THE LEADERS MATRIC HR SEC SCHOOL – KARAIKUDI

PROGRAM SYNTAX & EXAMPLES

STD: XII COMPUTER SCIENCE
S TOPIC SYNTAX / EXAMPLES
CHAPTER - 1 FUNCTION
1. Function definition let rec fn a1 a2 ... an := k
2. Function types x → y ; x1 → x2 → y; x1 → ... → xn → y
CHAPTER - 2 DATA ABSTRACTION
1. Constructor Pseudo code Distance (city1, city2):
lt1, lg1 := getlat(city1), getlon(city1)
lt2, lg2 := getlat(city2), getlon(city2)
return ((lt1 - lt2)**2 + (lg1 - lg2)**2))1/2
2. Rational number Pseudo code x,y:=8,3 rational(n,d)
numer(x)/denom(y) - - output : 2.6666666666666665
3. Multi part object Pseudo code class Person:
creation( )
firstName := " "
lastName := " "
id := " "
email := " "
CHAPTER - 5 PYTHON -VARIABLES AND OPERATORS
The print() function print (“string to be displayed as output ” )
print (variable )
print (“String to be displayed as output ”, variable)
print (“String1 ”, variable, “String 2”, variable, “String 3” ……)
2. The input() function Variable = input (“prompt string”)
3. Conditional operator Variable Name = [on_true] if [Test expression] else [on_false]
CHAPTER - 6 CONTROL STRUCTURES
1. Simple if statement if <condition>:
statements-block1
2. if..else statement if <condition>:
statements-block 1
else:
statements-block 2
3. Nested if..elif...else if <condition-1>:
statements-block 1
elif <condition-2>:
statements-block 2
else:
statements-block n
4. while loop while <condition>:
statements block 1
[else:
statements block2]
5. for loop for counter_variable in sequence:
statements-block 1
[else: # optional block
statements-block 2]
6 break statement break
7. continue statement continue
8. pass statement pass

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PREPARED BY B. MOHAMED YOUSUF M.C.A.., B.Ed., (PG ASST IN COMPUTER SCIENCE)
 CHAPTER - 7 PYTHON FUNCTIONS
1. User defined function def <function_name ([parameter1, parameter2…] )> :
<Block of Statements>
return <expression / None>
2. Passing Parameters def function_name (parameter(s) separated by comma):
3. Variable-Length Arguments def function_name(*args):
function_body
return_statement
4. Anonymous Functions lambda [argument(s)] :expression
5. Return statement return [expression list ]
CHAPTER - 9 LIST,TUPLES, SETS AND DICTIONARY
1. Create a List Variable = [element-1, element-2, element-3 …… element-n]
2. Accessing List elements List_Variable = [E1, E2, E3 …… En]
print (List_Variable[index of a element])
3. Accessing elements using for loop for index_var in list:
print (index_var)
4. Changing list elements List_Variable [index of an element] = Value to be changed
List_Variable [index from : index to] = Values to changed
5. Adding more elements in a list List.append (element to be added)
List.extend ( [elements to be added])
6. Inserting elements in a list List.insert (position index, element)
7. Deleting elements from a list del List [index of an element] # to delete a particular element
del List [index from : index to] # to delete multiple elements
del List # to delete entire list
8. Remove , Pop , Clear () List.remove(element) # to delete a particular element
List.pop(index of an element)
List.clear( )
9. Range ( ) function range (start value, end value, step value)
10 Creating a list (Rang () ) List_Varibale = list ( range ( ) )
11 List comprehensions List = [ expression for variable in range ]
12 Creating Tuples Tuple_Name = ( ) # Empty tuple
Tuple_Name = (E1, E2, E2 ……. En) # Tuple with n number elements
Tuple_Name = E1, E2, E3 ….. En # Elements of a tuple without parenthesis
13 Creating tuples using tuple( ) function Tuple_Name = tuple( [list elements] )
14 Delete Tuple del tuple_name
15 Creating a Set Set_Variable = {E1, E2, E3 …….. En}
16 defining a dictionary: Dictionary_Name = { Key_1: Value_1,
Key_2:Value_2, …….
Key_n:Value_n }
17 Creating a Dictionary # Empty dictionary Dict1 = { }
# Dictionary with Key Dict_Stud = { 'RollNo': '1234',
'Name':'Murali', 'Class':'XII', 'Marks':'451'}
18 Deleting a Dictionary # To delete a particular element. del dictionary_name[key]
# To delete all the elements dictionary_name.clear( )
# To delete an entire dictionary del dictionary_name
CHAPTER - 10 PYTHON CLASSES AND OBJECTS
1 Defining classes class class_name:
statement_1
statement_2
…………..
…………..
statement_n

