Cloud-Based Application

Development and Management

(TCS 552)
 Unit I
Fundamental of Cloud Based Applications: Cloud Data
centers, Software stack, Virtualization, software defined
networks and storage, cloud storage, and programming
models, Clouds Based Application development motivating
factors, benefits, challenges, service models, SLAs and
security. Concepts behind data center design and
management, Economic and technological benefits of the
cloud paradigm.

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 Fundamental of Cloud Based
Applications
Cloud computing Application is the delivery of computing services—including
servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—
over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and
economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud services you use, helping
you lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently, and scale
as your business needs change.
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction.

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 Cloud Data centers
A data center is a physical location that stores computing
machines and their related hardware equipment. It contains
the computing infrastructure that IT systems require, such as
servers, data storage drives, and network equipment. It is the
physical facility that stores any company’s digital data.

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 Cloud Data centers (Contd.)
Data centers bring several benefits, such as:
Backup power supplies to manage power outages
Data replication across several machines for disaster recovery
Temperature-controlled facilities to extend the life of the equipment
Easier implementation of security measures for compliance with
data laws

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 Cloud Data centers (Contd.)
Most enterprise data center infrastructure falls into three broad
categories:
Compute
Storage
Network

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 Cloud Data centers (Contd.)
Types of data center services:
On-premises data centers: On-premises data centers are fully owned company
data centers that store sensitive data and critical applications for that company.
You set up the data center, manage its ongoing operations, and purchase and
maintain the equipment.
Benefits: An enterprise data center can give better security because you manage risks
internally. You can customize the data center to meet your requirements.
Limitations: It is costly to set up your own data center and manage ongoing staffing
and running costs. You also need multiple data centers because just one can become a
single high-risk point of failure.

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 Cloud Data centers (Contd.)
Colocation data centers: Colocation facilities are large data center facilities in
which you can rent space to store your servers, racks, and other computing
hardware. The colocation center typically provides security and support
infrastructure such as cooling and network bandwidth.
Benefits: Colocation facilities reduce ongoing maintenance costs and provide fixed
monthly costs to house your hardware. You can also geographically distribute
hardware to minimize latency and to be closer to your end users.
Limitations: It can be challenging to source colocation facilities across the globe and
in different geographical areas you target. Costs could also add up quickly as you
expand.

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 Cloud Data centers (Contd.)
Cloud data centers: In a cloud data center, you can rent both space and
infrastructure. Cloud providers maintain large data centers with full security and
compliance. You can access this infrastructure by using different services that
give you more flexibility in usage and payment.
Benefits: A cloud data center reduces both hardware investment and the ongoing
maintenance cost of any infrastructure. It gives greater flexibility in terms of
usage options, resource sharing, availability, and redundancy.

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 Cloud Data centers (Contd.)
How does AWS manage its data centers?
AWS has the concept of a Region, which are physical locations around the world where we cluster data centers. We
call each group of logical data centers an Availability Zone (AZ). Each AWS Region consists of multiple, isolated, and
physically separate AZs within a geographic area. Each AZ consists of one or more physical data centers, and we design
each AZ to be completely isolated from the other AZs in terms of location, power, and water supply.
Unlike other cloud providers, who often define a region as a single data center, the multiple AZ design of every AWS
Region offers additional advantages for our customers, such as reliability, scalability, and the lowest possible latency.
For example:
AZs allow for partitioning applications for high availability. If an application is partitioned across AZs, companies are better
isolated and protected from issues such as power outages, lightning strikes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and more.
AZs in an AWS Region are interconnected with high-bandwidth, low-latency networking, over fully redundant, dedicated metro
fiber, providing high-throughput, low-latency networking between AZs.
Traffic between AZs is encrypted. The network performance is sufficient to accomplish synchronous replication between AZs.
Additionally, AWS provides data center security in four layers or levels.

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 Software stack
A stack of software is a collection of independent components
which collaborate to make application implementation easier.
An OS, architectural layer, protocol, runtime environment, database
or a call functionality is included in a hierarchy. Lower levels in
hierarchy frequently interface with hardware, whereas upper levels in
the hierarchy perform specific user activities and services.
Components interact with the application directly via a sequence of
sophisticated instructions that traverse the stack.

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 Software stack (Contd.)
Software stacks provide several advantages, including the ability to provide
predetermined answers to issues, which are sometimes the best solutions.
They give the bare minimum of software required to get the desired results.
Software stacks can be installed in a system or installed automatically in computer
templates.
The installation and operation of software stacks are the same for customizable
systems. As a result, the answers offered are also consistent.
The majority of software stacks have support for the complete bundle. Some have
community forums as well.
An image or software specifications can be used to install software stacks.

