WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Unit- 5(part - 3)
Wireless Systems

Compiled By: Sweetu D Sureja

Prepared By: Sweetu D. Sureja
Information Technology Department
V.V.P. Engineering College, Rajkot.

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IS-95 CDMA Architecture system
• IS-95 stands for Interim Standard 95 and is also known as CDMAOne.

• It is introduced 1995 and next 2000 report in 80 million subscriber in this

standard.

Compiled By: Sweetu D Sureja

• It was the first ever CDMA-based digital cellular technology and was developed
by Qualcomm.

• It is an 2G cellular system based on DS-CDMA.

• To understand IS-95 we need to understand DS and CDMA separately. 2

IS-95 CDMA system
• CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access.
• It uses the same bandwidth for all the users. However, each user is assigned a separate code
which differentiates the from each other.

• CDMA is spread spectrum technology.

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• The spreading code used is known to transmitter and receiver only.

• Every user uses full available channel for communication.

• It allowing many users to occupy the same time and frequency allocation in a given band .

• In is-95 user can same cell and adjucent cell can use same radio channel. 3
• This is happened possible due to dsss.
IS-95 CDMA system
• DSSS is Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

• Technique which is a spread spectrum technique in which the data

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to be transmitted is encoded using spreading code .

• Receiver side received and then decoded using the same code.

• It is used to avoid interference, spying and jamming.

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• It is using both side same code for encoding and decoding.

IS-95 CDMA system
• Is-95 CDMA uses QUALCOMM speech coder which can detect voice activity and
also reduces data rates.

• Is-95 CDMA lowest Data rate is 1200 bps and highest data rate is 9600 bps.

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• The information data rate transmitted from a base station (BT) to a mobile station
(MT) changes for every frame of 20 ms in the Interim Standard (IS)-95 code division
multiple access (CDMA).

• The possible data rates are 1200, 2400, 4800, and 9600 bits per second (bps).

• Is-95 CDMA chip rate is 1.228 mcps. 5

CDMA Channels
Forward channel – Bs to mobile
Reverse channel – mobile to Bs

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IS-95 Forward Link
• In the forward link data to be transmitted in Base station to mobile station
• CDMA forward link uses same frequency spectrum as 869-894 MHz.
• One channel bandwidth is 1.25 MHz.
• Modulation scheme used is QPSK. (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
• Orthogonal Walsh codes are used. Walsh codes are called Hadamard codes and they
are used in all CDMA techniques.

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• Walsh codes are used to spread various logical channel there are total w64 channel.

• Four types of channels

1) Pilot (channel 0)
2) Synchronization (channel 32)
3) Paging (channels 1 to 7)
4) Traffic (channels 8 to 31 and 33 to 63) 7
 IS-95 Forward Link

Compiled By: Sweetu D Sureja

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 IS-95 Forward Link

Compiled By: Sweetu D Sureja

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IS-95 Forward Link
1) Pilot channel
• It is reference channel for synchronization and tracking process.

• It is shared with all the mobile in a cell.

Compiled By: Sweetu D Sureja

• Does not carry any mobile information.

• Strongest channel, with take extra 10% or 20% of the total combined power
transmitted by the Base station.
• Provides capacity of phase/time/signal strength.
• It is also capacity of soft handoff.
• Data rate for this channel 19200 bps. 10
• It is uses their own Walsh code w0, for spreading spectrum.
IS-95 Forward Link
2) Synchronization channel
• Used to provide synchronization and configuration to the mobile phone.

• Synchronization channel broadcast synchronization message and operates in 1200bps.

• This channel provides accurate timing information .

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• It is assigned w32 Walsh code.

• It include following information :-

• system identification number
• network identification number
• version of radio interface 11
IS-95 Forward Link
3) Paging channel.

• There are 7 paging channels.

• It is used to page mobile user when there is an incoming call.

Compiled By: Sweetu D Sureja

• It uses Walsh code 1-7. There is no power control.

• It operates at the rate of 4800 bps or 9600 bps.

• The channel is used for sending Broadcast message. 12

• Detail of registration procedure.

IS-95 Forward Link

• 4) Traffic channel

It operates at the rate of 1200,2400,4800 bps and 9600 bps.

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Parameter Data rate (bps)
User data rate 9600 4800 2400 1200
Coding rate ½ ½ ½ ½
User data repetition rate 1 2 4 8
Base band coded data rate 19200 19200 19200 19200
Coded data bit 64 64 64 64
Chip rate 1.2288 1.2288 1.2288 1.2288
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IS-95 Reverse Link
Reverse Channel:
1) Access channel
2) Reverse traffic channel

• The CDMA reverse Channel is fundamentally different from the forward Channel.

Compiled By: Sweetu D Sureja

• The reverse link supports up to 32 access Channels and up to 62 traffic Channels.

• The CDMA reverse Channel employs OQPSK rather than the QPSK digital
modulation scheme used in the forward Channel.

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IS-95 Reverse Link

• An access Channel is meant for signaling and control information, on which mobile
users communicate short messages such as information on registration, call
originations, and responses to pages, or providing other data to the cell-site.

• When any mobile user places a call, it uses the access Channel to inform the serving

Compiled By: Sweetu D Sureja

base station.

• The access Channel is also used to respond to a page received from the base station.

• Reverse traffic Channels carry the user speech or data. It is similar to the forward
traffic Channel, and is intended to transfer dedicated user data.
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 IS-95 Reverse Link

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CDMA features
• IS-95 CDMA standard permits every subscriber with in a cell to use radio channel to use
of DSSS concept.

• Is-95 uses speech coder QUALCOMM highest is 9600 bpsc which can detect voice and
activates and also reduced data rates up to 1200bpsc .

Compiled By: Sweetu D Sureja

• Used specific and different modulation and spread spectrum in forward and reverse link.

• It is graceful transmission from AMPS to CDMA , each is-95 CDMA occupies 1.25 MHz
of each one way link.

• Forward link channel operation 869-894 MHz .

• Reverse link channel operation 824-849 mhz. 17
• Total spreading factor of user data is 1.228 M Chip/sec .
Extra - Forward channel modulation

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Forward channel modulation
A. Convolution encoder and repetition:
• Speech coded voice or user data is encoded using ½ rate convolution encoder with constraint
length 9.
• It reduces output is 1200 to 9600 bps.
• Whenever the user data rate is less than 9600 bps each bit is repeated to maintain a constant
symbol rate of 19.2 kbps.

Compiled By: Sweetu D Sureja

B. Block interleave:
• It maps the data bits in a 24 by 16 matrix and then transmit it column wise.
• It makes data block of 20 ms in a way.
• This procedure is helpful in recovering the data back if a block is lost during channel
transmission.
C. Long PN sequence:
• In forward CDMA channel Direct Sequence is used for data scrambling.
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• Long PN sequence is user specific code of period 2^42 −1 chips.
• PN sequence is generated from a 42 bit code also called as the public mask.
Forward channel modulation
• D. Data scrambler:
• It is performed after block interleave.
• The 1.2288 MHz PN sequence is applied to decimator .

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• E. Power control sub channel:
• Power control measured are sen by every base station 1.25 ms.
• if the received signal is low 0 is sent over power control subchannel instructing the
mobile station to increase its mean output power level.
• If mobile’s power level is high 1 is sent to indicate that the mobile station should
decrease the power level.
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