thread(m1);
t1.start();

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}
}

Multithreading in Android
Multi-Threading in Android is a unique feature through which more than
one threads execute together without hindering the execution of other
threads.
Multi-Threading in Android is not different from conventional multi-
Threading.

15. Exception handling in Java

- Checked Exception : IOException, SQLException etc. Checked
exceptions are checked at compile-time.
- Unchecked Exception : ArithmeticException, NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
they are checked at runtime
- Errors
OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc…

public class ExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try
{
int data=50/0; //may throw exception
}
// handling the exception by using Exception class
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
System.out.println("rest of the code");
}

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16. Collections
Lists
- ArrayLists : ArrayList is a dynamic data structure in which you can
add or remove any number of elements and those elements are
stored in ordered sequence. It may also contain duplicate values.

ArrayList<Integer> aList = new ArrayList<Integer>();

aList.add(5);
aList.add(11);
aList.add(17);

Other methods : clear(), clone(),

- LinkList : Linked List is a type of Linear Data Structure that is

second mostly used data structure after array, which allocates
memory dynamically at run time that is it doesn’t require any size
initialization as in case of array.
LinkedList<String> linkedList=new LinkedList<String>();

- Vector:
Vector is type of data structure that implements List Interface. It is
very much similar to ArrayList as it also maintains insertion order,
that is elements are retrieved in same order as they are added into
it.

Like Arrays it has index value that is automatically allocated to it,

but main think which distinguishes it is, it can grow or shrink its
capacity according to the need after it is created, as it implements
growable array.

Vector<Integer> vectorObject = new Vector<Integer>(4);

vectorObject.add(3);
vectorObject.add(5);

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Map

- HashMaps
HashMap is a type of Collection, that stores our data in a pair such
that each element has a key associated with it. The pair of key and
value is often known as Entry and these entries can have only
unique keys.
HashMap does not allow Entry with duplicate key, it overlaps old
value with new one. Below program helps you understand this.

HashMap<Integer,String> HashMap=new
HashMap<Integer,String>();

//Step 2: Adding Key Value pair

HashMap.put(1001,"India");

- LikedHashMap,
In Addition to all the functionalities of HashMap Class, the
functionality of maintaining the insertion is added into
LinkedHashMap and to attain this functionality all the entries(key
and value) are linked to each other using doubly-linked list. This
doubly-linked list maintains the iteration ordering, which is in
general the order in which keys were added in the map.

Map<String, Integer> linkedHashMapobject = new

LinkedHashMap<String, Integer>();

linkedHashMapobject.put("Samsung Grand quattro price ", new

Integer(10000));
TreeMap

Others are iterator, Set, HashSet, TreeSet

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SDLC

Requirements Gathering → Planning → Designing → Developing → Testing

→ Deployment
Various SDLC Models
Waterfall Model
Iterative Model
Spiral Model

Flowchart
Improved Communication. Flowchart software empowers entire teams to
collaborate as they create, edit, and analyze flowcharts. ...
Benefit 2: Visual Clarity. ...
Benefit 3: Effective Analysis. ...
Benefit 4: Problem Solving. ...
Benefit 5: Documentation.

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Flowchart for basic User Login Registration and Forgot Password

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Data Flow Diagram

A data flow diagram is a graphical depiction of flow of data through

intended software system and is used as 1st step to create an overview of
system.
It shows how data enters and leaves the system, what changes the
information, and where data is stored.

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- All names should be unique. This makes it easier to refer to elements

in the DFD.
- Remember that DFD is not a flow chart. Arrows is a flow chart that
represents the order of events; arrows in DFD represents flowing
data. A DFD does not involve any order of events.
- A diamond-shaped box is used in flow charts to represents decision
points with multiple exists paths of which the only one is taken. This
implies an ordering of events, which makes no sense in a DFD.
- Do not become bogged down with details. Defer error conditions and
error handling until the end of the analysis.

External Entity ( User )

Source of System Input
Or Sink of System Outputs

Process – Circle :
Perform some transformation of input data to get output data

Data Flow

Ex:
Context Time :

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Class Courses and

Faculty
List other info
Student
Registrat
ion s
Process
Class
Registra Class Schedule
r List

Level 1 DFD Diagram

SQL

SQL is to insert data into specific tables and to extract that data when
required using a range of different filters.

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Insert
Delete
Update
Read

Introduction To Android
- Open Source Linux based Operating System
- Developed by Open Handset Alliance led by Google
- Anyone can download the source code of android, change it as per
their requirements, add their own features
- Java language is mainly used to write the android code even though
other languages can be used.
- Goal of android project is to create a successful real-world product
that improves the mobile experience for end users.

Why Android ?
- Open Source
- Largest development community
- Increased marketing
- Inter app integration
- Reduced cost of development
- Higher success ratio
- Rich development environment

Android Versions Year Name API Level

API Level is an integer value that uniquely identifies the framework
API revision offered by a version of the Android platform.
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The Android platform provides a framework API that applications can use
to interact with the underlying Android system. The framework API
consists of:

- A core set of packages and classes

- A set of XML elements and attributes for declaring a manifest file
- A set of XML elements and attributes for declaring and accessing
resources
- A set of Intents
- A set of permissions that applications can request, as well as
permission enforcements included in the system

1.0 23 Sep, 2008 N/A 1

1.1 9 Feb, 2009 N/A 2

1.5 30 Apr, 2009 Cupcake 3

1.6 15 Sep, 2009 Donut 4

2.0/2.1 26 Oct, 2009 Éclair 5-7

2.2 20 May, 2010 Froyo 8

2.3 6 Dec, 2010 Gingerbread 9-10

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3.0/3.1/3.2 22 Feb, 2011 Honeycomb 11-13

4.0 18 Oct, 2011 Ice Cream Sandwich 14-15

4.1/4.2/4.3 9 Jul, 2012 Jelly Bean 16-18

4.4 31 Oct, 2013 KitKat 19-20

5.0/5.1 12 Nov, 2014 Lollipop 21-22

6.0 5 Oct, 2015 Marshmallow 23

7.0 2016 End Nougat 24

8.0 21 Aug, 2017 Oreo 26

9.0 16 Aug 2018 Pie 27

10 Android 10(Queen Cake) September 7 2019 29

11 Android 11(Red Velvet Cake) September 8 2020 30

12 Android 12 ( Snow cone) Launching Soon

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Features Of Android
1. NTC ( Near Field Communication ) : Easily interact across short
distance
2. Alternate Keyboards
3. Infrared Transmission ( Use phone or tablet as remote control)
4. No-Touch Control ( We can say it as gesture control )
5. Automation : Control app permission like location, music etc.
6. Storage: SQLite for storage purpose in smartphones
7. Media Support : Audio, Images & Video in various formats
8. Messaging : SMS & MMS
9. Web Browser
10. Connectivity: networks like: GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO,
UMTS, Bluetooth, WiFi, LTE and WiMAX.
11. Hardware Support : Accelerometer Sensor, Camera, Digital
Compass, Proximity Sensor & GPS and a lot more.
12. Tethering : Supports sharing of Internet as wired or wireless
hotspots.
13. Multi Touch and Multi Tasking
14. Video calling
15. Screen capture
16. External storage
17. Streaming media support
18. Optimized graphics
19. Widgets
20. Custom ROMs

Where you can publish your app

- Google play store
- SlideME
- Amazon App Store
- Aptoide
- AppsZoom
- Opera Mobile Store
- Mobango
- 1Mobile

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Categories For Android Applications

- Entertainment
- Music
- News
- Multimedia
- Sports
- Lifestyle
- Food & Drink
- Travel
- Weather
- Books
- Business
- Reference
- Navigation
- On demand delivery ( E-commerce )
- Social Media
- Utilities
- Finance

Advantages of Android Development For Developers

- Open Source
- Source code is freely available
- Customizable UI
- Faster Deployment
- High ROI with Low cost of investment
- Versatility & Scalability
- More 80% users are Android Device users
- Multiple Sales Channels

Disadvantages of Android Development For Developers

- Need multiple devices & time for testing
- Multitude of device screen size makes UI development challenging
- Launching new feature may malfunction on other devices
- Cost of testing my increase
- Device issue : Storage limit, Drains Battery, Over heating

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Global Users of Android & iOS

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Tools Required to start Android Development

- Android Studio
- JDK
- Genymotion ( Emulator For Developers)

Other Tools That You Can Use

- Eclipse
- IntelliJ Idea
- Unity 3D
- Many More…

Android Architecture

Android Architecture stack

1. Linux kernel
2. Native libraries (middleware),
3. Android Runtime
4. Application Framework
5. Applications

Linux Kernel
Android was created on the open source kernel of Linux. One main reason
for choosing this kernel was that it provided proven core features on which
to develop the Android operating system

This provides a level of abstraction between the device hardware and it

contains all the essential hardware drivers like camera, keypad, display etc.
It is responsible for device drivers, power management, memory
management, device management and resource access.

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HAL

The HAL consists of multiple library modules, each of which implements an

interface for a specific type of hardware component, such as the camera or
bluetooth module. When a framework API makes a call to access device
hardware, the Android system loads the library module for that hardware
component.

Libraries:
Running on the top of the kernel, the Android framework was developed
with various features. It consists of various C/C++ core libraries with
numerous of open source tools. Some of these are:
On the top of linux kernel, their are Native libraries such as WebKit,
OpenGL, FreeType, SQLite, Media, C runtime library (libc) etc.
The WebKit library is responsible for browser support, SQLite is for
database, FreeType for font support, Media for playing and recording audio
and video formats.
• android.app − Provides access to the application model and is the
cornerstone of all Android applications.
• android.content − Facilitates content access, publishing and messaging
between applications and application components.
• android.database − Used to access data published by content providers and
includes SQLite database management classes.
• android.opengl − A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D graphics rendering
API.
• android.os − Provides applications with access to standard operating system
services including messages, system services and inter-process
communication.
• android.text − Used to render and manipulate text on a device display.
• android.view − The fundamental building blocks of application user
interfaces.
• android.widget − A rich collection of pre-built user interface components
such as buttons, labels, list views, layout managers, radio buttons etc.
• android.webkit − A set of classes intended to allow web-browsing
capabilities to be built into applications.

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The Android runtime:

The Android runtime consist of core libraries of Java and ART(the Android
RunTime). Older versions of Android (4.x and earlier) had Dalvik runtime.

Open GL(graphics library):

This cross-language, cross-platform application program interface (API) is
used to produce 2D and 3D computer graphics.

WebKit:
This open source web browser engine provides all the functionality to
display web content and to simplify page loading.

Media frameworks:
These libraries allow you to play and record audio and video.

Secure Socket Layer (SSL):

These libraries are there for Internet security.

Android Run Time

It is the third section of the architecture. It provides one of the key
components which is called Dalvik Virtual Machine. It acts like Java Virtual
Machine which is designed specially for Android. Android uses it’s own
custom VM designed to ensure that multiple instances run efficiently on a
single device.

The Dalvik VM uses the device’s underlying Linux kernel to handle low-
level functionality ,including security, threading and memory management.
It consumes less memory and provides fast performance.
Application Framework

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The Android team has built on a known set proven libraries, built in the
background, and all of it these is exposed through Android interfaces.
These interfaces warp up all the various libraries and make them useful for
the Developer.
1. Activity Manager:
It manages the activity lifecycle and the activity stack.

2. Telephony Manager:
It provides access to telephony services as related subscriber
information, such as phone numbers.

3. View System:
It builds the user interface by handling the views and layouts.

4. Location manager:
It finds the device’s geographic location.
5. Content Providers − Allows applications to publish and share data
with other applications.
6. Resource Manager − Provides access to non-code embedded
resources such as strings, color settings and user interface layouts.
7. Notifications Manager − Allows applications to display alerts and
notifications to the user.

Applications:
Android applications can be found at the topmost layer. At application
layer we write our application to be installed on this layer only. Examples
of applications are Games, Messages, Contacts etc.