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PREPARED BY B. MOHAMED YOUSUF M.C.A.., B.Ed., (PG ASST IN COMPUTER SCIENCE)
2. Creating objects Object_name = class_name( )
3. Accessing Class Members Object_name . class_member
4. Constructor general format def __init__(self, [args ……..]):
__init__ method <statements>
CHAPTER - 12 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
1. Creating data base 1.To create a database, type the following command in the prompt:
CREATE DATABASE database_name;
For example to create a database to store the tables:
CREATE DATABASE stud;
2. To work with the database, type the following command.
USE DATABASE;
For example to use the stud database created, give the command
USE stud;
2. CREATE TABLE Command CREATE TABLE <table-name>
(<column name><data type>[<size>]
(<column name><data type>[<size>]…… );
3. SQL command CREATE TABLE Student
(Admno integer,
Name char(20),
Gender char(1),
Age integer,
Place char(10), );
4. A table created with constraint CREATE TABLE <table-name>
(<column name><data type>[<size>]<column constraint>,
(<column name><data type>[<size>]<column constraint>……
<table constraint>(<column name>,[<column name>….])…..
);
5. INSERT command INSERT INTO <table-name> [column-list] VALUES (values);
6. DELETE COMMAND DELETE FROM table-name WHERE condition;
7. UPDATE COMMAND UPDATE <table-name> SET column-name = value, column-name =
value,… WHERE condition;
8. ALTER COMMAND ALTER TABLE <table-name> ADD <column-name><data type><size>;
ALTER <table-name> MODIFY<column-name><data type><size>;
ALTER <table-name> RENAME old-column-name TO new-column-name;
ALTER <table-name> DROP COLUMN <column-name>;
9. TRUNCATE command TRUNCATE TABLE table-name;
10 DROP TABLE command DROP TABLE table-name;
11 SELECT command SELECT <column-list>FROM<table-name>;
12 DISTINCT Keyword SELECT DISTINCT Place FROM Student;
13 ALL Keyword SELECT ALL Place FROM Student;
14 SELECT command with SELECT <column-name>[,<column-name>,….] FROM <table-
WHERE Clause name>WHERE condition>;
15 BETWEEN and NOT SELECT Admno, Name, Age, Gender FROM Student WHERE Age
BETWEEN Keywords BETWEEN 18 AND 19;
16 IN Keyword SELECT Admno, Name, Place FROM Student WHERE Place IN
(“Chennai”, “Delhi”);
17 ORDER BY clause SELECT <column-name>[,<column-name>,….] FROM <table-
name>ORDER BY <column1>,<column2>,…ASC| DESC ;
18 WHERE clause SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Age>=18 ORDER BY Name;
19 GROUP BY clause SELECT <column-names> FROM <table-name> GROUP BY
<column-name>HAVING condition];
20 HAVING clause SELECT Gender , count(*) FROM Student GROUP BY Gender
HAVING Place = ‘Chennai’;

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PREPARED BY B. MOHAMED YOUSUF M.C.A.., B.Ed., (PG ASST IN COMPUTER SCIENCE)
21 COMMIT command COMMIT;
22 ROLLBACK command ROLL BACK TO save point name;
23 SAVEPOINT command SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;
CHAPTER - 13 PYTHON AND CSV FILES
1 csv.reader() csv.reader(fileobject,delimiter,fmtparams)
2. Read A CSV File And Store It list = [] # Start as the empty list
In A List list.append(element) # Use append() to add elements
3. csv.writer() csv.writer(fileobject,delimiter,fmtparams)
CHAPTER -14 IMPORTING C++ PROGRAMS IN PYTHON
1. Execute the Python program Python <filename.py> -i <C++ filename without cpp extension>
2. accessing the functions from <module name> . <function name>
the module
3. Python's OS Module os.system (‘g++ ’ + <variable_name1> ‘ -<mode> ’ +
<variable_name2>
4. getopt.getopt method <opts>,<args>=getopt.getopt(argv, options, [long_options])
5. command for wrapping C++ if __name__=='__main__':
code main(sys.argv[1:])
CHAPTER - 15 DATA MANIPULATION THROUGH SQL
1. Creating a Database using # importing module import sqlite3
SQLit # connecting to the database connection = sqlite3.connect ("Academy.db")
# cursor cursor = connection.cursor()
2. Creating a Table CREATE TABLE Student ( RollnoINTEGER, SnameVARCHAR(20),
GradeCHAR(1), gender CHAR(1), Average float(5.2), birth_date
DATE, PRIMARY KEY (Rollno) );
CHAPTER - 16 DATA VISUALIZATION USING PYPLOT: (LINE,PIE, BAR CHART)
1. Matplotlib using the command import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

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PREPARED BY B. MOHAMED YOUSUF M.C.A.., B.Ed., (PG ASST IN COMPUTER SCIENCE)