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Ecology and Environmental Relationships

1. What is the term for the living components of an ecosystem?

A) Abiotic
B) Biotic
C) Chemical
D) Physical
Answer: B

2. Which of the following best defines a habitat?

A) The role an organism plays in its ecosystem

B) The physical environment in which an organism lives
C) The process by which organisms change over time
D) The interdependence of organisms within an ecosystem
Answer: B

Concept of Earth as a Spaceship

3. What does the concept of "Spaceship Earth" emphasize?

A) Earth's isolation in space and the need for sustainable management of its resources
B) The exploration of other planets
C) The construction of a space station
D) The colonization of Mars
Answer: A

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4. Which concept suggests that Earth's resources are finite and must be managed wisely?

A) Unlimited growth
B) Spaceship Earth
C) Resource depletion
D) Ecological footprint
Answer: B

Structure and Function of Ecosystems

5. What is a primary function of producers in an ecosystem?

A) Decomposing organic material

B) Consuming other organisms
C) Producing energy through photosynthesis
D) Recycling nutrients
Answer: C

6. What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?

A) They produce energy from sunlight

B) They consume primary producers
C) They break down dead organic matter
D) They compete with primary consumers
Answer: C

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

7. What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems?

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A) Wind
B) Solar energy
C) Geothermal energy
D) Chemical energy
Answer: B

8. What does the 10% rule in energy flow within an ecosystem state?

A) 10% of energy is lost as heat at each trophic level

B) Only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level
C) 10% of species are dominant in an ecosystem
D) 10% of water is retained by plants
Answer: B

Importance of Micro-ecosystems

9. What is a micro-ecosystem?

A) A large-scale ecosystem such as a rainforest

B) A small, self-contained ecosystem like a rotting log or a pond
C) An artificial ecosystem
D) An ecosystem with no living organisms
Answer: B

10. Why are micro-ecosystems important?

A) They have no significant impact on the environment

B) They help in the study of ecological processes on a small scale

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C) They are too small to be important

D) They are less diverse than larger ecosystems
Answer: B

Species Diversity and Dominance

11. What does species diversity refer to?

A) The number of individuals in a species

B) The variety of species within a habitat or ecosystem
C) The dominance of one species over another
D) The lifespan of a species
Answer: B

12. What is species dominance in an ecosystem?

A) The species that has the most individuals

B) The species that has the most genetic diversity
C) The species that exerts the most influence on its environment
D) The oldest species in the ecosystem
Answer: C

Community Development and Succession

13. What is ecological succession?

A) The process of a species becoming extinct

B) The gradual process of change and replacement of the types of species in a community
C) The rapid change in species composition
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D) The evolution of new species

Answer: B

14. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

A) Primary succession occurs after a disturbance; secondary succession starts on bare rock
B) Primary succession starts on bare rock; secondary succession occurs after a disturbance
C) Both occur in aquatic environments
D) Both involve the immediate appearance of a climax community
Answer: B

Natural Selection and Evolution

15. Who is credited with the theory of natural selection?

A) Isaac Newton
B) Charles Darwin
C) Gregor Mendel
D) Albert Einstein
Answer: B

16. What does natural selection explain?

A) The movement of tectonic plates

B) The survival and reproduction of organisms best adapted to their environment
C) The random extinction of species
D) The immediate adaptation of organisms to any environment
Answer: B

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Limiting Factors and Niche

17. What is a limiting factor in an ecosystem?

A) An abundant resource
B) A factor that causes population growth to decrease
C) A factor that causes population growth to increase
D) A non-renewable resource
Answer: B

18. What is an ecological niche?

A) The physical space an organism occupies

B) The role and position a species has in its environment
C) The genetic makeup of an organism
D) The competition between species
Answer: B

Ecosystem Equilibrium and Cybernetics

19. What is ecological equilibrium?

A) A state of constant change in an ecosystem

B) A stable balance in the numbers of each species in an ecosystem
C) The elimination of predators from an ecosystem
D) The introduction of new species into an ecosystem
Answer: B

20. What is cybernetics in the context of ecology?

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A) The study of communication and control in systems

B) The study of ancient ecosystems
C) The study of genetic mutations
D) The study of meteorology
Answer: A

Major Biomes of the World

21. Which of the following is not a major terrestrial biome?

A) Tundra
B) Desert
C) Ocean
D) Forest
Answer: C

22. What characterizes the tundra biome?

A) High biodiversity and warm temperatures

B) Low temperatures and short growing seasons
C) High rainfall and dense forests
D) Hot temperatures and sparse vegetation
Answer: B

Biogeochemical Cycles

23. What is the main reservoir for the carbon cycle?

A) The atmosphere
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B) The ocean
C) The soil
D) Living organisms
Answer: A

24. Which process in the water cycle involves the conversion of water from liquid to vapor?

A) Precipitation
B) Condensation
C) Evaporation
D) Infiltration
Answer: C

25. Which of the following cycles is crucial for DNA and RNA synthesis in organisms?

A) Water cycle
B) Nitrogen cycle
C) Carbon cycle
D) Phosphorus cycle
Answer: D

26. In the nitrogen cycle, what is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia?

A) Nitrogen fixation
B) Nitrification
C) Denitrification
D) Ammonification
Answer: A

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General Ecology Concepts

27. What is the difference between an ecosystem and a community?

A) An ecosystem includes only living organisms; a community includes abiotic factors

B) An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic factors; a community includes only living organisms
C) A community includes biotic and abiotic factors; an ecosystem includes only living organisms
D) Both terms are synonymous
Answer: B

28. What does the term "biome" refer to?

A) A specific organism's habitat

B) A large area characterized by its vegetation, soil, climate, and wildlife
C) A single ecosystem
D) The genetic diversity within a population
Answer: B

29. What is an example of a density-dependent limiting factor?

A) Natural disaster
B) Human activity
C) Disease
D) Climate change
Answer: C

30. Which process describes the role of plants in the carbon cycle?

A) Photosynthesis
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B) Decomposition
C) Respiration
D) Nitrogen fixation
Answer: A

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