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Apa Style - Itc

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39 views9 pages

Apa Style - Itc

Uploaded by

heidiyungruixuan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Official Open

APA Style –
In-text
Citation (ITC)

For Apr24 sem


Official Open

In-text Citation Basics


• To insert an in-text citation, include the following information to
your sentence or paragraph:
• Author’s family name (surname) or name of the corporate
author (organisation, government department, etc.)
• Year of publication
• Depending on the type of source cited, you may also need to
include page numbers

For Apr24 sem


Official Open

In-text Citation Basics

• In-text citation can be done in 2 ways – either as an


integral citation or a non-integral citation.
• An integral citation is named as such because it is integrated into
the structure of the sentence itself

• A non-integral citation is named as such because it sits apart


from the structure of the sentence

For Apr24 sem


Official Open

Integral Citation

As the name suggests, integral citations integrate the name of the


cited author within the sentence or paragraph.

Example:
Baron (1998) also notes the emails, apart from being stylistically
informal, usually tend to be shorter than telephone exchanges and
often dispense with conventional opening and closing routines.

Note: For integral citations, the author’s name is part of the


sentence, but the publication year is in brackets.

For Apr24 sem


Official Open

Non-integral Citation

Non-integral citations are inserted at the middle or end of the


sentence, and do not interrupt the flow of the sentence.

Example:
For the interviewees, these concepts seemed to refer to language
strategies on the one hand (Planken, 2005) and to what we know as
effective business communication strategies (Munter, 2007).

Note: For non-integral citations, the author and


publication year are both within the brackets.

For Apr24 sem


Official Open

Should you use Integral or Non-integral


Citations in your essays?

• Use integral citation when you want to place emphasis on the


writer of the source. The writer could be someone renowned
in that field, thus it helps to bring the writer to the beginning
of the sentence.

• Use non-integral citation when you want the reader to focus


on the content instead of the writer of the source. It is less
likely to interrupt the flow of the sentence.

Note: You are likely to use a mix of both integral and


non-integral citations in your essays.

For Apr24 sem


Official Open

How to cite if there is more than one author?

• Follow the sequence of names as given in the source

• For two authors (example):


Integral: Research by Tan and Lee (1981) illustrates that...
Non-integral: (Tan & Lee, 1981)

• For three or more authors (example):


Integral: Research by Tan et al. (1981) illustrates that...
Non-integral: (Tan et al., 1981)

For Apr24 sem


Official Open

Secondary Citations (or Secondary References)

• Name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary
source in your References list and include the secondary source in the
in-text citation. Include the year of the original source, if known.

Integral: Johnson (1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102) showed that…

Non-integral: (Johnson, 1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102)

Always try to read and cite the original source directly, if possible. Only do secondary
citations where the original source cannot be accessed.
For Apr24 sem
Official Open

Citing Works without Dates

For works without dates, place the abbreviation ‘n.d.’ (for no date)
in place of the year for in-text citations and the reference list.

Integral Citation Non-integral Citation


Bovill (n.d.) defines… ….. (Bovill, n.d.).

For Apr24 sem

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