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Speech : Linux Kernal :

Identify the various Drivers Like Wifi, Pendrive, Mouse, Keyboard
Kernal is used to work between Hardware devices and OS
Kernal is Heart of OS
HAL : Work as Interface between Application & Kernal ( Camera app
request to HAL and send back to Kernal )
Native Library Layers:

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Libraries that is used to work for Android Apps

Mainly programmed in C/C++
Kernal is also written in C/C++
OPEN GL: Used to produce 2D and 3D Graphics
WebKit: WebBroser Engine to show Data from Website
Media Framework :
SQl Library: to store
Android Runtime : TO Run Apps & DVM is there User less power and
memory specially designed for
JVM: /java-- .class --- machine code
DVM: .java—classs--.dex—machine code
AFTER lollipop DVM is replaced by ART
Framework: Managers like Alarm, Notification,
App development is there in Framework
Application layer: In which the apps are working
XMPP “ Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol.
Resourses: Non Programmable things
ELF “ Execulable link formate “ Dex and Resourse code
DEX : dalvik executable
ODex” Optimize dalvik Executable files
Dex2Oat “
DexOpt
Ahead of time Compilation

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Android Building Blocks or App Components

Application components are the essential building blocks of an Android
application. These components are loosely coupled by the application
manifest file AndroidManifest.xml that describes each component of the
application and how they interact.
- Activities: They dictate the UI and handle the user interaction to the
smart phone screen.:
An activity represents a single screen with a user interface,in-
short Activity performs actions on the screen. For example, an
email application might have one activity that shows a list of new
emails, another activity to compose an email, and another activity
for reading emails.

- Services: They handle background processing associated with an

application.
A service is a component that runs in the background to perform
long-running operations. For example, a service might play music
in the background while the user is in a different application, or it
might fetch data over the network without blocking user
interaction with an activity.

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- Broadcast Receivers: They handle communication between Android

OS and applications.
Broadcast Receivers simply respond to broadcast messages from
other applications or from the system. For example, applications
can also initiate broadcasts to let other applications know that
some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for
them to use, so this is broadcast receiver who will intercept this
communication and will initiate appropriate action.

- Content Providers: They handle data and database management

issues.
A content provider component supplies data from one application
to others on request. Such requests are handled by the methods of
the ContentResolver class. The data may be stored in the file
system, the database or somewhere else entirely.

- Fragments: Represents a portion of user interface in an Activity.

- Views: UI elements that are drawn on-screen including buttons, lists
forms etc.
- Layouts: View hierarchies that control screen format and
appearance of the views.
- Intents: Messages wiring components together.
- Resources: External elements, such as strings, constants and
drawable pictures.
- Manifest: Configuration file for the application.

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Android Advance Components

SQLite
Webservice
XML
JSON
Retrofit
Material Design
GSON

Firebase
Google Map
Google Places
Google Cloud Messaging Services
Graphics Programming

SQLite: Use to store the data

App maintain data in one device
DisAdvantage: Data limited – we can not access data of other device or
store data over there

In real time data should be accessible from anywhere from world

Apart from storing data in SQL db
We may use SQL Server and MySQL
From APP we can not communicate with these servers directly
How to store data inthat ?
This communication possible using these technologies

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: java php .net

App → Technology → DB Servers

.net cannot understand the java object or vice versa

Hindi – Telugu
English as a co
- Need Common Language As well as Same Grammar rules and
medium to communicate
Android “ java code ==== MySQL Server has .net
1. Common language: XML or JSON ( Transfer the data bet technologies
)
2. Grammar rules : Protocols
3. Medium : Local Network or Internet

Web Services : Providing a communication bet two different technologies

Heavyweight webservices and restful service
Retrofit: For Powerful Performance for Restful Services
How to call web services ( XML + JSON knowledge )
GSON ----- Library to convert your object data into JSON and JSON to Object
Material Design: For Rich UI – New advance Ui Componenets like Recycler
view – toolbar- etc..
Fire Base: if you don’t know web development then you have firebase
Not required to knowledge of Webservives
Firebase Notificaiton – database storage – authentication – modifications –
remote configurations – crash report – Push Notificaitons
No server side prog is needed.

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Android Activity Life Cycle

• Each activity goes through various stages or a lifecycle and is

managed by activity stacks.
• when a new activity starts, the previous one always remains below it.
There are four stages of an activity.

Activity Stage

1. An activity is in the foreground of the screen

• Must be On Top of The Stack
• Said to be Active / Running
• It’s the activity that user is currently interacting with.
2. Activity has lost focus and a non-full-sized or transparent activity on top
of your activity.
• Another activity has a higher position in multi-window mode
• The activity itself is not focusable in the current window mode.
• Such activity is completely Alive.
3. An activity is completely hidden by another activity,
• it is stopped or hidden
• It still retains all the information,
• As its window is hidden thus it will often be killed by the system
when memory is needed elsewhere.
4. The system can destroy the activity from memory
• Destroy Activity either asking it to finish or simply killing its process.
• When it is displayed again to the user, it must be completely
restarted and restored to its previous state.

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Activity – Call Backs

• Activity class provides a number of callbacks that allow the activity to
know that a state has changed
• Within the lifecycle callback methods, you can declare how your
activity behaves when the user leaves and re-enters the activity.
• Ex: Video Streaming App – Internet - Switch To Another App – Back
to Same App
Good Implementation of Lifecyle Call Backs Avoids
• Crashing When User Receives Call or Switch to another app
• Consume Valuable Resources when User not actively using it
• Losing user’s progress if user leaves app & return to it later
• App Crashing or Losing Progress while Changing Screen – Portrait /
Landscape Orientation

Activity Call Back Methods

• To navigate transitions between stages of the activity lifecycle, the
Activity class provides a core set of six callbacks:
• onCreate()
• onStart()
• onResume()
• onPause()
• onStop()
• onRestart()
• onDestroy()
• System invokes each callbacks when Activity Enters New State

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Main Activity.java

package com.example.activitylifecycledemojjs;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Toast toast;
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "onCreate Called",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();

TextView textView = findViewById(R.id.firstActivity);

textView.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent intent;
intent = new Intent( MainActivity.this,
SecondActivity.class );
startActivity(intent);
}
});
}

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protected void onStart() {

super.onStart();
Toast toast;
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "onStart Called",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}

@Override
protected void onRestart() {
super.onRestart();
Toast toast;
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "onRestart Called",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}

protected void onPause() {

super.onPause();
Toast toast;
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "onPause Called",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}

protected void onResume() {

super.onResume();
Toast toast;
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "onResume Called",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}

protected void onStop() {

super.onStop();
Toast toast;
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "onStop Called",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}

protected void onDestroy() {

super.onDestroy();
Toast toast;
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "onDestroy Called",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}

SecondActivity.java
package com.example.activitylifecycledemojjs;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.Gravity;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

import com.example.activitylifecycledemojjs.R.layout;

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public class SecondActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(layout.activity_second);
Toast toast;
toast = Toast.makeText(this, "Second On Crreate",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
toast.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
toast.show();

TextView textView = findViewById(R.id.firstActivity);

textView.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent intent;
intent = new Intent( SecondActivity.this,
MainActivity.class );
startActivity(intent);
}
});
}

protected void onStart() {

super.onStart();
Toast toast;
toast = Toast.makeText(this, "Second On Start", Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
toast.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
toast.show();

@Override
protected void onRestart() {
super.onRestart();
Toast toast;
toast = Toast.makeText(this, "Second On Restart",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
toast.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
toast.show();

protected void onPause() {

super.onPause();
Toast toast;
toast = Toast.makeText(this, "Second On Pause", Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
toast.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
toast.show();

protected void onResume() {

super.onResume();
Toast toast;
toast = Toast.makeText(this, "Second On Resume",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
toast.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
toast.show();

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protected void onStop() {

super.onStop();
Toast toast;
toast = Toast.makeText(this, "Second On Stop", Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
toast.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
toast.show();

protected void onDestroy() {

super.onDestroy();
Toast toast;
toast = Toast.makeText(this, "Second On Destroy",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
toast.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
toast.show();

Activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="@color/teal_200"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<TextView

android:id="@+id/firstActivity"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:fontFamily="serif-monospace"
android:text="First Activity"
android:textSize="36sp"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.499" />

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

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Activity_second.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="#689FF1"
tools:context=".SecondActivity">

<EditText
android:id="@+id/firstActivity"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:fontFamily="serif-monospace"
android:text="Second Activity"
android:textSize="36sp"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

String.xml
<resources>
<string name="app_name">ActivityLifeCycleDemoJJS-2</string>
</resources>

Colors.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<resources>
<color name="purple_200">#FFBB86FC</color>
<color name="purple_500">#FF6200EE</color>
<color name="purple_700">#FF3700B3</color>
<color name="teal_200">#FF03DAC5</color>
<color name="teal_700">#FF018786</color>
<color name="black">#FF000000</color>
<color name="white">#FFFFFFFF</color>
</resources>

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Fragments
History

• New concept of Android Honeycomb 3.0 – Android API version 11

• Provides modularity & reusability
•

Introduction

• A Fragment represents a reusable portion of your app's UI.

• Fragments cannot live on their own--they must be hosted by an
activity or another fragment.
• A Fragment is a piece of an activity which enable more modular
activity design.
• Android Fragment is the part of activity, it is also known as sub-
activity. There can be more than one fragment in an activity.
• Fragments represent multiple screen inside one activity.
• Android fragment lifecycle is affected by activity lifecycle because
fragments are included in activity.
• Each fragment has its own life cycle methods that is affected by
activity life cycle because fragments are embedded in activity

Points to Note Down For Fragments

• A fragment has its own layout and its own behaviour with its own life
cycle callbacks.
• You can add or remove fragments in an activity while the activity is
running.
• You can combine multiple fragments in a single activity to build a
multi-pane UI.
• A fragment can be used in multiple activities.
• Fragment life cycle is closely related to the life cycle of its host
activity which means when the activity is paused, all the fragments
available in the activity will also be stopped.

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• A fragment can implement a behaviour that has no user interface

component.
• Fragments were added to the Android API in Honeycomb version of
Android which API version 11.

Problem Before Fragment Introduction in Honeycomb 3.0 & – API 11

• Before fragment introduction, we had a limitation because we can
show only a single activity on the screen at one given point in time.
• So we were not able to divide device screen and control different
parts separately.
Solution After Fragments
• After Fragment we got more flexibility and removed the limitation of
having a single activity on the screen at a time.
• Now we can have a single activity but each activity can comprise of
multiple fragments which will have their own layout, events and
complete life cycle.
• Fragments introduce modularity and reusability into your activity’s
UI by allowing you to divide the UI into discrete chunks.
• Fragments are better suited to define and manage the UI of a single
screen or portion of a screen.

Examples For Fragment Concept

• Let’s take an application that On larger screens, the app should
display a static navigation drawer and a list in a grid layout.
• On smaller screens, the app should display a bottom navigation bar
and a list in a linear layout.
• Separating the navigation elements from the content can make this
process more manageable.
• The activity is then responsible for displaying the correct navigation
UI while the fragment displays the list with the proper layout.

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• In above figure On the left, a large screen contains a navigation

drawer that is controlled by the activity and a grid list that is
controlled by the fragment.
• On the right, a small screen contains a bottom navigation bar that is
controlled by the activity and a linear list that is controlled by the
fragment.

Ex 2 for Concept:

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• Ex: The application can embed two fragments in Activity A, when

running on a tablet-sized device.
• In Smartphone size device, no room for both fragments.
• So Activity A includes only the fragment for the list of articles,
• When the user selects an article, it starts Activity B, which includes
the second fragment to read the article.

