Lab 9 Expert System

Lecture 5(ii)
Digital
Transmission
CONTENTS
Line Coding
Block Coding
Sampling
Line coding
 Process of converting binary data, a sequence of bits, to

digital signal.
 Eg. : data, text, numbers, audio etc.
Characteristics of line coding
 Signal level vs Data level

 Pulse rate vs Bit rate
 DC components
 Self synchronization
Signal level versus data
level
two
Pulse Rate versus Bit Rate
 Pulse rate defines the number of pulses per second

 Pulse is a minimum of time required to transmit symbol
 Bit rate defines the number of bits per second
 Bit Rate = Pulse Rate x log2 L
 L, No of data levels
Example 1
A signal has two data levels with a pulse duration
of 1 ms. Find a bit rate?
Example 2
A signal has four data levels with a pulse duration of 1 ms.

Calculate the pulse rate and bit rate?
DC component
 When the voltage level in a digital signal is constant for a
while, the spectrum creates very low frequencies (around
zero). These frequencies are called Direct-Current (DC)
components.
 DC components present problems for a system that cannot
pass low frequencies channel.
Self Synchronization
 To ensure that receiver's intervals must correspond
exactly to the sender’s bit intervals
Example 3
In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent
faster than the sender clock. How many extra bits per
second does the receiver receive if the data rate is 1 Kbps?
How many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?
At 1 Kbps:
1000 bits sent ➔1001 bits received➔1 extra bps
At 1 Mbps:
1,000,000 bits sent ➔1,001,000 bits received➔1000 extra
bps
Line Coding Schemes
Line Coding
Unipolar Polar Bipolar Multilevel Multitransition

Unipolar encoding
 Simple and primitive

 Unipolar encoding uses only one voltage level.
Polar encoding
 Polar encoding uses two voltage levels (positive and

negative).
Polar
Differential
NRZ RZ Manchester
Manchester
NRZ-L and NRZ-I encoding
 In NRZ-L the level of the signal is dependent
upon the state of the bit.
 In NRZ-I the signal is inverted if a 1 is
encountered.
RZ encoding
 Signal change during each bit

Manchester encoding
 In Manchester encoding, the transition at the
middle of the bit is used for both
synchronization and bit representation
Differential Manchester encoding
 In differential Manchester encoding, the transition

at the middle of the bit is used only for
synchronization.
 The bit representation is defined by the inversion or
noninversion at the beginning of the bit.
Bipolar AMI encoding
 In bipolar encoding, we use three levels:

 positive, zero, and negative.
Multilevel
 2 Binary 1 Quarter ( 2B1Q )

 Uses 4 volt level.
Multiline transmission
 MLT-3 signal
 Uses 3 level signal ( +1, 0 dan -1 )
Block coding
Substitution in block coding
4B/5B encoding
Data Code Data Code
0000 11110 1000 10010
0001 01001 1001 10011
0010 10100 1010 10110

0011 10101 1011 10111
0100 01010 1100 11010
0101 01011 1101 11011
0110 01110 1110 11100
0111 01111 1111 11101
4B/5B encoding (Continued)
Data Code
Q (Quiet) 00000
I (Idle) 11111
H (Halt) 00100
J (start delimiter) 11000
K (start delimiter) 10001
T (end delimiter) 01101
S (Set) 11001
R (Reset) 00111
Sampling
 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

 Pulse Code Modulation
 Sampling Rate: Nyquist Theorem
 How Many Bits per Sample?
 Bit Rate
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
 Pulse amplitude modulation is the first step in
another very popular conversion method called pulse
code modulation.
Quantized PAM signal
Quantizing by using sign and
magnitude
PCM
From analog signal to PCM digital code
Nyquist theorem
 According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate
must be at least 2 times the highest frequency
Note:
Note that we can always change a

band-pass signal to a low-pass signal
before sampling. In this case, the
sampling rate is twice the bandwidth.
Example 3
What sampling rate is needed for a signal with a bandwidth
of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz)?
The sampling rate must be twice the highest frequency in

the signal:
Sampling rate = 2 x (11,000) = 22,000 samples/s

Example 4
A signal is sampled. Each sample requires at least 12 levels
of precision (+0 to +5 and -0 to -5). How many bits should
be sent for each sample?
We need 4 bits; 1 bit for the sign and 3 bits for the value. A
3-bit value can represent 23 = 8 levels (000 to 111), which
is more than what we need. A 2-bit value is not enough
since 22 = 4. A 4-bit value is too much because 24 = 16.
Example 5
We want to digitize the human voice. What is the bit rate,

assuming 8 bits per sample?
The human voice normally contains frequencies from 0 to

4000 Hz.
Sampling rate = 4000 x 2 = 8000 samples/s
Bit rate = sampling rate x number of bits per sample

= 8000 x 8 = 64,000 bps = 64 Kbps
The End of Chapter

Lab 9 Expert System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lab 9 Expert System

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lab 9 Expert System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 5(ii)

 Process of converting binary data, a sequence of bits, to

 Signal level vs Data level

 Pulse rate defines the number of pulses per second

A signal has four data levels with a pulse duration of 1 ms.

Unipolar Polar Bipolar Multilevel Multitransition

 Simple and primitive

 Polar encoding uses two voltage levels (positive and

 Signal change during each bit

 In differential Manchester encoding, the transition

 In bipolar encoding, we use three levels:

 2 Binary 1 Quarter ( 2B1Q )

Data Code Data Code

0000 11110 1000 10010

0001 01001 1001 10011

0010 10100 1010 10110

 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

Note that we can always change a

The sampling rate must be twice the highest frequency in

Sampling rate = 2 x (11,000) = 22,000 samples/s

We want to digitize the human voice. What is the bit rate,

The human voice normally contains frequencies from 0 to

Bit rate = sampling rate x number of bits per sample

You might also like