Computer Modelling Group, Inc.

Basic CMG Workflow

Course Notes

Building and Running a

“Black Oil” Reservoir Simulation Model

CMGL Confidential 1 BUILDER (IMEX)

 Using the 2008 Release of
BUILDER and IMEX

Table of Contents

1. Starting CMG Launcher …………………………………............4

1.1. Introduction………………………………………………………….4

1.2. Creating a Project in Launcher……………….…………………...5

2. Creating a “Black oil” model using BUILDER………..………….6

2.1. Opening BUILDER……………………………………………….…6

2.2. Explanation of Builder Window…………………………………....7

2.3. Setting Input/Output controls………………………………….…11

2.3.1. Controlling output 11
2.4. Creating Reservoir Description Data……………………………13
2.4.1. Loading map and Creating the Simulation Grid 13
2.4.2. Assigning StructureTop, Thickness & Porosity 15
2.4.3. Creating Formula to Derive Perm from Porosity 19
2.4.4. Entering Rock Compressibility 21
2.5. Saving First time data-set………………………………………...24

2.6. Creating PVT Data……………………………………………..…25

2.7. Creating Relative Permeability Data……………………….……28

2.8. Creating Initial Conditions………………………………………..35

2.9. Creating Well and Recurrent Data………………………………37

2.9.1. Loading Well Trajectories and Perforation data 37

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 2.9.2. Adding Historical Production Data 41
2.9.3. Averaging Production Data 44
2.9.4. Creating Field History File 46
2.9.5. Well Definitions and Constraints 47
2.9.6. Writing Restart Information 52

3. Running the Model in IMEX…………………………………………..54

4. Adding an Aquifer for History Matching the Reservoir

Pressure… 56

5. Using the History Matched Model in a Prediction Run … 61

6. Using the Trigger Option to control the injection based on

Sector Pressure…. 64

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1- Starting CMG Launcher

Start CMG Launcher (by double clicking on the CMG icon or by

START/PROGRAMS/CMG/Launcher)

1.1 Introduction

1. Launcher is an application where you can manage files, invoke

applications and manage runs. This window is divided into 3 sections.

2. Top section is used to Manage files: This is similar to Windows Explorer

3. Middle section is used to invoke applications:

a You can add any of your favourite applications (like Excel, Word,
WordPad etc) in this space along with CMGs applications (Select
Programs | Add Icons).

b In order to arrange these icons: Select View | Program Area |

Arrange Icons | Manual

c For invoking functions similar to Windows explorer: Select View |

Advance Options | Check all the boxes

4. Bottom Section is where you can manage runs and view the progress of
each run (Right click on the white space and Select View Log File)

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1.2 Creating a project in Launcher

1. Select (i.e. Left Mouse Button) menu item Projects, then Add Project

2. Browse, then Select the 1-BASIC CMG WORKFLOW directory where

you stored the data files

3. Name the project BASIC CMG WORKFLOW MODELS

4. Select OK to exit back to CMG Launcher

5. You should now have this directory displayed

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2- Creating a “Black oil” model using BUILDER

2.1 Opening Builder

Start BUILDER (by double clicking on the BUILDER icon on the CMG
Launcher)

1. Select the following options: 1c

1b
a. Simulator IMEX 1a

b. Units Field

c. Porosity Single Porosity

d. Simulation Starting date: 1d

1. Year: 1991 2

2. Month: 01

3. Day: 01

2. Select OK

3. Select OK
3

*TIPS: is Warning Message (Default Value is being

used which is not fatal and simulator will run), is Error
Message (some thing wrong or missing data), is Go-
ahead Message.

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 OUR GOAL IS TO GET IN ALL THE SECTIONS OF
BUILDER 

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2.2 Explanation of Builder Window

To from IJ-Areal, To view change Top Panel with

IK cross-section, current viewed commonly used
JK cross-section, property icons (explained
3D mode below in detail)

To move Top Menue

from One bar, similar to
plane to To Tree view
another in change with Pop-up
IJ,IK,JK the Menue bar
view dates

Tree view
with Pop--
Up menu
bar similar
to Top
menu bar

Tree view with

Objects for
each menu of Plot
Pop-Up Area

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 Top panel icon explanation:

a. To Create a new data-set use:

b. To Open a new data-set use:

c. To Save the data-set use:

d. To Copy an existing image on the plot area as a ‘jpg’, use Ctrl+C

simultaneously or use: and then paste it into PowerPoint

e. To Print an existing image on the plot area use:

f. To Rotate your image continuously use: (It works only in 3D

mode)

g. To Slab your reservoir in many sections use: (Refer to Results

Tutorial on how to use slabbing effectively – Page 13 or Builder user
guide for more details)

h. To Cut your reservoir in the plot area use: . This works only in 3D
mode. (Refer to Results Tutorial on how to use slabbing effectively –
Page 12 or Builder user guide for more details)

i. For Quick 3D view use: . This removes all the details on plot area
and brings up cleaner looking 3D image only – Recommended only for
presentation.

j. To Switch between Stereographic mode to Non-Stereographic mode

use: . This only important if your PC is equipped with Stereographic
graphics card for 3D visualization.