Fragment Lifecycle

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Add Fragment Statically in Activity

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="horizontal">

<fragment
android:id="@+id/frg1"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"

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android:layout_weight="1"
android:name="com.example.fragmentexample.Frg1"/>

</LinearLayout>

Steps
1. Create another layout xml file for fragment
2. Create fragment ( By Extending the fragment class )
3. Set the layout xml file to fragment
4. Use fragment tag to include fragment in xml layout

1. Create Sample Blank fragment in xml layout:

Fragment_sample.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".sample"
android:background="@color/fragment_color">

</LinearLayout>

2. Sample.java
package com.example.simplefragmentdemo;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

public class sample extends Fragment {

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup
container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_sample, container,
false);
}
}

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3. AcivityMain.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:background="@color/activity_color">

<fragment
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/sampleFragment"
android:name="com.example.simplefragmentdemo.sample"
android:layout_margin="15dp"/>

</LinearLayout>

4. MainActivity.java
package com.example.simplefragmentdemo;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.os.Bundle;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
}
}

Not uSed Much for the developer

Example 1 Activity – 3 Fragments

1. Activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"

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android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="horizontal">

<fragment
android:id="@+id/frg1"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:name="com.example.fragmentexample.Frg1"/>

<fragment
android:id="@+id/frg2"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:name="com.example.fragmentexample.Frg2"/>

<fragment
android:id="@+id/frg3"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:name="com.example.fragmentexample.Frg3"/>

</LinearLayout>

2. Fragment_Frg1.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<FrameLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".Frg1">

<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="#FFC6C6"
android:text="Learn" />

</FrameLayout>

3. Fragment_frg2.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<FrameLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".Frg2">

<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

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<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="#AAC6C6"
android:text="With" />

</FrameLayout>

4. Fragment_frg3.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".Frg3">

<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:text="Jenis Shah"
android:background="#FAe606"/>
</FrameLayout>

5. Mainactivity.java
package com.example.fragmentexample;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

Button actbtn;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
actbtn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.actbtn);
actbtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"On Click In
Activity",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
});
}

6. Frg1.java
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package com.example.fragmentexample;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

public class Frg1 extends Fragment {

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup
container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_frg1, container,
false);
}
}
7. Frg2.java
package com.example.fragmentexample;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

public class Frg2 extends Fragment {

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup
container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_frg2, container,
false);
}
}

8. Frg3.java
package com.example.fragmentexample;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
public class Frg3 extends Fragment {

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@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup
container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_frg3, container,
false);
}
}

ADD – REMOVE – REPLACE FRAGMENTS DYNAMICALLY

Add Fragments
1. Create another layout xml file for fragment
2. Create fragment ( By Extending the fragment class )
3. Set the layout xml file to fragment
4. Host a layout that will host a Fragment
5. Writing a code to add fragment to Activity in Activity.xml File

1. Fragment_Sample2.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<FrameLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".SampleFragment2"
android:background="@color/teal_200"
>

<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:text="@string/FragmentExample2" />

</FrameLayout>

2. SampleFragment2.java
package com.example.fragmentdemoexm;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
public class SampleFragment2 extends Fragment {

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@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup
container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_sample2,
container, false);
}
}

3. ActivityMain.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:background="@color/purple_200">

<FrameLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/fragmentContainer1"
android:layout_margin="5dp"/>

</LinearLayout>

4. MainActivity.java
package com.example.fragmentdemoexm;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import androidx.fragment.app.FragmentManager;
import androidx.fragment.app.FragmentTransaction;
import android.os.Bundle;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
addFragment();
}

protected void addFragment(){

FragmentManager fragmentManager = getSupportFragmentManager();

FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction =
fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
SampleFragment2 sampleFragment2 = new SampleFragment2();
fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.fragmentContainer1,sampleFragment2);
fragmentTransaction.commit();

}
}
ADD – Fragment Method Steps

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Writing a code to add fragment to Activity in Activity - Java File

• Make a Method to Add Fragment

• Get Fragment Manager To Manage Fragment Transactions
• Create Fragment Transaction Objects
• Create Object of Sample Fragment Class
• Add Fragment Layout to Fragment Transaction
• Commit Transaction

protected void addFragment() {

FragmentManager fragmentManager = getSupportFragmentManager();
FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction =
fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
SampleFragment2 sampleFragment2 = new SampleFragment2();
fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.fragmentContainer1 , sampleFragment2);
fragmentTransaction.commit();
}

Logs in Android
API for sending log output.
Generally, you should use the Log.v(), Log.d(), Log.i(), Log.w(), and Log.e()
methods to write logs. You can then view the logs in logcat.

• The Log.e() method is used to log errors.

• The Log.w() method is used to log warnings.
• The Log.i() method is used to log informational messages.
• The Log.d() method is used to log debug messages.
• The Log.v() method is used to log verbose messages. : Involves more
information than the standard or typical logging process.
• The Log.wtf() method is used to log terrible failures that should
never happen. ("WTF" stands for "What a Terrible Failure!" of
course.)

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private static final String TAG = "MyApp";

Log.i(TAG, "I am logging something informational!");
Logging for exception :
try {
// ...
} catch (Exception exception) {
Log.e(TAG, "Received an exception", exception);
}

Logging for Activity

public class MySimpleAppActivity extends Activity {
private static final String TAG= "MySimpleAppLogging";
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
Log.i(TAG, "Info about MySimpleAppActivity.");
}
}

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 Mobile Application Development

Activity Life Cycle & Fragment Lifecycle – Relation

To check the relation between activity & fragment lifecycle we will

implement all override methods of both. But for that just add the fragment
by using any method static or dynamic.

We will do that with dynamic add fragment method by implementing add

Fragment method in mainactivity.java class.
So the code should be as below.
1. Fragment_sample1.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<FrameLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".SampleFragment1"
android:background="@color/teal_700">

<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:text="Fragment1-1" />

</FrameLayout>

2. SampleFragment1.java
package com.example.activityfragmentlifecyclerelation;

import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

import android.util.Log;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

public class SampleFragment1 extends Fragment {

private static final String Fragment_Name =

SampleFragment1.class.getSimpleName();
private static final String TAG = Fragment_Name;

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@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
Log.i(TAG,"ON Create Called");
}

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup
container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
Log.i(TAG,"ON CreateView Called");
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_sample1, container,
false);
}

@Override
public void onStart() {
super.onStart();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Start Called");
}

@Override
public void onPause() {
super.onPause();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Pause Called");
}

@Override
public void onResume() {
super.onResume();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Resume Called");
}

@Override
public void onDetach() {
super.onDetach();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Detach Called");
}

@Override
public void onDestroyView() {
super.onDestroyView();
Log.i(TAG,"ON DestroyView Called");
}

@Override
public void onAttach(Context context) {
super.onAttach(context);
Log.i(TAG,"ON Attach Called");
}

@Override
public void onActivityCreated(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState);
Log.i(TAG,"ON ActivityCreated Called");
}

@Override
public void onStop() {
super.onStop();

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 Mobile Application Development

Log.i(TAG,"ON Stop Called");

}

@Override
public void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Destroy Called");
}

3. Activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:background="@color/purple_700">

<FrameLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_margin="15dp"
android:id="@+id/frg1"/>

</LinearLayout>

4. MainActivity.java
package com.example.activityfragmentlifecyclerelation;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import androidx.fragment.app.FragmentManager;
import androidx.fragment.app.FragmentTransaction;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

private static final String Activity_Name =

MainActivity.class.getSimpleName();
private static final String TAG = Activity_Name;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Log.i(TAG,"ON Create Called");
addFragment();
}

protected void addFragment()

{
FragmentManager fragmentManager = getSupportFragmentManager();

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 Mobile Application Development

FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction =
fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
SampleFragment1 sampleFragment1 = new SampleFragment1();
fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.frg1,sampleFragment1);
fragmentTransaction.commit();
}
@Override
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Start Called");
}
@Override
protected void onResume() {
super.onResume();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Resume Called");
}
@Override
protected void onPause() {
super.onPause();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Pause Called");
}
@Override
protected void onStop() {
super.onStop();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Stop Called");
}

@Override
protected void onRestart() {
super.onRestart();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Restart Called");
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Destroy Called");
}
}

O/P:

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 Mobile Application Development

Add Fragment Using Button IN Activity

Code of above program is as it is. We just need to do following changes in

files.
1. In MainActivity.Java ( Changes in On Create Method and add one
button variable in the beginning )
private Button buttonAddFragment;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
buttonAddFragment = findViewById(R.id.buttonAddFrg);
buttonAddFragment.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
addFragment();
}
});
Log.i(TAG,"ON Create Called");

2. In Activity Main. Xml – add one button over there

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:background="@color/purple_700">

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/buttonAddFrg"
android:text="Add Fragment"/>
<FrameLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_margin="15dp"
android:id="@+id/frg1"/>

</LinearLayout>

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 Mobile Application Development

O/P

(IN the beginning Before clicking on Add Fragment Button)

(After clicking on Add Fragment Button – Methods of Fragment have been

also called)

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 Mobile Application Development

BackStack in Fragments

protected void addFragment()

{
FragmentManager fragmentManager = getSupportFragmentManager();
FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction =
fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
SampleFragment1 sampleFragment1 = new SampleFragment1();
fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.frg1,sampleFragment1);
fragmentTransaction.addToBackStack("frg"); //code
to add fragment to the back stack
fragmentTransaction.commit();
}

With this : when click on Back button – first fragment will remove then by
clicking on Back button again – then and only then Activity will remove

Motto : We will create 3 – fragments then add them into backstack and try to
check how backstack works.

1. Fragment_Sample1.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".SampleFragment1"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:gravity="center"
android:background="@color/frg1_color">

<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center"
android:textSize="80sp"
android:layout_gravity="center_vertical|center_horizontal"
android:text="1" />

</LinearLayout>

2. Fragment_Sample2.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout

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xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".SampleFragment2"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:gravity="center"
android:background="@color/frg2_color">

<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center"
android:textSize="80sp"
android:layout_gravity="center_vertical|center_horizontal"
android:text="2" />

</LinearLayout>

3. Fragment_Sample3.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".SampleFragment3"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:gravity="center"
android:background="@color/frg3_color">

<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center"
android:textSize="80sp"
android:layout_gravity="center_vertical|center_horizontal"
android:text="3" />

</LinearLayout>

4. SampleFragment1.java
package com.example.fragmentwithbackstack;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

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public class SampleFragment1 extends Fragment {

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup
container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_sample1, container,
false);
}
}

5. SampleFragment2.java
package com.example.fragmentwithbackstack;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

public class SampleFragment2 extends Fragment {

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup
container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_sample2, container,
false);
}
}

6. SampleFragment3.java
package com.example.fragmentwithbackstack;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

public class SampleFragment3 extends Fragment {

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup
container,

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 Mobile Application Development

Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_sample3, container,
false);
}
}

7. Activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:background="@color/teal_700"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:id="@+id/textCount"
android:text="Count is = "/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/buttonAddFrg"
android:text="Add Fragment"/>
<FrameLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_margin="15dp"
android:id="@+id/fragment_container"/>
</LinearLayout>

8. Mainactivity.java
package com.example.fragmentwithbackstack;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;
import androidx.fragment.app.FragmentManager;
import androidx.fragment.app.FragmentTransaction;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

private static final String Activity_Name =

MainActivity.class.getSimpleName();
private static final String TAG = Activity_Name;
private Button buttonAddFragment;

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 Mobile Application Development

private TextView textViewCount;

FragmentManager fragmentManager;
FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
buttonAddFragment = findViewById(R.id.buttonAddFrg);
textViewCount = findViewById(R.id.textCount);
fragmentManager = getSupportFragmentManager();
textViewCount.setText("Fragment count in back stack
"+fragmentManager.getBackStackEntryCount());
fragmentManager.addOnBackStackChangedListener(new
FragmentManager.OnBackStackChangedListener() {
@Override
public void onBackStackChanged() {
textViewCount.setText("Fragment Count in back stack
"+fragmentManager.getBackStackEntryCount());
}
});
buttonAddFragment.setOnClickListener(new
View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
addFragment();
}
});
Log.i(TAG,"ON Create Called");

@Override
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Start Called");
}
@Override
protected void onResume() {
super.onResume();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Resume Called");
}
@Override
protected void onPause() {
super.onPause();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Pause Called");
}
@Override
protected void onStop() {
super.onStop();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Stop Called");
}

@Override
protected void onRestart() {
super.onRestart();
Log.i(TAG,"ON Restart Called");
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();

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 Mobile Application Development

Log.i(TAG,"ON Destroy Called");

}

protected void addFragment()

