@O[MUOL [GLIOJW@WOL

OQWJOL BG[GUOTOYOL
BG[GU OTOYOL OLGQYGQH
OLGQYGQ H [OIO L
Ly.
y. X IGLDOL
IGL DOL BWUGYO
BWUGYOQG
QG
YGBLHB OLGQYGQH WNWN

IH UWNOJ QOBHY WNWN IOUOJ EGLIOL

[GBO@MLDOL

Ihsusul M`gj3
Lono 3 O`vhol Uojnotsyoj Sui`o

LHN 3 ?8;?;6;??

Ngldgtojuh,

[gnehnehld Oboignhb [gnehnehld B`hlhb

(….....................................) (O`hf Oajnoi F, Q.Yr.Bgp)

[UMDUON QYWIH BG[GUOTOYOL OLGQYGQHM@MDH

FOBW@YOQ BGQGJOYOL

WLHVGUQHYOQ JOUO[OL EOLDQO

5;5?
O. [GL
[GLDGU
DGUYHO
YHOL
L

Burgtosg ngrupobol upoyo ultub nglygneujbol rojhn iorh suotu doldduol

tgrtgltu otou ultub pgngrhbsool tgrjoiop `ophsol io`on rojhn. Burgtosg oio`oj thliobol
ngldgrmb corhldol ih `ophsol io`on rojhn.Burgtosg oio`oj aoro

ngnegrshjbol josh` bmlsgpsh ngnoboh o`ot burgtosg (sglimb bgrmbol).

b grmbol). Qgeg`un ng`obubol
burgtosg, pglm`mld jorus ng`obubol pgngrhbsool io`on ultub nglgltubol `gtob utgrus,
bgoiool sgrvhbs iol egsorlyo utgrus. Dulolyo ultub nglagdoj tgrcoihlyo eojoyo
bgag`obool nhso`lyo pgrfmrosh.(Jglrh, 5;?:) Qgeuoj burgt oio`oj o`ot egioj yold ihrolaold
ultub ngldmrgb corhldol ehm`mdhs otou puhld ih sgeuoj ehmpsh, gbshsh, otou prmsgiur
pgnegrshjol. (Nhajg`sml, ?8:: io`on (Cgb`hl, 5;?6)

E. GYHM@M
GYHM@MDH
DH

Oemrtus hlbmnp`ht
o. Oemrtus hlbmnp`gtus oio`oj pgrhsthwo pgldg`uorol sgeodhol josh
josh`` bmlsgpsh poio bgjonh`ol
bgjonh`ol
sgeg`un 5; nhlddu otou igldl egrot colhl burold iorh 7;; dr, igldol noshj oio shso
corhldol tgrthlddo` io`on utgrus. [oio pgngrhbsool vodhlo, bolo`hs sgrvhbo`hs tgreubo iol
tgroeo corhldol io`on bovun utgrh otou nglmlcm` poio msthun utgrh gbstgrlun.

Ahrh 3 pgriorojol yold eolyob,

eoly ob, ihsgrtoh bmltrobsh, sgrvhbs tgreubo, sgeodhol corhldol bg`uor.

e. Yhliobol burgtosg jorus ih`obsolobol igldol joth-joth sgsuoh ig

igldol
ldol bgoiool unun heu
iol egsorlyo utgrus.

Oemrtus sgptha

o. Qgpshs obheot thliobol oemrtus yold tgrhlfgbsh ( nhso`lyo ih`obubol m`gj iubul otou owon
). Oemrtus sgptha oio`oj oemrtus yold ihsgrtoh pglygeorol hlfgbsh poio pgrgiorol ioroj tueuj
otou pgrhtmlgun ( sgpthagrnho otou pgrhtmlhths) ahrh 3 tonpob `g`oj, polos
p olos thlddh, nglddhdh`,
tgbolol ioroj turul

[grio sgrtotmshs

o. Lygrh iol burgtosh ih`obubol eh`o bgoiool tueuj suioj ngneohb nhlhno` 6 gubmsh
olthehmthbo oigbuot ihegrhbol. [oio soot thliobol utgrus ih`hliuldh
 ?. Yhliob
Yhliobol
ol bmlmthbo
bmlmthbo