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 k. To Change the size of viewing area use: . Recommended to
use “Full Window” for bigger working image.

l. To access the look and feel of current reservoir image on the plot area
use: or Right Click on Plot area and Click Properties (Refer to
Results Tutorial for information on how to use Properties menu
effectively – Page 10 or Builder user guide for more details).

m. To Switch between adding/removing the Tree-view window use: .

(Can be used when your grid/well -density is high and well’s appear like
dense Broccoli or when you are trying to add hydraulic fracture and
want to edit multiple gridblocks. This will enlarge the plot area
substantially).

n. To access Time Line view plot use: . This is summary plot of various
events that occurring in your field (including change in rates, perfs,
work-over etc.).

o. To change to Probe Mode, Click

p. To Edit Grid, Create LGR, Split Grid Planes, Combine Layer use:

q. To Edit Property use:

r. To Edit Perforations or Add wells use:

s. To Move the object on the screen use:

t. To Zoom the reservoir use:

u. To Pan the reservoir use:

v. In 3D mode to Rotate the reservoir use:

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 w. To add Sectors use: (It is greyed out in 3D mode)

x. To add Aquifers use: (It is greyed out in 3D mode)

y. To Add Lease Planes use: (It is greyed out in 3D mode)

z. *TIPS: In 3D mode, if you have active then, you can also Zoom
by Holding simultaneously Control Key + Left Mouse Button and
then moving the mouse

aa. *TIPS: In 3D mode, if you have active then, you can also Pan
by Holding simultaneously Shift Key + Left Mouse Button and then
moving the mouse

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2.3 Setting Input/Output controls

2.3.1 Controlling output

1 Click I/O Control and Select Simulation Results Output

2 Click Select tab

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3 This brings up
Select variables
window(where you
can pick any
additional variables
that you want to
output)

4 Click OK (We will

default settings for
now)

5 Click OK again to
return to Main
Builder window
4

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2.4 Creating Reservoir Description Data

2.4.1 Loading map and Creating the Simulation Grid

1. Select File (on the menu bar, top left), then Open Map File

2. Select AtlasBoundary 2 3
format (from the Map Type
drop down list).

3. Select Units type as ft.

4. Select the (depth to) Top- of-

Structure map file called Depth
4
to TOS Map in
AtlasBoundary Format.bna
by clicking on the Browse
button and locating the file

5. Select OK 5

6. Select Full Window under-drop down menu for Increasing the

viewing window

6
1

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7. Maximize the screen for a better
view by clicking on the window 9
maximise button (the square in the
top right of the windows)

8. Select Reservoir (on the menu

bar), Click Create Grid then Select
Orthogonal Corner Point (We will
10
explore other grid creation option
later)
11
9. Enter 25 for the number of grids in
the I-direction, 35 for the J-direction
and 4 for the K-direction.
12
10. Enter 25*360 in the I-direction
box to specify a constant I-direction
gridblock length of 360 ft for all 25 I-
direction columns

11. Enter 35*410 in the J-direction 15

box to specify a constant J-
direction gridblock length of 410 ft
for all 35 J-direction rows.

12. Select OK

13. Simultaneously Hold down the

Shift key and the left mouse
button to move (by panning) the
grid, or

14. Simultaneously Hold down the

Ctrl key and left mouse button to
rotate the grid

15. Using Step 13 & 14, align the grid

line with the fault line so that a
grid block boundary lies on top of it,
and the grid covers the whole map
area as shown.

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 2.4.2 Assigning Structure Top, Thickness and
Porosity

1. Click to get into probe mode. Select

the Specify Property box (in the top right
hand side of screen just above the map
display area) to open the General Property
Specification spreadsheet as shown below.

*TIPS: (You can also reach General Property

Specification Spreadsheet by expanding
TreeView of Array Properties and double click
required property - in this case Grid Top).

2. Select the cell at the intersection of the Layer 1 row and the Grid Top
column by Selecting this cell, then Right-Click while in this same cell
and Select the Geological Map option as the data source type.

3. Select the Values in file1

box, then Browse for and
Select the top-of-structure map
file called Depth to TOS Map
3
in AtlasBoundary Format.bna
(it should already be selected
from its previous selection
above).

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4. Select OK to return to the General Property Specification
spreadsheet display.