{
Fragment fragment;
switch (fragmentManager.getBackStackEntryCount()){
case 0: fragment = new SampleFragment1(); break;
case 1: fragment = new SampleFragment2(); break;
case 2: fragment = new SampleFragment3(); break;
default: fragment = new SampleFragment1(); break;
}
fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.fragment_container,fragment);
fragmentTransaction.addToBackStack(null);
fragmentTransaction.commit();
}
}

CODE FOR Backstack:

fragmentManager.addOnBackStackChangedListener(new
FragmentManager.OnBackStackChangedListener() {
@Override
public void onBackStackChanged() {
textViewCount.setText("Fragment Count in back stack
"+fragmentManager.getBackStackEntryCount());
}
});

Code for Add Fragment

protected void addFragment()

{
Fragment fragment;
switch (fragmentManager.getBackStackEntryCount()){
case 0: fragment = new SampleFragment1(); break;
case 1: fragment = new SampleFragment2(); break;
case 2: fragment = new SampleFragment3(); break;
default: fragment = new SampleFragment1(); break;
}
fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.fragment_container,fragment);
fragmentTransaction.addToBackStack(null);
fragmentTransaction.commit();
}

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 Mobile Application Development

REMOVE FRAGMENT
1. In above code – Comment the addToBackstack() line
// fragmentTransaction.addToBackStack(null); & Run the code…

So now : When you press back button from any fragment : App will
directly get closed and No Back Stack Count will be maintained as no
fragment will be added in back stack
2. Add A Method : onBackPressed() // TO Remove Fragment
@Override
public void onBackPressed(){
Fragment fragment =
fragmentManager.findFragmentById(R.id.fragment_container);
if(fragment!=null)
{
fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
fragmentTransaction.remove(fragment);
fragmentTransaction.commit();
}
else {
super.onBackPressed();
}
}

Now run the program and check the output by clicking on the add fragment
and then back button…

As you can click on the Add Fragment Button : Only Fragment 1 will be added
one above another
So, to get Fragment 1 – 2 – 3 – By clicking on add button we need to edit code
of the previous addFragment Method()

PREVIOUS addFragment () Code :

protected void addFragment()

{
Fragment fragment;
switch (fragmentManager.getBackStackEntryCount()){
case 0: fragment = new SampleFragment1(); break;
case 1: fragment = new SampleFragment2(); break;
case 2: fragment = new SampleFragment3(); break;
default: fragment = new SampleFragment1(); break;
}
fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.fragment_container,fragment);

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// fragmentTransaction.addToBackStack(null);
fragmentTransaction.commit();
}

NEW-EDITED addFragment() Method Code

protected void addFragment()

{
Fragment fragment;
fragment = fragmentManager.findFragmentById(R.id.fragment_container);

fragment = fragmentManager.findFragmentById(R.id.fragment_container);
if(fragment instanceof SampleFragment1){
fragment = new SampleFragment2();
}
else if(fragment instanceof SampleFragment2)
{
fragment = new SampleFragment3();
}
else if(fragment instanceof SampleFragment3)
{
fragment = new SampleFragment1();
}
else{
fragment = new SampleFragment1();
}

fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.fragment_container,fragment);
fragmentTransaction.commit();
}

asdasdasā

Code For Replacement of Fragment Instead of Removal

protected void addFragment()

{
Fragment fragment;
fragment = fragmentManager.findFragmentById(R.id.fragment_container);
if(fragment instanceof SampleFragment1){
fragment = new SampleFragment2();
}
else if(fragment instanceof SampleFragment2)
{
fragment = new SampleFragment3();
}
else if(fragment instanceof SampleFragment3)
{
fragment = new SampleFragment1();
}
else{
fragment = new SampleFragment1();
}

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 Mobile Application Development

fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
fragmentTransaction.replace(R.id.fragment_container,fragment);

fragmentTransaction.commit();
}

Intents Formatted: Right: 0 cm, Tab stops: Not at 1.25 cm +

1.5 cm
Formatted: Font: Bold

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 Mobile Application Development

Intents in Android

• Have you ever do jump from one app to another?

• Like : Searching for a location on browser & direct jump to Map
application
• Like: Receiving payment link in SMS and by clicking on it Jump to PayTM
or Google Pay App
• This process from Jumping one app to another is done by Passing Intent.

• Android Intent is the message that is passed between components such

as activities, content providers, broadcast receivers, services etc.
• Intent are the objects which is used in android for passing the
information among Activities in an Application and from one app to
another also.
• Intent are used for communicating between the Application
components and it also provides the connectivity between two apps.

Intents are mainly Used for

• Start the service
• Sending user to another app
• Getting Result from the Activity
• Allowing apps to start Activity
• Dial a call
• Take user to camera to take Picture
• Take user to URL within android web browser
• Broad cast a message
• Display the list of contacts etc…

IMP Usages of Intent

• Intent for Activity :
To start a new activity you need to pass an Intent object to
startActivity() method. This Intent object helps to start a new activity
and passing data to the second activity.

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• Intent for Services:

Intents could be used to start a Service that performs one-time task like
download some file. or starting a Service you need to pass Intent to
startService() method.

• Intent For Broadcast Receiver :

Intents can be used to send broadcast messages into the Android
system. A broadcast receiver can register to an event and is notified if
such an event is sent.

Structure of Intent
Two important things are there in intent :
1. Action: The general action to be performed, such as ACTION_VIEW,
ACTION_EDIT, ACTION_MAIN, etc.
2. Data: The data to operate on, such as a person record in the contacts
database, expressed as a Uri
Examples:
- ACTION_VIEW content://contacts/people/1 -- Display
information about the person whose identifier is "1".
- ACTION_DIAL content://contacts/people/1 -- Display the phone
dialer with the person filled in.
- ACTION_VIEW tel:123 -- Display the phone dialer with the given
number filled in
- ACTION_DIAL tel:123 -- Display the phone dialer with the given
number filled in.
- ACTION_EDIT content://contacts/people/1 -- Edit information
about the person whose identifier is "1".
- ACTION_VIEW content://contacts/people/ -- Display a list of
people, which the user can browse through.
-
With this The Secondary Attributes are as below:
- Category -- Gives additional information about the action to
execute. Ex: CATEGORY_LAUNCHER : appear in launcher
- Type: - Specifies an explicit type (a MIME type) of the intent data.

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- component -- Specifies an explicit name of a component class to

use for the intent.
- Extras -- This is a Bundle of any additional information. This can
be used to provide extended information to the component
Types of Intent
1. Implicit Intent :
Implicit Intent doesn’t specify the component. In such a case, intent
provides information on available components provided by the system
that is to be invoked.
(With following code you can view the webpage)

Intent intentObj = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW);

intentObj.setData(Uri.parse("https://www.ljku.edu.in/"));
startActivity(intentObj)

2. Explicit intents:
- specify which application will satisfy the intent, by supplying either
the target app's package name or a fully-qualified component class
name
- In Explicit we use the name of component which will be affected by
Intent.
- Explicit Intent work internally within an application to perform
navigation and data transfer.
(How you can navigate from one activity to another activity)

Intent intent = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), SecondActivity.class);

startActivity(intent);

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 Mobile Application Development

Program for Implicit and Explicit Intent

We are going to create a Screen – 1 with EditText & 2 Buttons. By clicking on
1st button user will redirect to the entered URL. (This is Implicit Intent)
2nd button – By clicking on this button User will redirect to the second activity.
As well as Screen – 2 with Button and
1. Activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<EditText
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/editTextData"
android:layout_marginTop="100dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="20dp"
android:ems="10"
/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/implicit_button"
android:text="Click Here"
android:layout_marginTop="120dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="50dp"
/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/explicit_button"
android:text="Click To Go Second"
android:layout_marginTop="130dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="50dp"
/>
</LinearLayout>

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2. Activiy_second.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".SecondActivity"
android:background="@color/purple_200">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="This is Second Activity"
android:id="@+id/second_text_view"
android:layout_marginTop="130dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="50dp"
/>
<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/second_button"
android:text="Click To Go First"
android:layout_marginTop="130dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="20dp"
/>
</LinearLayout>

3. MainActivity.java
package com.example.implicitexplicitintent;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.content.Intent;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

private Button implicitButton, explicitButton;
private EditText URLtext;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
URLtext = findViewById(R.id.editTextData);
implicitButton = findViewById(R.id.implicit_button);
explicitButton = findViewById(R.id.explicit_button);
// code for implicit intent
implicitButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
String url = URLtext.getText().toString();
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW,
Uri.parse(url));

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startActivity(intent);
}
});
// code for explicit intent
explicitButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent intent = new Intent(getApplicationContext(),
SecondActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);
}
});

}
}

4. SecondActivity.java
package com.example.implicitexplicitintent;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;

public class SecondActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

private Button secondBtn; ;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_second);
secondBtn = findViewById(R.id.second_button);
secondBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent intent = new Intent(getApplicationContext(),
MainActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);
}
});

}
}

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Implicit intent Example O/P

Explicit Intent Example O/P

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2 nd Example of Intents
MainActivity.java
package com.example.implicitexplicitintent;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.content.Intent;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

private Button implicitButton, explicitButton;
private EditText URLtext;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
URLtext = findViewById(R.id.editTextData);
implicitButton = findViewById(R.id.implicit_button);
explicitButton = findViewById(R.id.explicit_button);
// code for implicit intent
implicitButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
String url = URLtext.getText().toString();
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW,
Uri.parse(url));
startActivity(intent);
}
});
// code for explicit intent
explicitButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent intent = new Intent(getApplicationContext(),
SecondActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);
}
});

}
}

Activity_Main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

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<EditText
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/editTextData"
android:layout_marginTop="100dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="20dp"
android:ems="10"
/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/implicit_button"
android:text="Click Here"
android:layout_marginTop="120dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="50dp"
/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/explicit_button"
android:text="Click To Go Second"
android:layout_marginTop="130dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="50dp"
/>
</LinearLayout>

Second Activity.java

package com.example.implicitexplicitintent;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;

public class SecondActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

private Button secondBtn; ;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_second);
secondBtn = findViewById(R.id.second_button);
secondBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent intent = new Intent(getApplicationContext(),
MainActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);
}
});

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}
}

Activity_Second.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".SecondActivity"
android:background="@color/purple_200">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="This is Second Activity"
android:id="@+id/second_text_view"
android:layout_marginTop="130dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="50dp"
/>
<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/second_button"
android:text="Click To Go First"
android:layout_marginTop="130dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="20dp"
/>
</LinearLayout>

O/P

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LAYOUTS IN ANDROID

• A layout defines the structure for a user interface in your app, such as in
an activity.
• Android Layout is used to define the user interface that holds the UI
controls or widgets that will appear on the screen of an android
application or activity screen.
• All elements in the layout are built using a hierarchy of View and
ViewGroup objects
• A View usually draws something the user can see and interact with.
• Whereas a ViewGroup is an invisible container that defines the layout
structure for View and other ViewGroup

View
• A View is a simple building block of a user interface.
• It is a small rectangular box that can be TextView, EditText, or even a
button.
• Usage : It occupies the area on the screen in a rectangular area and is
responsible for drawing and event handling.
• The use of a view is to draw content on the screen of the user’s Android
device.
• All of the views in a window are arranged in a single tree.
• Implementation : You can add views either from code or by specifying a
tree of views in one or more XML layout files.

Types of Views

1. TextView
2. EditText
3. Button
4. Image Button
5. Date Picker
6. RadioButton
7. CheckBox buttons
8. Image View

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View Group
• A View Group is a subclass of the ViewClass and can be considered as a
superclass of Layouts.
• It provides an invisible container to hold the views or layouts.
• ViewGroup instances and views work together as a container for
Layouts
• The subclasses of the ViewGroup:
1. LinearLayout
2. RelativeLayout
3. FrameLayout
4. GridView
5. ListView

Note: The View objects are usually called "widgets" and can be one of many
subclasses, such as Button or TextView.
The ViewGroup objects are usually called "layouts" can be one of many types
that provide a different layout structure, such as LinearLayout or
ConstraintLayout .