5. Qhso p`os
p`osglto
glto ( posao pgrso`
pgrso`hlol)
hlol)

1. Qhso sg`opu
sg`oputt bgtueol
bgtueol

A. [OY
OYMF
MFHQ
HQHM
HM@M
@MD
DH

[oio owo` oemrtus tgrcoih`oj pgriorojol io`on igshiuo eoso`hs bgnuihol ihhbuth m`gj
lgbrmshs corhldol ih sgbhtorlyo. Jo` tgrsgeut nglygeoebol josh`
j osh` bmlsgpsh tgr`gpos sgeodhol
otou sg`urujlyo, sgjhlddo ngrupobol eglio oshld io`on utgrus. Bgoiool hlh nglygeoebol
utgrus egrbmltrobsh ultub ngldg`uorbol hshlyo. [oio bgjonh`ol burold iorh : nhlddu josh`
bmlsgpsh htu ehosolyo ihbg`uorbol sg`urujlyo borglo vh``h bmrho`gs eg`un nglgneus
igshiuo sgaoro nglio`on. [oio bgjonh`ol oltoro :-?9 nhlddu vh``h bmrho`gs nglgneus
igshiuo `gehj io`on, sgjhlddo ununlyo p`osglto thiob ih`gposbol sgnpurlo yold iopot
nglygeoebol eolyob pgriorojol. [oio bgjonh`ol ?9 nhlddu bgotos ununlyo yold
ihbg`uorbol sgtg`oj bgtueol pgaoj ho`oj colhl, ihsusu` egegropo wobtu bgnuihol p`osglto.
[grhsthwo oemrtus hlh nglygrupoh pgrso`hlol io`on egltub nhlhoturg

Josh` bmlsgpsh poio oemrtus iopot ihbg`uorbol io`on egreodoh egltub. Oio bo`olyo
boltmld onlhml bmsmld otou tonpob ihio`onlyo eglio bgah` tolpo egltub yold cg`os
(e`hdjtgi mvun), nudbhl pu`o colhl tg`oj noth `ono (nhsgi oemrthml) ( [rowhrmjoricm, 5;;6
io`on (Iornowol, 5;?8)

I. B@O
B@OQHF
QHFHBO
HBOQH
QH

Nglurut Nmajtor Uuston oemrtus iheodh nglcoih 5 dm`mldol yohtu 3

?. Oemrtus Qpmltol Oio`oj oemrtus yold tgrcoih igldol thiob ihioju`uh fobtmr-f
fobtmr-fobtmr
obtmr
ngbolhsng otoupul ngihshlo`hs, sgnoto-noto ihsgeoebol m`gj fobtmrfobtmr h`nhoj. Oemrtus hlh
tgreodh `odh nglcoih 3

o. Oemrtus Bmnp`gtus ( bgdudurol `gldbop) oio`oj sg`uruj josh` bmlsgpsh ihbg`uorbol,

sgjhlddo rmlddo rojhn bmsmld.

e. Oemrtus Hlbmnp`gtus (bgdudurol egrshso) oio`oj jolyo sgeodhol iorh josh` bmlsgpsh yold
ihbg`uorbol, yold tgrthlddo` oio`oj igshiuo iol p`osglto.

a. Oemrtus Hlshphgls ( bgdudurol sgiold egr`oldsuld ) oio`oj oemrtus yold

sgiold egr`oldsuld, igldol msthun suioj tgreubo iol bgtueol yold tgroeo.

i. Oemrtus Hnhlgls ( bgdudurol ngneobot ) oio`oj bgdudurol ngneobot iol obol tgrcoih.
tgrcoih.
 g. Nhssgi Oemrthml oio`oj bgoiool ihnolo colhl suioj noth, tgtoph tgtop egroio
io`on rojhn iol thiob ihbg`uorbol sg`ono 5 eu`ol otou `gehj.

f. Oemrtus Joehtuo`hs oio`oj bgoiool ihnolo pgligrhto n

ngldo`onh
gldo`onh bgdudurol egrturut-turut
1 bo`h otou `gehj.

d. Oemrtus Qgpthb oio`oj bgdudurol ihsgrtoh hlfgbsh

hlfgbsh egrot igldol pglygeorol bunol
otou tmbshllyo bgio`on pgrgiorol ioroj otou pgrhtmlgun.