5. Repeat this action for

the Grid
Thickness/Layer 1 cell,
but this time Select
Gross Thickness Map in
AtlasBoundary 5 5
Format.bna in the
Values in file1 tab of
Property Specification
Window. Also, enter 0.25
in the times box (still on
the property specification
menu) in order to allocate
25% of the total thickness
map to each of the 4
layers in the grid.

6. Finally, Copy the Grid Thickness/Layer 1 cell contents and Paste it

into the Layer 2, Layer 3 and Layer 4 Grid Thickness column cells to
complete the specification of Grid Thickness source data for each of the
4 layers in the grid. You can use Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V keystrokes to copy
specifications for the first layer to the other 3 just as in a regular
spreadsheet.

7. Select the box for layer 1 under the property column labelled Porosity.
Right click in this box and Select the Geological Map option as the
data source. Select the Values in file1 button, then Browse for and
Select the Porosity Map in AtlasBoundary Format.bna file as your
source map file for porosity data. Copy and Paste this file description to
all 4 layers in the model. Your spreadsheet should look like:

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 7

5
6

8. Select OK to populate
the grid with top-of-
structure and grid
thickness data. This
operation is performed by
BUILDER using the
specified map data to
interpolate grid cell
values.

*TIPS: Some times due to low

density of contour lines in a
map, you might experience
sharp edges that extend all
the way to the surface. This
can be removed by checking
4th or 3rd box, which will assign
some values to each grid-
block. 8
TIPS

9. You can change the display mode from IJ-2D aerial to 3D view
in the top left hand drop-down menu to better visualize the
grid and property data you have just finished creating.

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10. Select the rotate 3D view button (from the toolbar), then Rotate the
display by holding down the left mouse button and moving the mouse.
You can also Enlarge or Shrink the grid by holding down the Ctrl key
and left mouse button while moving the mouse. Finally you can Pan the
grid by holding down the Shift key and left mouse button while
moving the mouse.
*TIPS: At any time if you want to get back to original view size, then Right
click in the plot area and Select Full reservoir View. This will resize your
reservoir to default.

12
11. To remove the contour
map from the display,
Right-Click the mouse
while the cursor is

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 anywhere on the grid
display area, then Select
Properties from the
displayed menu (at the
bottom of list), then Select
Geologic Maps from the
tree view, and (finally)
Uncheck the Show Map
Contours box.

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 2.4.3 Creating Formula to Derive Perm from Porosity

1. Select Tools from the top menu bar. Select Enter a Formula.. option
to create an equation for calculating permeability from porosity.

2. Select Add to List of Independent Variables, then Select Porosity,

then Click OK.

3. Entering the formula:

a. Enter the partial formula 5*EXP(20* by Typing on the white space or

use calculator provided),

b. Highlight Porosity variable X0

c. Select ‘Insert Selected into Formula’, (to insert Porosity into the
formula) and

d. Finally, click on the right bracket symbol on the calculator ] to complete

the formula inside the white space. The formula should look like
5*EXP(20*X0)

4. Change
the name of 4
the formula 3b
from
Scheme 1
2 3c
to Perm
Formula 1. 3a
Select OK
to save this 3d
formula.

*TIPS: Once the

Name is assigned
to a Formula, it
can never be
changed. You can
however edit any
formula.

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 5. Now Select the Specify Property box

6. Right-Click in the
Whole Grid cell under the
Permeability I column, then
Right-click and Select
Formula.

7. Right-Click in the Whole Grid cell under the Permeability J column,

then Right-click and Select EQUALSI. Select OK

8 9

8. Right-Click in the Whole Grid cell under the Permeability K column,

then Right-click and Select EQUALSI.

9. Under drop-down
menu Select * and then
Enter 0.1 in the Value 10
box ratio of vertical to
horizontal permeability.
Finally Select OK.

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10. Select OK to go back to
main area

11. Select OK to populate the grid with Permeability data.

2.4.4 Entering Rock Compressibility

*TIPS: Right click under the

tree view structure and you
can validate the particular
section. Validation process
gives you useful information
on error/warning messages.

TIPS
Right
Click

12. Double Click the Rock Compressibility tab (on the treeview) and
Enter 2E-6 (1/psi) in the Rock Compressibility box and Enter 4000
(psi) in the Reference pressure box. Units will be applied automatically.
Select OK

13

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13. Double Click the Compaction/Dilation Regions tab (on the
treeview), Create a New Region and Enter 2E-6 (1/psi) in the Rock
Compressibility box and Enter 4000 (psi) in the Reference pressure
box. Units will be applied automatically. Select OK

Click on the + symbol next to Options and turn On the Depletion option.
Builder may show an incorrect Red symbol. When the data set is saved and
re-opened this will disappear.