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 Virtualization
Virtualization is technology that you can use to create virtual
representations of servers, storage, networks, and other physical
machines.
Virtual software mimics the functions of physical hardware to run
multiple virtual machines simultaneously on a single physical
machine.
Businesses use virtualization to use their hardware resources
efficiently and get greater returns from their investment.
It also powers cloud computing services that help organizations
manage infrastructure more efficiently.
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 Virtualization (Contd.)
Virtualization provides several benefits to any organization:
Efficient resource use: Virtualization improves hardware resources used in your data center. For example,
instead of running one server on one computer system, you can create a virtual server pool on the same
computer system by using and returning servers to the pool as required. Having fewer underlying physical
servers frees up space in your data center and saves money on electricity, generators, and cooling appliances.
Automated IT management: Now that physical computers are virtual, you can manage them by using
software tools. Administrators create deployment and configuration programs to define virtual machine
templates. You can duplicate your infrastructure repeatedly and consistently and avoid error-prone manual
configurations.
Faster disaster recovery: When events such as natural disasters or cyberattacks negatively affect business
operations, regaining access to IT infrastructure and replacing or fixing a physical server can take hours or
even days. By contrast, the process takes minutes with virtualized environments. This prompt response
significantly improves resiliency and facilitates business continuity so that operations can continue as
scheduled.

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 Software defined networks and storage
SDN represents a substantial step forward from traditional networking, in that it enables the following:
Increased control with greater speed and flexibility: Instead of manually programming multiple vendor-
specific hardware devices, developers can control the flow of traffic over a network simply by programming
an open standard software-based controller. Networking administrators also have more flexibility in
choosing networking equipment, since they can choose a single protocol to communicate with any number
of hardware devices through a central controller.
Customizable network infrastructure: With a software-defined network, administrators can configure
network services and allocate virtual resources to change the network infrastructure in real time through one
centralized location. This allows network administrators to optimize the flow of data through the network
and prioritize applications that require more availability.
Robust security: A software-defined network delivers visibility into the entire network, providing a more
holistic view of security threats. With the proliferation of smart devices that connect to the internet, SDN
offers clear advantages over traditional networking. Operators can create separate zones for devices that
require different levels of security, or immediately quarantine compromised devices so that they cannot
infect the rest of the network.

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 Software defined networks and storage
(Contd.)
Different models of SDN
Open SDN: Network administrators use a protocol like OpenFlow to control the behavior of virtual and
physical switches at the data plane level.
SDN by APIs: Instead of using an open protocol, application programming interfaces control how data
moves through the network on each device.
SDN Overlay Model: Another type of software-defined networking runs a virtual network on top of an
existing hardware infrastructure, creating dynamic tunnels to different on-premise and remote data centers.
The virtual network allocates bandwidth over a variety of channels and assigns devices to each channel,
leaving the physical network untouched.
Hybrid SDN: This model combines software-defined networking with traditional networking protocols in
one environment to support different functions on a network. Standard networking protocols continue to
direct some traffic, while SDN takes on responsibility for other traffic, allowing network administrators to
introduce SDN in stages to a legacy environment.

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 Cloud storage
Cloud storage is a cloud computing model that enables storing data and files on
the internet through a cloud computing provider that you access either through
the public internet or a dedicated private network connection.
The provider securely stores, manages, and maintains the storage servers,
infrastructure, and network to ensure you have access to the data when you need
it at virtually unlimited scale, and with elastic capacity.
Cloud storage removes the need to buy and manage your own data storage
infrastructure, giving you agility, scalability, and durability, with any time,
anywhere data access.

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 Types of Cloud storage
Object storage: Organizations have to store a massive and growing amount of unstructured data, such as
photos, videos, machine learning (ML), sensor data, audio files, and other types of web content, and finding
scalable, efficient, and affordable ways to store them can be a challenge. Object storage is a data storage
architecture for large stores of unstructured data. Objects store data in the format it arrives in and makes it
possible to customize metadata in ways that make the data easier to access and analyze. Instead of being
organized in files or folder hierarchies, objects are kept in secure buckets that deliver virtually unlimited
scalability. It is also less costly to store large data volumes.
File storage: File-based storage or file storage is widely used among applications and stores data in a
hierarchical folder and file format. This type of storage is often known as a network-attached storage (NAS)
server with common file level protocols of Server Message Block (SMB) used in Windows instances and
Network File System (NFS) found in Linux.
Block storage: Enterprise applications like databases or enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems often
require dedicated, low-latency storage for each host. This is analogous to direct-attached storage (DAS) or a
storage area network (SAN). In this case, you can use a cloud storage service that stores data in the form of
blocks. Each block has its own unique identifier for quick storage and retrieval.

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 Programming models
Programming Models in Cloud Computing programming
includes some computer programming languages for
accessing and operating the cloud. Such languages are Perl,
learn javascript, AJAX, ASP, Java, PHP and learn MySQL.

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 Clouds based application development
motivating factors
Distributed design.
Operational excellence.
Security and compliance.
Reliability.
Performance.