(View and ViewGroup Hierarchy)

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(Example of View & ViewGroup Hierarchy)

Layout Declaration
• Declare UI elements in XML
- Android provides a straightforward XML vocabulary that
corresponds to the View classes and subclasses, such as those for
widgets and layouts.
- You can also use Android Studio's Layout Editor to build your
XML layout using a drag-and-drop interface.
• Instantiate Layout Element at Runtime
- Your app can create View and ViewGroup objects (and manipulate
their properties) programmatically.
Types of Layouts
• Linear Layout
• Relative Layout
• Constraint Layout
• Table Layout
• Frame Layout
• List View
• Grid View
• Absolute Layout
• WebView
• ScrollView

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Ex of Code
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >

<TextView android:id="@+id/text"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="I am a TextView" />

<Button android:id="@+id/button"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="I am a Button" />
</LinearLayout>

Attributes of Layout in Android:

• android:id: It uniquely identifies the Android Layout.
• android:hint: It shows the hint of what to fill inside the EditText.
• android:layout_height: It sets the height of the layout.
• android:layout_width: It sets the width of the layout.
• android:layout_gravity: It sets the position of the child view.
• android:layout_marginTop: It sets the margin of the from the top of the
layout.
• android:layout_marginBottom: It sets the margin of the from the bottom
of the layout.
• android:layout_marginLeft: It sets the margin of the from the left of the
layout.
• android:layout_marginRight: It sets the margin of the from the right of
the layout.
• android:layout_x: It specifies the x coordinates of the layout.
• android:layout_y: It specifies the y coordinates of the layout.

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1. LinearLayout:

• We use this layout to place the elements in a linear manner.

• A Linear manner means one element per line.
• A LinearLayout aligns each of the child View in either a vertical or
a horizontal line.
• A vertical layout has a column of Views, whereas in a horizontal
layout there is a row of Views.
• It supports a weight attribute for each child View that can control
the relative size of each child View within the available space.
• This layout creates various kinds of forms on Android.

a. Vertical
In this all the child are arranged vertically in a line one after the other.

b. Horizontal
In this all the child are arranged horizontally in a line one after the
other.

Example of Linear Layout Vertical

Activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 1"
android:id="@+id/btn1"
android:backgroundTint="#358a32" />

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 2"
android:id="@+id/btn2"
android:backgroundTint="#FFBA32" />

<Button

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android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 3"
android:id="@+id/btn3"
android:backgroundTint="#0472f2" />

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 4"
android:id="@+id/btn4"
android:backgroundTint="#e100d5" />

</LinearLayout>
O/P

Example of Linear Layout Horizontal

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="horizontal">
<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 1"
android:id="@+id/btn1"
android:backgroundTint="#358a32" />

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<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 2"
android:id="@+id/btn2"
android:backgroundTint="#FFBA32" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 3"
android:id="@+id/btn3"
android:backgroundTint="#0472f2" />

</LinearLayout>
O/P

Main Attributes of Linear Layout

1. Orientation: The orientation attribute used to set the childs/views
horizontally or vertically. In Linear layout default orientation is vertical.
Ex : Orientation Vertical :

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical"> <!-- Vertical Orientation set -->
<!-- Put Child Views like Button here -->
</LinearLayout>

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Ex: Orientation Horizontal

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="horizontal"> <!-- Horizontal Orientation set -->
<!-- Child Views are here -->
</LinearLayout>

2. Gravity: The gravity attribute is an optional attribute which is used to

control the alignment of the layout like left, right, center, top, bottom
etc.
Android:gravity = center
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:gravity="center">
<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 1"
android:id="@+id/btn1"
android:backgroundTint="#358a32" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 2"
android:id="@+id/btn2"
android:backgroundTint="#FFBA32" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 3"
android:id="@+id/btn3"
android:backgroundTint="#0472f2" />

</LinearLayout>

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3. layout_weight: specifies how much of the extra space in the layout to be

allocated to the View
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:gravity="center">

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 1"
android:id="@+id/btn1"
android:backgroundTint="#358a32"
android:layout_weight="2"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 2"
android:id="@+id/btn2"
android:backgroundTint="#FFBA32"
android:layout_weight="1"/>

</LinearLayout>

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4. weightSum: weightSum is the sum up of all the child attributes weight.

This attribute is required if we define weight property of the childs.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:weightSum="4"
>

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 1"
android:id="@+id/btn1"
android:backgroundTint="#358a32"
android:layout_weight="2"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 2"
android:id="@+id/btn2"
android:backgroundTint="#FFBA32"
android:layout_weight="1"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 3"

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android:id="@+id/btn3"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:backgroundTint="#0472f2" />

</LinearLayout>

Gravity : android:gravity attribute is used to arrange the position of the

content inside a View ( Ex: text inside the button widget )
Layout Gravity : android:layout_gravity It is used to arrange the position of the
entire View relative to it’s container(Parent).
2. Relative Layout:
- The Relative Layout is very flexible layout used in android for
custom layout designing.
- It allow its child view to position relative to each other or relative
to the container or another container.
- This layout is for specifying the position of the elements in
relation to the other elements that are present there.
- RelativeLayout is a view group that displays child views in
relative positions
- The position of each view can be specified as relative to sibling
elements (such as to the left-of or below another view) or in
positions relative to the parent RelativeLayout area (such as
aligned to the bottom, left or center).

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- A RelativeLayout is a very powerful utility for designing a user

interface.
- Because it can eliminate nested view groups and keep your layout
hierarchy flat, which improves performance.
Attributes of Relative Layout

Attribute Description

layout_alignParentTop If it specified “true”, the top edge of view will match the top edge of the
parent.

layout_alignParentBottom If it specified “true”, the bottom edge of view will match the bottom edge
of parent.

layout_alignParentLeft If it specified “true”, the left edge of view will match the left edge of parent.

layout_alignParentRight If it specified “true”, the right edge of view will match the right edge of the
parent.

layout_centerInParent If it specified “true”, the view will be aligned to the centre of parent.

layout_centerHorizontal If it specified “true”, the view will be horizontally centre aligned within its
parent.

layout_centerVertical If it specified “true”, the view will be vertically centre aligned within its
parent.

layout_above It accepts another sibling view id and places the view above the specified
view id.

layout_below It accepts another sibling view id and places the view below the specified
view id.

layout_toLeftOf It accepts another sibling view id and places the view left of the specified

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view id.

layout_toRightOf It accepts another sibling view id and places the view right of the specified
view id.

layout_toStartOf It accepts another sibling view id and places the view to start of the
specified view id.

layout_toEndOf It accepts another sibling view id and places the view to the end of the
specified view id.

Example:
Relative_Layout_Example.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".RelativeLayoutExample"
android:paddingLeft="10dp"
android:paddingRight="10dp">

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 1"
android:id="@+id/btn1"
android:backgroundTint="#358a32"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button 2"
android:id="@+id/btn2"
android:backgroundTint="#358a32"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:layout_centerVertical="true"/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn3"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
android:layout_centerVertical="true"
android:text="Button3" />

<Button

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android:id="@+id/btn4"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
android:text="Button4" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn5"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignBottom="@+id/btn2"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:text="Button5" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn6"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_above="@+id/btn4"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:text="Button6" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn7"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_toEndOf="@+id/btn1"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btn1"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:text="Button7" />

</RelativeLayout>
(There is no change in default java file of this layout file)

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Constrain Layout
• Similar to Relative Layout
• Constraint Layout is a ViewGroup (i.e. a view that holds other views)
which allows you to create large and complex layouts with a flat view
hierarchy.
• It allows you to position and size widgets in a very flexible way.
• It was created to help reduce the nesting of views and also improve the
performance of layout files.
• All the power of ConstraintLayout is available directly from the Layout
Editor's visual tools.
• So you can build your layout with ConstraintLayout entirely by drag-
and-dropping instead of editing the XML.
• To define a view's position in ConstraintLayout, you must add at least
one horizontal and one vertical constraint for the view.
• Each constraint represents a connection or alignment to another view,
the parent layout, or an invisible guideline.
• Each constraint defines the view's position along either the vertical or
horizontal axis.
• When you drop a view into the Layout Editor, it stays where you leave it
even if it has no constraints. if a view has no constraints when you run
your layout on a device, it is drawn at position [0,0] (the top-left
corner).

Advantages of Constrain Layout

• One great advantage of the constraintlayout is that you can perform
animations on your ConstraintLayout views with very little code.
• You can build your complete layout with simple drag-and-drop on the
Android Studio design editor.
• You can control what happens to a group of widgets through a single
line of code.
• Constraint Layout improve performance over other layout

Handle Anchor Points in Constrain View

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Suppose you drag a TextView element in ConstraintLayout visual editor of

Android Studio. Immediately after dragging you will notice a error with a
message, “This view is not constrained…” So this simply means the view we
created is not Constrained and we need to fix it.

Bias decides view placement between its constraints on an axis. By default it is

set 50% and can be changed easily by dragging.

Delete a constrain

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Tools in Constrain layout

Relative Positioning in constrain view

• Relative Positioning is the most important type of Constraint Layout and
considered as the basic block building in it.
• The different constraint option it offers works in relation/relative to
position of one another.
• Those relative positioning works only in vertical and horizontal axis
only.

• Using horizontal axis, you can set positioning of one widget in right, left,
end and start sides of other widget.

• While using vertical axis you can set bottom, top sides and text baseline.

Chain in Constrain Layout

Chains allow us to control the space between elements and chains all the
selected elements to another.
To create a chain, select the elements that you want to form part of the chain,
and then right click – “Chain” – “Create Horizontal or Vertical Chain”.

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Use Guidelines

Group in Constrain Layout

Group in android helps to carry out some actions on a set of widgets with the
most common case being to control the visibility of a collection of widget.

Table Layout

• In Android, Table Layout is used to arrange the group of views into rows
and columns.
• Table Layout containers do not display a border line for their columns,
rows or cells.
• Table will have as many columns as the row with the most cells.
• A table can also leave the cells empty but cells can’t span the columns as
they can in HTML

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Imp Points
• For building a row in a table we will use the <TableRow> element.
Table row objects are the child views of a table layout.
• Each row of the table has zero or more cells and each cell can hold only
one view object like ImageView, TextView or any other view.
• Total width of a table is defined by its parent container
• Column can be both stretchable and shrinkable.
• If shrinkable then the width of column can be shrunk to fit the table into
its parent object and
• if stretchable then it can expand in width to fit any extra space available.
• We cannot specify the width of the children’s of the Table layout.
• Here, width always match parent width.
• The height attribute can be defined by a child; default value of height
attribute is wrap content.

Basic Code

<TableLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:collapseColumns="0"> <!-- collapse the first column of the table row--
>
<!-- first row of the table layout-->
<TableRow
android:id="@+id/row1"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">

<!-- Add elements/columns in the first row-->

</TableRow>
</TableLayout>

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Table Layout Example

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TableLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".Constrain2">

<TableRow android:background="#0079D6" android:padding="5dp">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="UserId" />
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="User Name" />
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="Location" />
</TableRow>
<TableRow android:background="#DAE8FC" android:padding="5dp">
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="1" />
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="Suresh Dasari" />

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<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="Hyderabad" />
</TableRow>

<TableRow android:background="#DAE8FC" android:padding="5dp">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="2" />
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="Rohini Alavala" />
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="Guntur" />
</TableRow>

<TableRow android:background="#DAE8FC" android:padding="5dp">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="3" />
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="Trishika Dasari" />
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="Guntur" />
</TableRow>

</TableLayout>

1
android:id
This is the ID which uniquely identifies the layout.

2
android:collapseColumns
This specifies the zero-based index of the columns to collapse. The

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column indices must be separated by a comma: 1, 2, 5.

3
android:shrinkColumns
The zero-based index of the columns to shrink. The column indices must
be separated by a comma: 1, 2, 5.