5. Oemrtus [rmvmbotus Oio`oj oemrtus yold ihsgldoco, eohb igldol ngnoboh meot-meotol
noupul o`ot-o`ot. Oemrtus hlh tgreodh `odh nglcoih 3

o. Oemrtus Ngihshlo`hs
Ngihshlo`hs Oio`oj oemrtus borglo thliobol bhto ssglihrh,
glihrh, igldol o`osol eh`o
bgjonh`ol ih`olcutbol iopot ngneojoyobol chwo heu (egriosorbol hlihbosh ngihs).
Ehosolyo pgr`u ngliopot pgrsgtucuol 5 sonpoh 1 thn imbtgr oj`h.

e. Oemrtus Brhnhlo`hs Oio`oj oemrtus yold tgrcoih m`gj borglo thliobol-thliobol yold
thiob `gdo` otou thiob egriosorbol hlihbosh ngihs.

G. YOLIO
YOLIO IO
IOL
L DG
DGCO@O
CO@O

Nglurut ( Nhtoyolh, 5;?? ) tolio iol

i ol dgco`o oemrtus hlbmnp`gtus yohtu3

?. Ygr
Ygr`on
`oneot
eot johi
johi..

5. [griorojol pgrvodhlon, thiob obol egrjglth sonpoh josh` bmlsgpsh ihbg`uorbol.

1. Uoso nu`
nu`os
os otou bron
bron pgrut.
pgrut.

9. Bg`ujo
Bg`ujol
l lygrh poio pgr
pgrut
ut eodhol eowo
eowoj.
j.

F. [GNGU
[GNGUHBQOOL
HBQOOL [GLWL
[GLWLCOLD
COLD

?. Ygs bgjonh`ol obol nglul

nglulcubbol
cubbol josh` pmsh
pmshthf
thf eh`o colhl noshj j
jhiup
hiup eojbol 5-1 jorh sgtg`oj
sgtg`oj
oemrtus.
5. [gngrhbsool Impp`gr ot
otou
ou WQD ultub nglgltub
nglgltubol ol opoboj colhl noshj jjhiup.
hiup. (Orhf Nolscmgr,
5;;? io`on(Iornowol, 5;?8)

D. YGBLHB OLGQYGQH
OLGQYGQH
Olgstgsh unun nglurut Ongrhaol Ossmahothml mf Olgstgshm`mdhs tngrupobol pgnegrhol meot
yold ngldhliubsh jh`oldlyo bgsoiorol ihnolo poshgl thiob ormusoe`g, ngsbhpul igldol
sthnu`
sthnu`osh
osh yold soldot
soldot ngl
nglyobh
yobhtbo
tbol.
l. Bgnonp
Bgnonpuol
uol ultub
ultub ngldot
ngldotur
ur ful
fuldsh
dsh pgrlof
pgrlofoso
osoll cud
cudoo
tgr
tgrdol
dolddu.
ddu. [os
[oshgl
hgl sgr
sgrhld
hldbo`
bo`hh ngneut
ngneutujbujbol
ol eoltuol
eoltuol ultub
ultub ngl
nglcod
codoo pot
potgls
glshh co`ol
co`ol lof
lofos,
os, iol
tgbolol vglth`osh pmshthf iheu tujbol borglo jh`oldlyo vglth`osh spmltol otou jh`oldlyo fuldsh
lgurmnusbu`or. Fuldsh borihmvosbu`or cudo tgrdolddu (OQO., 5;?1).