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 Benefits
Faster time to market: You can spin up new instances or retire them in seconds, allowing
developers to accelerate development with quick deployments. Cloud computing supports new
innovations by making it easy to test new ideas and design new applications without hardware
limitations or slow procurement processes.
Scalability and flexibility: Cloud computing gives your business more flexibility. You can
quickly scale resources and storage up to meet business demands without having to invest in
physical infrastructure. Companies don’t need to pay for or build the infrastructure needed to
support their highest load levels. Likewise, they can quickly scale down if resources aren’t being
used.
Cost savings: Whatever cloud service model you choose, you only pay for the resources you
actually use. This helps you avoid overbuilding and overprovisioning your data center and gives
your IT teams back valuable time to focus on more strategic work.

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 Benefits (Contd.)
Better collaboration: Cloud storage enables you to make data available anywhere you are,
anytime you need it. Instead of being tied to a location or specific device, people can access data
from anywhere in the world from any device—as long as they have an internet connection.
Advanced security: Despite popular perceptions, cloud computing can actually strengthen your
security posture because of the depth and breadth of security features, automatic maintenance,
and centralized management. Reputable cloud providers also hire top security experts and employ
the most advanced solutions, providing more robust protection.
Data loss prevention: Cloud providers offer backup and disaster recovery features. Storing data
in the cloud rather than locally can help prevent data loss in the event of an emergency, such as
hardware malfunction, malicious threats, or even simple user error.

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 Challenges
Risk of vendor lock-in
Less control over underlying cloud infrastructure
Concerns about security risks like data privacy and online
threats
Integration complexity with existing systems
Unforeseen costs and unexpected expenses

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 Service models
IaaS, PaaS and SaaS are the three most popular types of cloud service offerings.
They are sometimes referred to as cloud service models or cloud computing
service models.
IaaS, or infrastructure as a service, is on-demand access to cloud-hosted
physical and virtual servers, storage and networking - the backend IT
infrastructure for running applications and workloads in the cloud.
PaaS, or platform as a service, is on-demand access to a complete, ready-to-use,
cloud-hosted platform for developing, running, maintaining and managing
applications.
SaaS, or software as a service, is on-demand access to ready-to-use, cloud-
hosted application software.
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 Service models

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 SLAs
A Service Level Agreement (SLA) is the bond for
performance negotiated between the cloud services provider
and the client.
Service level agreements are also defined at different levels
which are mentioned below:
Customer-based SLA
Service-based SLA
Multilevel SLA

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 SLAs (Contd.)
Service Level Agreements usually specify some parameters
which are mentioned below:
Availability of the Service (uptime)
Latency or the response time
Service components reliability
Each party accountability
Warranties

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 SLAs (Contd.)

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 Security

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 Concepts behind data center design and
management
A data center's design is based on a network of computing
and storage resources that enable the delivery of shared
applications and data. The key components of a data center
design include routers, switches, firewalls, storage systems,
servers, and application-delivery controllers.
The core elements of a data center are host, storage,
connectivity (or network), applications, and DBMS that are
managed centrally. These elements work together to process
and store data.
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 Concepts behind data center design and
management (Contd.)
Enterprise data centers are typically constructed and used by a single
organization for their own internal purposes. These are common among tech
giants.
Colocation data centers function as a kind of rental property where the space
and resources of a data center are made available to the people willing to rent it.
Managed service data centers offer aspects such as data storage, computing, and
other services as a third party, serving customers directly.
Cloud data centers are distributed and are sometimes offered to customers with
the help of a third-party managed service provider.

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 Concepts behind data center design and
management (Contd.)
Industry standards exist from organizations like the Telecommunications
Industry Association (TIA) and the Uptime Institute to assist in the design,
construction and maintenance of data center facilities. For instance, Uptime
Institute defines these four tiers:
Tier I: Basic capacity, must include a UPS.
Tier II: Redundant capacity and adds redundant power and cooling.
Tier III: Concurrently maintainable and ensures that any component can be taken out
of service without affecting production.
Tier IV: Fault tolerant, allowing any production capacity to be insulated from ANY
type of failure.

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 Economic and technological benefits of
the cloud paradigm
Business Agility
Global Access to IT infrastructure
Cost Efficiency
Innovation and Competition
Growth and Employment

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 Assignment 1 (CO1)
Q. 1 Briefly explain Cloud Data centers and Software stack.
Q. 2 Briefly explain Virtualization, software defined networks and storage.
Q. 3 Briefly explain cloud service models, and SLAs.
Q. 4 Briefly explain the economic and technological benefits of the cloud
paradigm.

Submission link: https://forms.gle/SXKpRYXxGu1jBQWf7

Submission deadline: 16/08/2023

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 Class presentation (Choose any one
topic)
Basics of Cloud Data centers and Software stack,
Virtualization, software defined networks and storage,
Cloud service models, and SLAs,
Economic and technological benefits of the cloud paradigm.

Submission link: https://forms.gle/SXKpRYXxGu1jBQWf7

Submission deadline: 16/08/2023
(Duration: 6-8 Minutes, No. of slides: 6-10)
The recorded presentation will be uploaded using submission link.

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