4
android:stretchColumns
The zero-based index of the columns to stretch. The column indices must
be separated by a comma: 1, 2, 5

Table Layout Example 2

<TableLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent">

<TableRow
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent">

<TextView
android:text="Time"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_column="1" />

<TextClock
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/textClock"
android:layout_column="2" />

</TableRow>

<TableRow>

<TextView
android:text="First Name"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_column="1" />

<EditText
android:width="200px"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

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</TableRow>

<TableRow>

<TextView
android:text="Last Name"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_column="1" />

<EditText
android:width="100px"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
</TableRow>

<TableRow
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent">

<RatingBar
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/ratingBar"
android:layout_column="2" />
</TableRow>

<TableRow
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"/>

<TableRow
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent">

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Submit"
android:id="@+id/button"
android:layout_column="2" />
</TableRow>

</TableLayout>

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ShrinkColumn Example

<TableLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:shrinkColumns="0"> <!-- shrink the first column of the layout-->

<!-- first row of the table layout-->

<TableRow
android:id="@+id/firstRow"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">

<!-- first element of the first row-->

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<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:background="#b0b0b0"
android:padding="18dip"
android:text="Shrink Column Example"
android:textColor="#000"
android:textSize="18dp" />

</TableRow>
</TableLayout>

Collapse Column Example

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<TableLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:collapseColumns="0"> <!-- collapse the first column of the table row--
>

<!-- first row of the table layout-->

<TableRow
android:id="@+id/simpleTableLayout"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">

<!-- first element of the row that is the part of table but it is
invisible-->
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:background="#b0b0b0"
android:padding="18dip"
android:text="Columns 1"
android:textColor="#000"

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android:textSize="18dp" />

<!-- second element of the row that is shown in the screenshot-->

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:background="#b0b0b0"
android:padding="18dip"
android:text="Columns 2"
android:textColor="#000"
android:textSize="18dp" />
</TableRow>
</TableLayout>

Another Examples : Login Screen

<TableLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="#000"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:stretchColumns="1">

<TableRow android:padding="5dip">

<TextView
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginBottom="20dp"
android:layout_span="2"
android:gravity="center_horizontal"
android:text="@string/loginForm"
android:textColor="#0ff"
android:textSize="25sp"
android:textStyle="bold" />
</TableRow>

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<TableRow>

<TextView
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_column="0"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="@string/userName"
android:textColor="#fff"
android:textSize="16sp" />

<EditText
android:id="@+id/userName"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_column="1"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:background="#fff"
android:hint="@string/userName"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColor="#000" />
</TableRow>

<TableRow>

<TextView
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_column="0"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"
android:text="@string/password"
android:textColor="#fff"
android:textSize="16sp" />

<EditText
android:id="@+id/password"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_column="1"

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android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"
android:background="#fff"
android:hint="@string/password"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColor="#000" />
</TableRow>

<TableRow android:layout_marginTop="20dp">

<Button
android:id="@+id/loginBtn"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_span="2"
android:background="#0ff"
android:text="@string/login"
android:textColor="#000"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textStyle="bold" />
</TableRow>
</TableLayout>

Main Activity.java

n button and display the message by using a Toast.

package example.abhiandriod.tablelayoutexample;

import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.Toast;

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public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
// initiate a button
Button loginButton = (Button) findViewById(R.id.loginBtn);
// perform click event on the button
loginButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Hello AbhiAndroid..!!!",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show(); // display a toast message
}
});
}

String.xml

<resources>
<string name="app_name">TableLayoutExample</string>
<string name="hello_world">Hello world!</string>
<string name="action_settings">Settings</string>
<string name="loginForm">Login Form</string>
<string name="userName">UserName</string>
<string name="password">Password</string>
<string name="login">LogIn</string>
</resources>

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Frame Layout

• Frame Layout is one of the simplest layout to organize view controls.

• They are designed to block an area on the screen.
• Frame Layout should be used to hold child view, because it can be
difficult to display single views at a specific area on the screen without
overlapping each other.
• We can add multiple children to a FrameLayout and control their
position by assigning gravity to each child, using the
android:layout_gravity attribute.

Attributes
1. android:foreground

Foreground defines the drawable to draw over the content and this may
be a color value.
Possible color values can be in the form of “#rgb”, “#argb”, “#rrggbb”, or
“#aarrggbb”. This all are different color code model used

2. android:foregroundGravity

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This defines the gravity to apply to the foreground drawable. Default

value of gravity is fill. We can set values in the form of “top”,
”center_vertical” , ”fill_vertical”, ”center_horizontal”, ”fill_horizontal”,
”center”, ”fill”, ”clip_vertical”, ”clip_horizontal”, ”bottom”, ”left” or
”right”

3. android:visibility

This determine whether to make the view visible, invisible or gone.

visible – the view is present and also visible

invisible – The view is present but not visible

gone – The view is neither present nor visible

4. android:measureAllChildren
This determines whether to measure all children including gone state
visibility or just those which are in the visible or invisible state of
measuring visibility. The default value of measureallchildren is false. We
can set values in the form of Boolean i.e. “true” OR “false”.

This may also be a reference to a resource (in the form

@[package:]type:name“) or theme attribute (in the form
“?[package:][type:]name“) containing a value of this type.

Example of Frame Layout

2: Now Open res -> layout -> activity_main.xml and add the following code. Here we
are putting different TextView in Frame Layout.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
>
<TextView android:text="LeftTop"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"

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android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<TextView android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:text="RightTop"
android:layout_gravity="top|right" />
<TextView android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:text="CentreTop"
android:layout_gravity="top|center_horizontal" />
<TextView android:text="Left"
android:layout_gravity="left|center_vertical"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<TextView android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:text="Right"
android:layout_gravity="right|center_vertical" />
<TextView android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:text="Centre"
android:layout_gravity="center" />
<TextView android:text="LeftBottom"
android:layout_gravity="left|bottom"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<TextView android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:text="RightBottom"
android:layout_gravity="right|bottom" />
<TextView android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:text="CenterBottom"
android:layout_gravity="center|bottom" />
</FrameLayout>

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Foreground

<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

android:id="@+id/framelayout"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:foregroundGravity="fill"
android:foreground="#0f0"><!--foreground color for a FrameLayout-->

<LinearLayout
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_centerInParent="true"
>

<!-- Imageview will not be shown because of foreground color which is drawn over
it-->

<ImageView
android:layout_width="200dp"
android:layout_height="200dp"
android:layout_marginBottom="10dp"
android:src="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:scaleType="centerCrop"
/>

<!--Textview will not be shown because of foreground color is drawn over it-->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center_horizontal"
android:text="abhiAndroid"/>

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</LinearLayout>

</FrameLayout>

Example of measure all child

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/frame"
android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:measureAllChildren="true"
>
<ImageView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:visibility="gone"
android:src="@drawable/ic_launcher"/>

</FrameLayout>
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.demo);
FrameLayout frame=(FrameLayout)findViewById(R.id.frame);
frame.measure(View.MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED, View.MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED);
int width = frame.getMeasuredWidth();
int height = frame.getMeasuredHeight();
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"width="+width+"
height="+height,Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

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Example 3 :

<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/frameLayout"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent">
<ImageView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:scaleType="fitXY"
android:src="@drawable/img_name" /><!--Change image as per your name of
image saved in drawable-->
<TextView
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:gravity="center"
android:text="abhiAndroid"
android:textSize="30sp"
android:textColor="#f3f3f3"
android:textStyle="bold" />
</FrameLayout>

Jaba

package abhiandroid.com.farmelayoutjava;

import android.graphics.Color;

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import android.graphics.Typeface;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.view.Gravity;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.widget.AbsListView;
import android.widget.FrameLayout;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.RelativeLayout;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
ImageView imageView = new ImageView(this);
imageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.img_name);
imageView.setScaleType(ImageView.ScaleType.FIT_XY);
imageView.setLayoutParams(new
FrameLayout.LayoutParams(FrameLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT,
RelativeLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT));
TextView textView1 = new TextView(this);
textView1.setText("abhiAndroid");
textView1.setTextSize(30);
textView1.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER);
textView1.setTextColor(Color.parseColor("#f3f3f3"));
textView1.setTypeface(null, Typeface.BOLD);
textView1.setLayoutParams(new
FrameLayout.LayoutParams(FrameLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT,
RelativeLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT));
FrameLayout.LayoutParams lp1 = new
FrameLayout.LayoutParams(FrameLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT,
FrameLayout.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
lp1.setMargins(0,20,0,0);
textView1.setLayoutParams(lp1);

//Initializing frame layout

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FrameLayout framelayout = new FrameLayout(this);

framelayout.setLayoutParams(new
AbsListView.LayoutParams(FrameLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT,
FrameLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT));

//Adding views to FrameLayout

framelayout.addView(imageView);
framelayout.addView(textView1);
setContentView(framelayout);
}

ADAPTER

• Adapter is a bridge between UI component and data source that helps

us to fill data in UI component.
• It holds the data and send the data to an Adapter view then view can
takes the data from the adapter view and shows the data on different
views like as ListView, GridView, Spinner etc.
• For more customization in Views we uses the base adapter or custom
adapters.
• To fill data in a list or a grid we need to implement Adapter.
• Adapters acts like a bridge between UI component and data source.
• Here data source is the source from where we get the data and UI
components are list or grid items in which we want to display that data.

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Adapters in Android
1. Base Adapter
- BaseAdapter is a common base class of a general implementation
of an Adapter that can be used in ListView, GridView, Spinner etc.
- Whenever we need a customized list in a ListView or customized
grids in a GridView we create our own adapter and extend base
adapter in that.
- Base Adapter can be extended to create a custom Adapter for
displaying a custom list item.
- ArrayAdapter is also an implementation of BaseAdapter.

Code That shows usage of base Adapter

public class CustomAdapter extends BaseAdapter {

@Override
public int getCount() {
return 0;
}

@Override
public Object getItem(int i) {
return null;
}

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@Override
public long getItemId(int i) {
return 0;
}

@Override
public View getView(int i, View view, ViewGroup viewGroup) {

return null;
}

we see the overrided functions of BaseAdapter which are used to set the data
in a list, grid or a spinner.

2. Array Adapter
- Whenever we have a list of single items which is backed by an
Array, we can use ArrayAdapter.
- For instance, list of phone contacts, countries or names.
- ArrayAdapter(Context context, int resource, int textViewResourceId,
T[] objects)

3. Custom Array Adapter

- ArrayAdapter is also an implementation of BaseAdapter, so if we
want more customization then we can create a custom adapter
and extend ArrayAdapter in that.
- Since array adapter is an implementation of BaseAdapter, so we
can override all the function’s of BaseAdapter in our custom
adapter.
Code :

public class MyAdapter extends ArrayAdapter {

public MyAdapter(Context context, int resource, int textViewResourceId, List

objects) {
super(context, resource, textViewResourceId, objects);

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}
@Override
public int getCount() {
return super.getCount();
}

@Override
public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
return super.getView(position, convertView, parent);
}
}

4. Simple Adapter in Android

- In Android SimpleAdapter is an easy Adapter to map static data
to views defined in an XML file(layout).
- Android we can specify the data backing to a list as an ArrayList of
Maps(
- Each entry in a ArrayList is corresponding to one row of a list.
- The Map contains the data for each row.
- Here we also specify an XML file(custom list items file) that
defines the views which is used to display the row, and a mapping
from keys in the Map to specific views.
- Whenever we have to create a custom list we need to implement
custom adapter.
- As we discuss earlier ArrayAdapter is used when we have a list of
single item’s backed by an Array.
- So if we need more customization in a ListView or a GridView we
need to implement simple adapter.

- SimpleAdapter (Context context, List<? extends Map<String, ?>> data,

int resource, String[] from, int[] to)

5. Custom Simple Adapter

- Whenever we have to create a custom list we need to implement
custom adapter.