Olgstgsh unun iheodh nglcoih thdo tgjlhb yohtu tgjlhb olgstgsh tmto` hltrovglo, olgstgsh tmto`
hljo`o
hljo`osh,
sh, iol olgstgs
olgstgshh bmnehl
bmnehlosh
osh oltoro
oltoro hlt
hltrov
rovglo
glo iol hlj
hljo`o
o`osh
sh yol
yold
d sgrhld
sgrhld ihsgeu
ihsgeutt eo`
eo`olag
olag
olgstgsho. Noshld-noshld iorh tgjlhb tgrsgeut ngnh`hbh bgburoldol iol bg`gehjol. [gnh`hjol
tgjlhb sgrhhldbo`h ihtgltubol m`gj borobtgrhsthb poshgl sgjhlddo tgpot pglddulool iol rgshbm gfgb
so
sonp
nphl
hld
d yold
yold po`h
po`hld
ld nhlh
nhlhno
no`.`. Qoot
Qoot hlh
hlh pgldd
pglddulo
ulool
ol tgjl
tgjlhb
hb hlh
hlh su
suioj
ioj unun
unun io ioll sg
sgrh
rhld
ld
ihbgrcobol.

Dglgro` olgstgsh nglurut Noldbu iol Qglopotjh-, iopot ih`obubol igldol 1 tgblhb, yohtu3

?. Dg
Dglg
lgro
ro`` Olg
Olgst
stgs
gshh Hltro
Hltrovg
vglo
lo
Ygblhb
Ygblh b dglgro`
dglgro` olgstgshyol
olgstgshyold
d ih`obubol
ih`obubol igldol co`ol nglyul
nglyulthbbo
thbbol
l meot olgstgsh
porgltgro` `oldsuld bg io`on pgneu`uj ioroj vglo.

5. Dg
Dglg
lgro
ro`O
`Olg
lgst
stgs
gshh Hljo
Hljo`o
`osh
sh
Ygblhb
Ygb lhbdgl
dglgro
gro`ol
`olgst
gstgsh
gshyol
yoldd ih`
ih`obu
obubol
bol igl
igldol
dol co`ol
co`ol ngn
ngnegr
egrhbo
hbol
l bmn
bmnehl
ehlosh
osh meot
olgstgsh hljo`osh yold egrupo dos iol otou aohrol yold nuioj nglduop ng`o`uh
o`ototou ngshl olgstgsh `oldsuld bg uioro hlsphrosh.

1. Ol
Olgsgstg
tgsh
sh Hneo
Hneoldld
Ngrupobol tgblhb olgstgsh igldol ngnpgrdulobol bmnehlosh meot-meotol eohb meot
ol
olgs
gstg
tgsh
sh hlhltr
trov
ovgl
gloo noup
noupul
ul memeot
ot ol
olgs
gstg
tgsh
sh hljo
hljo`o
`osh
sh ot
otou
ou bm bmne
nehl
hlos
oshh tgbl
tgblhb
hb
dglgro
dgl gro`ol
`olgst
gstgsh
gshigld
igldolol olo`dg
olo`dgsho
sho rgdhml
rgdhmlo`
o` ult
ultub
ub nglaop
nglaopoh
oh trhos
trhos olgstg
olgstgsh
sh sga
sgaoro
oro
mpthno` iol egrhneold, yohtu3
(?) Gfgb jhplmshs, ihpgrm`gj igldol ngnpgrdulobol meotjhplmthbun otou meot
olgstgsh unun yold `ohl.
(5) Gfgb olo`dgsho, ihpgrm`gj igldol ngnpgrdulobol meot olo`dgthb mphot otou meot
dglgro`olgstgshotou igldol aoro olo`dgsho rgdhmlo`.
(1) Gfg
Gfgbb rg`
rg`obs
obsosh
osh,, ihpgrm
ihpgrm`gj
`gj igld
igldol
ol ngn
ngnpgrpgrdul
dulobol
obol meo
meott pg`
pg`unp
unpuj
uj mtmt
mtmt oto
otou
u
dglgro`olgstgsh, otou igldol aoro olo`dgsho rgdhmlo`.