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- when we need more customization in list or grid items where we

have many view’s in a list item and then we have to perform any
event like click or any other event to a particular view then we
need to implement a custom adapter who fulfills our
requirement’s and quite easy to be implemented.
- BaseAdapter is the parent adapter for all other adapters so if we
extends a SimpleAdapter then we can also override the base
adapter’s function in that class.
Code :

public class CustomAdapter extends SimpleAdapter {

public CustomAdapter(Context context, List<? extends Map<String, ?>> data, int
resource, String[] from, int[] to) {
super(context, data, resource, from, to);

@Override
public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
return super.getView(position, convertView, parent);

@Override
public int getCount() {
return super.getCount();
}
}

List View :
• List of scrollable items can be displayed in Android using ListView.
• It helps you to displaying the data in the form of a scrollable list.
• Users can then select any list item by clicking on it.
• ListView is default scrollable so we do not need to use scroll View or
anything else with ListView.
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• A very common example of ListView is your phone contact book, where

you have a list of your contacts displayed in a ListView and if you click
on it then user information is displayed.
We use Adapters: List items are automatically inserted to a list using an
Adapter that pulls the content from a source such as an arraylist, array or
database.

<ListView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:id="@+id/simpleListView"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
tools:context="abhiandroid.com.listexample.MainActivity">
</ListView>

Attributes:
- Id : id is used to uniquely identify a ListView.
- divider: This is a drawable or color to draw between different list
items.
- dividerHeight: This specify the height of the divider between list
items. This could be in dp(density pixel),sp(scale independent
pixel) or px(pixel).
- listSelector: listSelector property is used to set the selector of the
listView. It is generally orange or Sky blue color mostly but you
can also define your custom color or an image as a list selector as
per your design.
- <!-- List Selector Code in ListView -->
- <ListView
- android:id="@+id/simpleListView"
- android:layout_width="fill_parent"
- android:layout_height="wrap_content"
- android:divider="#f00"
- android:dividerHeight="1dp"
- android:listSelector="#0f0"/> <!--list selector in green color-->

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Adapters in List View

ListView is a subclass of AdapterView and it can be populated by binding to
an Adapter, which retrieves the data from an external source and creates a
View that represents each data entry.

In android commonly used adapters are:

• Array Adapter
• Base Adapter

1.Array Adapter:
Whenever you have a list of single items which is backed by an array, you can
use ArrayAdapter. For instance, list of phone contacts, countries or names.
Note : By default, ArrayAdapter expects a Layout with a single TextView, If
you want to use more complex views means more customization in list items,
please avoid ArrayAdapter and use custom adapters.

ArrayAdapter adapter = new

ArrayAdapter<String>(this,R.layout.ListView,R.id.textView,StringArray);

Example:
MainActivity.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical">

<ListView
android:id="@+id/simpleListView"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"

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android:divider="@color/material_blue_grey_800"
android:dividerHeight="1dp" />
</LinearLayout>

LIstView.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:padding="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:textColor="@color/black" />
</LinearLayout>

Main Activity.Java

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;import android.widget.ListView;

public class MainActivity extends Activity

{
// Array of strings...
ListView simpleList;
String countryList[] = {"India", "China", "australia", "Portugle", "America",
"NewZealand"};

@Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

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super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
simpleList = (ListView)findViewById(R.id.simpleListView);
ArrayAdapter<String> arrayAdapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(this,
R.layout.activity_listview, R.id.textView, countryList);
simpleList.setAdapter(arrayAdapter);
}
}

Example 2 :
ActivityMain.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<ListView
android:id="@+id/list"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"/>
</LinearLayout>

Activiymain.Java
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.ListView;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

ListView l;

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String tutorials[]
= { "Algorithms", "Data Structures",
"Languages", "Interview Corner",
"GATE", "ISRO CS",
"UGC NET CS", "CS Subjects",
"Web Technologies" };

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
l = findViewById(R.id.list);
ArrayAdapter<String> arr;
arr
= new ArrayAdapter<String>(
this,
R.layout.support_simple_spinner_dropdown_item,
tutorials);
l.setAdapter(arr);
}
}

List View with Base Adapter:

Main Activity.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical">

<ListView
android:id="@+id/simpleListView"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:divider="@color/material_blue_grey_800"
android:dividerHeight="1dp"
android:footerDividersEnabled="false" />
</LinearLayout>

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Activity_listview.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="horizontal">

<ImageView
android:id="@+id/icon"
android:layout_width="50dp"
android:layout_height="50dp"
android:src="@drawable/ic_launcher" />

<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:padding="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:textColor="@color/black" />
</LinearLayout>

Main Activity.Java

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.ListView;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

ListView simpleList;
String countryList[] = {"India", "China", "australia", "Portugle", "America",
"NewZealand"};
int flags[] = {R.drawable.india, R.drawable.china, R.drawable.australia,
R.drawable.portugle, R.drawable.america, R.drawable.new_zealand};

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@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
simpleList = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.simpleListView);
CustomAdapter customAdapter = new CustomAdapter(getApplicationContext(),
countryList, flags);
simpleList.setAdapter(customAdapter);
}
}

CustomAdapter.java

import android.content.Context;
import android.media.Image;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.BaseAdapter;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.TextView;

import java.util.zip.Inflater;

public class CustomAdapter extends BaseAdapter {

Context context;
String countryList[];
int flags[];
LayoutInflater inflter;

public CustomAdapter(Context applicationContext, String[] countryList, int[]

flags) {
this.context = context;
this.countryList = countryList;
this.flags = flags;
inflter = (LayoutInflater.from(applicationContext));
}

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@Override
public int getCount() {
return countryList.length;
}

@Override
public Object getItem(int i) {
return null;
}

@Override
public long getItemId(int i) {
return 0;
}

@Override
public View getView(int i, View view, ViewGroup viewGroup) {
view = inflter.inflate(R.layout.activity_listview, null);
TextView country = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.textView);
ImageView icon = (ImageView) view.findViewById(R.id.icon);
country.setText(countryList[i]);
icon.setImageResource(flags[i]);
return view;
}

Example 3 For List view

1. String.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<resources>
<string-array name="teams">
<item>India</item>
<item>South Africa</item>

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<item>Australia</item>
<item>England</item>
<item>New Zealand</item>
<item>Sri Lanka</item>
<item>Pakistan</item>
<item>West Indies</item>
<item>Bangladesh</item>
<item>Ireland</item>
</string-array>
</resources>
2. List_View.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<!-- Single List Item Design -->
<TextView
xmlns:android="https://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/textview"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:padding="10dip"
android:textSize="16dip"
android:textStyle="bold" >
</TextView>

// storing string resources into Array

String[] teams = getResources().getStringArray(R.array.teams);

// Binding resources Array to ListAdapter

this.setListAdapter(new ArrayAdapter<String>(this, R.layout.list_item,
R.id.textview, teams));
3. MainActivity.Java

package journaldev.com.listview;

import android.app.ListActivity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;

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import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class MainActivity extends ListActivity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
// storing string resources into Array
String[] teams = getResources().getStringArray(R.array.teams);

// Binding resources Array to ListAdapter

this.setListAdapter(new ArrayAdapter<String>(this,
R.layout.list_item, R.id.textview, teams));

ListView lv = getListView();

// listening to single list item on click

lv.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener()
{
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view,
int position, long id) {

// selected item
String team = ((TextView) view).getText().toString();

// Launching new Activity on selecting single List Item

Intent i = new Intent(getApplicationContext(),
SecondActivity.class);
// sending data to new activity
i.putExtra("team", team);
startActivity(i);

}
});
}
}

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4. SecondActivity.java

package journaldev.com.listview;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class SecondActivity extends Activity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_second);
TextView txtProduct = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.team_label);

Intent i = getIntent();
// getting attached intent data
String product = i.getStringExtra("team");
// displaying selected product name
txtProduct.setText(product);
}
}

List View Implementation Using Base Adapter

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FINAL EXAMPLES oF LIST VIEW WITH BASIC DATA

Activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<ListView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/listView2"
android:divider="#ff4432"
android:dividerHeight="2dp"/>

</LinearLayout>

Acitivity_list_view.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".ListView">
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/listTextView"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColor="@color/black"/>

</LinearLayout>

Listview.java
package com.example.finallistviewex2;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.os.Bundle;

public class ListView extends AppCompatActivity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

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super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_list_view);
}
}

Main Activity.java
package com.example.finallistviewex2;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

ListView lv;
String data [] = {"AI", "MAD", "ML", "MCWC", "CD"};

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
lv = findViewById(R.id.listView2);
ArrayAdapter<String> arrayAdapter = new
ArrayAdapter<String>(this,R.layout.activity_list_view,R.id.listTextView,dat
a);
lv.setAdapter(arrayAdapter);

}
}

Example2

Activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:padding="15dp"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView1"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"

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android:text="SampleList"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textColor="@color/black"
/>
<ListView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/listInstitutes"
android:divider="#AAf002"
android:dividerHeight="1dp"
android:listSelector="#FFA200"/>

</LinearLayout>

String.xml
<resources>
<string name="app_name">FinalListViewEx</string>
<string-array name="LJU">
<item>LJIET</item>
<item>LJMCA</item>
<item>LJ Diploma</item>
<item>LJ Pharma</item>
<item>LJ Arch</item>
</string-array>
</resources>

MainActivity.Java
package com.example.finallistviewex;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.ListView;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

ListView lvInstitutes;
String [] institutes;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
lvInstitutes = findViewById(R.id.listInstitutes);
institutes = getResources().getStringArray(R.array.LJU);
ArrayAdapter<String> instituteAdapter = new
ArrayAdapter<String>(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1,institutes);
lvInstitutes.setAdapter(instituteAdapter);
}
}

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TAB LAYOUT

• In Android TabLayout is a new element introduced in Design Support

library.
• A TabLayout provides a way to display tabs horizontally. When used
together with a ViewPager , a TabLayout can provide a familiar interface
for navigating between pages in a swipe view.
• We can quickly swipe between the tabs. TabLayout is basically view
class required to be added into our layout(xml) for creating Sliding
Tabs.
• We use different methods of TabLayout to create, add and manage the
tabs.
• If we need simple tabs without sliding then we replace the layout with
the fragment on tab selected listener event and if we need sliding tabs
then we use Viewpager.
Ex:

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Create Basic Tab Layout

<android.support.design.widget.TabLayout
android:id="@+id/simpleTabLayout"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
app:tabMode="fixed"
app:tabGravity="fill"/>

Methods of Tab Layout

1. newTab(): This method is used to create and return a new
TabLayout.Tab.
TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); //
get the reference of TabLayout
TabLayout.Tab firstTab = tabLayout.newTab(); // Create a new Tab names
firstTab.setText("First Tab"); // set the Text for the first Tab

2. addTab(Tab tab): This method is used to add a tab in the TabLayout. By

using this method we add the tab which we created using newTab()
method in the TabLayout.
The tab will be added at the end of the list and If it is the first tab to be
added then it will become the selected tab.

TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
TabLayout.Tab firstTab = tabLayout.newTab(); // Create a new Tab names "First Tab"
firstTab.setText("First Tab"); // set the Text for the first Tab
tabLayout.addTab(firstTab); // add the tab to the TabLayout

3. addTab(Tab tab, boolean setSelected): This method is used to add a tab

in the TabLayout and set the state for the tab. By using this method we
add the tab which we created using newTab() method in the TabLayout.
In this method we also set the state of the tab whether it is selected or
not.

Below we firstly create a new tab and then add it in the TabLayout and
set the true value for setSelected parameter that makes it selectable.

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TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
TabLayout.Tab firstTab = tabLayout.newTab(); // Create a new Tab names "First Tab"
firstTab.setText("First Tab"); // set the Text for the first Tab
tabLayout.addTab(firstTab,true); // add the tab in the TabLayout and makes it
selectable

4. addTab(Tab tab, int position): This method is used to add a tab in the
TabLayout and set the state for the tab. By using this method we add the
tab which we created using newTab() method in the TabLayout. The tab
will be inserted at the given position. If it is the first tab to be added
then it will become the selected tab.

Below we firstly create a new tab and then add it in the TabLayout at a
specific position.

TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
TabLayout.Tab firstTab = tabLayout.newTab(); // Create a new Tab names "First Tab"
firstTab.setText("First Tab"); // set the Text for the first Tab
firstTab.setIcon(R.drawable.ic_launcher); // set an icon for the first tab
tabLayout.addTab(firstTab,2); // add the tab in the TabLayout at specific
position

5. addTab(Tab tab, int position, boolean setSelected): This method is used

to add a tab at a specific position and set the state of the tab. By using
this method we add the tab which we created using newTab() method
in the TabLayout. The tab will be inserted at the defined position and a
Boolean value used to set the state of the tab. True value is used to make
the tab selectable.