J . Fmbus pgldbochol
[gldbochol
[gldboc hol oio`oj
oio`oj pgligbotol
pgligbotol shstgnoth
shstgnothss ultub ngldunpu`bol
ngldunpu`bol ioto iol ngldol
ngldolo`hso
o`hsolyo
lyo
(Noluruld, 5;??). [gldbochol oio`oj pgnhbhrol iosor iorh prmsgs bgpgrowotol yold
egrtucuol ultub ngldunpu`bol hlfmrnosh otou ioto tgltold poshgl, odor iopot
ngldhiglthfhbosh, ngldglo`h noso`oj-noso`oj, bgeutujol bgsgjotol iolbgpgrowotol poshgl,
eohb fhshb, nglto`, smsho` iol `hldbuldol nglurut Gffgliy (?887io`on Igrnowol, 5;?5).

o. Io
Iotto Que
Queccgbth
gbthff
Ioto Quecgbthf, nglulcubbol pgrsgpsh iol sglsosh b`hgl tgltold noso`oj bgsgjotol.
B`hgl nglduldbopbol pgrsgpsh iol pgrosool suecgbthf sgpgrth lygrh. Ioto suecgbthf
oio`oj hlfmrnosh yold ihuaopbol poshgl bgpoio pgrowot sg`ono pgldbochol, yohtu
bmnglt
bmn gltor
or yold ihigld
ihigldor
or m`gj
m`gj pgrowo
pgrowot.
t. Ioto
Ioto sue
suecgb
cgbth
thff iopo
iopott ihs
ihsgeut
geut dgc
dgco`o
o`o.. Iot
Iotoo
suecgbthf otou dgco`o oio`oj fglmnglo yold iho`onh m`gj b`hgl iol nuldbhl suotu
pgrnu`ool bgehosool sglsosh lmrno` b`hgl.
 e. Ioto Mecgbthf
Ioto Mecgbthf, ihiosorbol poio fglmnglo yold iopot ihonoth sgaoro fobtuo`. Ioto
mecg
mecgbt
bthf
hf iopo
iopott ihon
ihonot
othh iol
iol ihubu
ihubur.r.5
5 Ioto
Ioto mec
mecgb
gbth
thff ng
ngru
rupob
pobol
ol hlfm
hlfmrn
rnos
oshh yo
yold
ld
ihbunpu`bol pgrowot ng`o`uh hligro pgrowot. Ioto mecgbthf oio`oj hlfmrnosh ihnolo
pgrowot iopot ng`hjot (Mesgrvosh) , ngrosobol ( po`posh ), Ngligldor(ousbu`tosh) iol
pgrbush.

H. NOQO@O
NOQO@OJ
JBBG[GUOT
G[GUOTOYOL
OYOL

?. Olsghtos (agnos)
(agnos) egrjueuldol igldol burold lyo pgldgtojuol
5. Bgthiob gfgbthfol pm`o lofos egr
egrjueuldol
jueuldol igldol pgldoruj meot olgstgsh
1. Ugshbm co
cotuj
tuj egrjueuldol
egrjueuldol igldol bgoioo
bgoiool
l poshgl

C. HLYGUVGLQH

@oldboj-`oldboj pgrglaolool io`on prmsgs bgpgrowotol yohtu, nglgltubol prhmrhtos

noso`oj, nglu`hsbol tucuol iol brhtgrho josh`, iol ngnh`hj rglaolo thliobol otou hltgrvglsh
bgpgrowotol. [glg`hthol hlh ih`obubol ultub ngldgtojuh `oldboj`oldboj pgrglaolool io`on
prmsgs bgpgrowotol. [rmsgs bgpgrowotol ngrupobol aoro yold shstgnoths yold ih`obubol m`gj
m`gj pgrowot egrsono b`hgl io`on nglgltubol bgeutujol osujol bgpgrowotol igldol
ng`obubol pgldbochol, ng`obubol ihodlmshs, ngrglaolobol thliobol yold obol ih`obubol,

ng`obsolobol thliobol sgrto ngldgvo`uosh josh` osujol yold tg`oj ihegrhbol igldol egrfmbus
poio b`hgl, egrmrhgltosh poio tucuol poio sgthop tojop so`hld tgrcoih bgtgrdoltuldol iol so`hld
egrjueuldol.