Below we firstly create a tab and then add it in the TabLayout at a

specific position and we also set true value to make the tab selectable.
TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the
reference of TabLayout
TabLayout.Tab firstTab = tabLayout.newTab(); // Create a new Tab names "First Tab"

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firstTab.setText("First Tab"); // set the Text for the first Tab

firstTab.setIcon(R.drawable.ic_launcher); // set an icon for the first tab
tabLayout.addTab(firstTab,2,true); // add the tab at specified position in the
TabLayout and makes it selectable

6. getSelectedTabPosition(): This method is used to get the position of the

current selected tab. This method returns an int type value for the
position of the selected tab. It returns -1 if there isn’t a selected tab.

Below we get the current selected tab position.

TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
int selectedTabPosition = tabLayout.getSelectedTabPosition(); // get the position
for the current selected tab

7. getTabAt(int index): This method is used to get the tab at the specified
index. This method returns TabLayout.Tab.

Below we get the tab at 1th index.

TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
TabLayout.Tab tab = tabLayout.getTabAt(1); // get the tab at 1th in index

8. getTabCount(): This method is used to get the number of tabs currently

registered with the action bar. This method returns an int type value for
the number of total tabs.

Below we get the total number of tabs currently registered with the
action bar.
TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the
reference of TabLayout
int tabCount= tabLayout.getTabCount(); // get the total number of tabs currently
registered with the action bar.

9. setTabGravity(int gravity): This method is used to set the gravity to use

when laying out the tabs.

Below we set the gravity for the tabs.

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TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
tabLayout.setTabGravity(TabLayout.GRAVITY_CENTER); // set the gravity to use when
laying out the tabs

10. getTabGravity(): This method is used to get the current gravity used
for laying out tabs. This method returns the gravity which we set using
setTabGravity(int gravity) method.

Below we firstly set the gravity and then get the current gravity used for
laying out tabs.

TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
tabLayout.setTabGravity(TabLayout.GRAVITY_CENTER); // set the gravity to use when
laying out the tabs.
int gravity=tabLayout.getTabGravity(); // get the current gravity used for laying
out tabs

11. setTabMode(int mode): This method is used to set the behavior mode
for the Tabs in this layout. The valid input options are:
MODE_FIXED: Fixed tabs display all tabs concurrently and are best used
with content that benefits from quick pivots between tabs.

MODE_SCROLLABLE: Scrollable tabs display a subset of tabs at any

given moment and it can contain longer tab labels and a larger number
of tabs. They are best used for browsing contexts in touch interfaces
when users don’t need to directly compare the tab labels. This mode is
commonly used with a ViewPager.

TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
tabLayout.setTabMode(TabLayout.MODE_SCROLLABLE); // set the behaviour mode for the
tabs

12. getTabMode(): This method is used to get the current mode of

TabLayout. This method returns an int type value which we set using
setTabMode(int mode) method.

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TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); //

get the reference of TabLayout
tabLayout.setTabMode(TabLayout.MODE_SCROLLABLE); // set the behaviour mode
for the tabs
int mode=tabLayout.getTabMode(); // get the current mode of the TabLayout

13. setTabTextColors(int normalColor, int selectedColor): This method is

used to set the text colors for the different states (normal, selected) of
the tabs.

Below we set the tab text colors for the both states of the tab.

TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
tabLayout.setTabTextColors(Color.RED,Color.WHITE); // set the tab text colors for
the both states of the tab.

14. getTabTextColors(): This method is used to get the text colors for the
different states (normal, selected) of the tabs. This method returns the
text color which we set using setTabTextColors(int normalColor, int
selectedColor) method.

Below we firstly set the text colors and then get the text colors for the
both states of the tab.

TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
tabLayout.setTabTextColors(Color.RED,Color.WHITE); // set the tab text colors for
the both states of the tab.
ColorStateList colorStateList=tabLayout.getTabTextColors(); // get the text colors
for the both states of the tab

15. removeAllTabs(): This method is used to remove all tabs from the
action bar and deselect the current tab.

Below we remove all the tabs from the action bar and deselect the
current tab.

TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout

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tabLayout.removeAllTabs(); // remove all the tabs from the action bar and deselect
the current tab

16. setOnTabSelectedListener(OnTabSelectedListener listener): This

method is used to add a listener that will be invoked when tab selection
changes.

Below we show how to use addOnTabSelectedListener of TabLayout.

TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
tabLayout.setOnTabSelectedListener(new TabLayout.OnTabSelectedListener() {
@Override
public void onTabSelected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {
// called when tab selected
}

@Override
public void onTabUnselected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {
// called when tab unselected
}

@Override
public void onTabReselected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {
// called when a tab is reselected
}
});

17. removeTab(Tab tab): This method is used to remove a tab from the
layout. In this method we pass the TabLayout.Tab object to remove the
tab from the layout. If the removed tab was selected then it will be
automatically deselected and another tab will be selected if present in
the TabLayout.

Below we firstly create and add a tab and then remove it from the
TabLayout.

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TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
TabLayout.Tab firstTab = tabLayout.newTab(); // Create a new Tab names "First Tab"
firstTab.setText("First Tab"); // set the Text for the first Tab
tabLayout.addTab(firstTab); // add the tab at in the TabLayout
tabLayout.removeTab(firstTab); // remove the tab from the TabLayout

18. removeTabAt(int position):

This method is used to remove a tab from the layout. In this method we
pass the position of the tab that we want to remove from the layout. If
the removed tab was selected then it will be automatically deselected
and another tab will be selected if present in the TabLayout.

TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
tabLayout.removeTabAt(1); // remove the tab from a specified position of TabLayout

19. setSelectedTabIndicatorColor(int color): This method is used to set the

tab indicator’s color for the currently selected tab.

Below we set the red color for the selected tab indicator.

TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); // get the

reference of TabLayout
tabLayout.setSelectedTabIndicatorColor(Color.RED); // set the red color for the
selected tab indicator.

20. setSelectedTabIndicatorHeight(int height): This method is used to set

the tab indicator’s height for the currently selected tab.
TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); //
get the reference of TabLayout
tabLayout.setSelectedTabIndicatorHeight(2); // set the height for the
selected tab’s indicator

21. setupWithViewPager(ViewPager viewPager): This method is used for

setting up the TabLayout with ViewPager. ViewPager is mainly used for
creating Sliding tabs.
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ViewPager viewPager = (ViewPager) findViewById(R.id.viewpager); // get the

reference of ViewPager
TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.simpleTabLayout); //
get the reference of TabLayout
tabLayout.setupWithViewPager(viewPager); // set the TabLayout with the
ViewPager.

ViewPager in Android
• Layout manager that allows the user to flip left and right through pages
of data. You supply an implementation of a PagerAdapter to generate
the pages that the view shows.

• ViewPager is most often used in conjunction with Fragment, which is a

convenient way to supply and manage the lifecycle of each page.

• There are standard adapters implemented for using fragments with the
ViewPager, which cover the most common use cases.

• These are FragmentPagerAdapter and FragmentStatePagerAdapter;

each of these classes have simple code showing how to build a full user
interface with them.

• ViewPager is most often used along with fragment which is convenient

way to manage the life cycle of each page. ViewPager class works with
PagerAdapter which provides pages.

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Code to implement View Pager:

<android.support.v4.view.ViewPager
android:id="@+id/viewpager"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
app:layout_behavior="@string/appbar_scrolling_view_behavior" />

Using FragmentPagerAdapter To Implement PagerAdapter:

1. Usually to display sliding fragments two methods of FragmentPagerAdapter

are used, getCount() and getItem(). The first one returns the number of
fragments to be displayed, and the second one is used to display the actual
fragment & it should be used when we need to store the whole fragment in
memory.

2. It is an implementation of PagerAdapter class that represents each page as

Fragment that is persistently kept in the fragment manager as long as the user
can return to the page, hence best to use when there’s a fixed small set of
screens to be navigated through.

3. It works even better when the content of the fragments are static than
something that constantly changes or gets updated.

4. When using FragmentPagerAdapter the host ViewPager must have a valid

ID set. It stores the previous data which is fetched from the adapter. It stores
the whole fragment in memory and could increase a memory overhead if large
amount of fragments are used in the ViewPager.

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Example of Tab With ViewPager

1. Create activity main.xml layout with tablayout(to implement tab layout)
and one ViewPager2 ( to implement swipe navigation )
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<com.google.android.material.tabs.TabLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/tab_layout"
/>
<androidx.viewpager2.widget.ViewPager2
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/view_pager2"
/>
</LinearLayout>

2. Create 3 – Fragments with Text View

Fragment-1.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".FirstFragment">

<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:text="First Fragment"
android:textSize="50sp"
android:gravity="center"/>

</FrameLayout>

Fragment-2.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".SeconfFragment">

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<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:text="Second Fragment"
android:textSize="50sp"
android:gravity="center"/>

</FrameLayout>

Fragment-3.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".ThirdFragment">

<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:text="Third Fragment"
android:textSize="50sp"
android:gravity="center"/>

</FrameLayout>

3. No change in auto generated Java files for First Fragment , Second

Fragment and Third Fragment

FirstFragment.java

package com.example.fragmentex3;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

public class FirstFragment extends Fragment {

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_first, container, false);

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}
}

SecondFragment.java
package com.example.fragmentex3;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

public class SeconfFragment extends Fragment {

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_seconf, container,
false);
}
}

ThirdFragment.java
package com.example.fragmentex3;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

public class ThirdFragment extends Fragment {

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_third, container, false);
}
}

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4. Add a Adapter class to manage the view of Fragments. I am going to

create a class FragmentAdapter which is going to extend
FragmentStateAdapter

package com.example.fragmentex3;

import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;
import androidx.fragment.app.FragmentManager;
import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle;
import androidx.viewpager2.adapter.FragmentStateAdapter;

public class FragmentAdapter extends FragmentStateAdapter {

public FragmentAdapter(FragmentManager fragmentManager, Lifecycle

lifecycle) {
super(fragmentManager, lifecycle);
}

@Override
public Fragment createFragment(int position) {

switch (position)
{
case 1: return new SeconfFragment();// if position is one then
call second fragment
case 2: return new ThirdFragment(); // if position is two then
call third fragment

}
return new FirstFragment(); // default cases it will call first
fragment object and bind to the viewpager / layout
}

@Override
public int getItemCount() {
return 3; // as we have only 3 Fragments to view so we can set it
to 3 as static value
}
}

MainActivity.Java Code

package com.example.fragmentex3;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import androidx.fragment.app.FragmentManager;
import androidx.viewpager2.widget.ViewPager2;

import android.os.Bundle;

import com.google.android.material.tabs.TabLayout;

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public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

TabLayout tabLayout;
ViewPager2 viewPager2;
FragmentAdapter fragmentAdapter;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
tabLayout = findViewById(R.id.tab_layout);
viewPager2 = findViewById(R.id.view_pager2);

FragmentManager fm = getSupportFragmentManager();
fragmentAdapter = new FragmentAdapter(fm, getLifecycle());
viewPager2.setAdapter(fragmentAdapter);

tabLayout.addTab(tabLayout.newTab().setText("First"));

tabLayout.addTab(tabLayout.newTab().setText("Second"));

tabLayout.addTab(tabLayout.newTab().setText("Third"));

tabLayout.addOnTabSelectedListener(new
TabLayout.OnTabSelectedListener() {
@Override
public void onTabSelected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {
viewPager2.setCurrentItem(tab.getPosition());
}

@Override
public void onTabUnselected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {

@Override
public void onTabReselected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {

}
});

viewPager2.registerOnPageChangeCallback(new
ViewPager2.OnPageChangeCallback() {
@Override
public void onPageSelected(int position) {
tabLayout.selectTab(tabLayout.getTabAt(position));
}
});
}
}

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o/p

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