Nglurut Lurshld Hltgrvglthmls A`osshfhaothml (LHA) (5;?1), hltgrvglsh bgpgrowotol

ngrupobol suotu pgrowotol yold ih`obubol pgrowot egriosorbol pglh`ohol b`hlhs iol
pgldgtojuol pgrowot ultub nglhldbotbol mutamgn poshgl/b`hgl.

[grglaolool oio`oj suotu botgdmrh iorh pgrh`obu bgpgrowotol ihnolo tucuol egrpusot poio
b`hgl iol josh` yold ih pgrbhrobol ihtgtopbol iol hltgrvglsh bgpgrowotol ihph`hj ultub
nglaopoh tucuol tgrsgeut ([mttgr & [grry, 5;;7).

Yucuol ih`obubollyo pgrglaolool osujol bgpgrowotol oio`oj sgeodoh egrhbut.

?. Nglhldbotbol bmnulhbosh oltoro pgnegrh osujol bgpgrowotol.

5. Ngnegrhbol osujol sgaoro `oldsuld iol ihimbungltoshbol

1. Aototol iopot ihdulobol

ihdulobol ultub gvo`uosh, pglg`hthol, iol ospgb `gdo`.

9. Qgeodoh imbung
imbungltosh
ltosh eubth ultu
ultub
b `oyolol osurolsh.
 Nglurut Igswolh (5;;8), botgdmrh hltgrvglsh tgrihrh iorh 5, yohtu3

?. Hltgrvglsh bgpgrowotol `oldsuld Xohtu bgdhotol yold ih`obubol `oldsuld

egrhltgrobsh igldol b`hgl, sgpgrth ngneoltu b`hgl turul iorh tgnpot thiur otou
ngnegrhbol pglihihbol bgsgjotol tgltold ihoegtgs ng`htus.

5. Hltgrvglsh bgpgrowotol thiob `oldsuld X

Xohtu
ohtu bgdhotol yold ih`obubol tolpo
`oldsuld egrjoiopol igldol b`hgl, nhso`lyo3 ngnmlhtmr josh` pgngrhbsool
`oemrotmrhun otou ngnhliojbol b`hgl iorh sotu ruoldol bg ruoldol `ohl.

IOFYOU [WQYOBO

Iornowol, I. (5;?8). Burgtosg. Cmurlo` mf Ajgnhao` Hlfmrnothml oli Nmig`hld, 71(8),

71(8), ?6:8‑
?688.

Jglrh. (5;?:). 渊焯 Lm Yht`g Lm Yht`g Lm Yht`g. Oldgwolitg Ajgnhg Hltgrlothmlo` Gihthml,

6(??), 87?‑875.

Cgb`hl, O. (5;?6). 渊焯 Lm Yht`g Lm Yht`g Lm Yht`g.

Yht`g. Cu`y
Cu`y,, ?‑51.

Olmlhn. 5;?5. Tjhtg E`mmi Ag``s oli Hts Fulathml. Ngihao` Cmurlo` Ml`hlg
jttp3//ngihao`cmurlo`ml`hlg.e`mdspmt.am.hi/5;?5/;9/wjhtg-e`mmiag``s-oli-hts-fulathml.jtn`
ihobsgs poio tolddo` 8 Fgeruorh 5;?7.

Fohzu`, 5;?1. Aoro Euihioyo Hbol Doeus (Mpjhmagpjo`us strhotus).

jttp3//euihioyohboldoeusbu.e`mdspmt.am.hi/ ihobsgs poio tolddo` 6 Odustus 5;?6.

Olwor, G. 5;?5. Gbshphgl io`on Qgihool Fornosh. Borobtgrhsosh iol Op`hbosh. Coborto 3 [Y. Ihol
Uobyot