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14. This completes Reservoir Description Section and you should have
got 
15

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2.5 Saving First Time Data Set

1. This would be a good point to save the data set you are working on.
Select File, and then Click Save.

2. You have option to save this file in one Single file format or “Include”
file format by selecting appropriate options under dropdown menu of
Organize the Data. Include file format can be used to store multiple
section(like Perms, porosity, Wells etc.) of the data-set into various file
folders on the hard-drive (proves to be good help in HistoryMatch
process).

3. Click once inside Main File box and Save the file name as Base
Case.dat

4. Finally you can Type any Comments in the white space provided at the
bottom which will be appended at the top of the dataset.

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2.6 Creating PVT data
1. Click the Component Tab and Click the MODEL

2. The Option to create a quick BLACK OIL Model menu will show up.
Choose the Black oil Model using correlation and Click OK. (This mode
is called Quick Model creation, which uses default set of correlations to
generate PVT properties. You can later go into detailed dialog box to edit
any correlations)

3. Fill the table with following values:

a Reservoir Temperature = 150 f

3
b Generate data upto Max.
Pressure of = 5100 psi

c Bubble point pressure

calculation (Select Value
Provided under drop down
menu) = 4900 psi 4

d Oil Density at STC (Select

Stock tank Oil Gravity(API)
under drop down menu) = 35

e Gas Density at STC (Select

Gas gravity under drop down
menu) = 0.70

f Reference Pressure for Water

Properties = 4000 psi

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 g Pressure Dependence of
Water viscosity = 0 cp/psi

h Water Salinity = 100000 ppm

4. Click OK
5
5. If you want to add multiple PVT
regions Click . Right now we
will stick with single PVT region.

6. Information Step (Not part of

Tutorial): To view/select the
correlations that have been used
in Quick PVT Model creation
process, you need Select Model
and then Select PVT Region. 6a
This will take you into Extensive
PVT Dialogue Window:

a Select PVT Table tab. Click

Tools and Select Generate
PVT table using correlations
to view/edit the correlation
generated for the black-oil PVT
data (tabular or plotted). You
can edit the data in the table or
by dragging points on the
plotted curve.

b Select General tab. Click

Tools and Select Water
Properties using
correlations to edit properties
that were created in previous
step

7. Close the PVT Table window.

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 8. This completes Components
Section and You should have got 8
. Don’t forget to hit save
button after each section

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2.7 Creating Relative Permeability Data

1. From the Rock Fluid section, Click Create/Edit Rock Types.

2. Select New Rock Type by clicking on the button.

3. Uncheck Include capillary pressure hysteresis (drainage curve),

since we don’t want to model hysteresis effect.
2

4. Enter the Water-Oil relative permeability table. You can use Ctrl-C
and Ctrl-V keystrokes to copy the data from regular spreadsheet
(use DATA.xls for this exercise).

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 4

Table: Water-Oil relative permeability table from DATA.xls spreadsheet

Sw krw krow
0.2 0 0.8
0.225 0.001172 0.703125
0.25 0.004688 0.6125
0.275 0.010547 0.578254
0.3 0.01875 0.45
0.325 0.029297 0.415314
0.35 0.064931 0.3125
0.375 0.071057 0.297703
0.4 0.077182 0.2634
0.425 0.094922 0.15559
0.45 0.132312 0.1125
0.475 0.138438 0.091884
0.5 0.187443 0.083308
0.525 0.194793 0.030628
0.55 0.256049 0.028178
0.575 0.263672 0.003125
0.6 0.3 0

5. Select the Liquid-Gas Table under the Relative Permeability

Table dropdown menu, uncheck Include capillary pressure

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 hysteresis (drainage curve), and enter the Liquid-Gas relative
permeability table. You can use Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V keystrokes to
copy the data from regular spreadsheet (DATA.xls).

Table: Liquid-Gas relative permeability table from DATA.xls spreadsheet

Sl krg krog
0.4 0.3 0
0.434375 0.263672 0.008576
0.46875 0.260949 0.017152
0.503125 0.198047 0.028125
0.5375 0.184992 0.072282
0.571875 0.141797 0.090659
0.60625 0.117188 0.1125
0.640625 0.104135 0.187443
0.675 0.088208 0.20827
0.709375 0.066156 0.280551
0.74375 0.045329 0.349158
0.778125 0.040429 0.42634
0.8125 0.030628 0.45
0.846875 0.023277 0.63706
0.88125 0.004688 0.668913
0.915625 0.001172 0.703125
0.95 0 0.8

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Relative permeability obtain from the lab measurement didn’t represent the
smooth curves. We have to smooth our relative permeability curve to avoid
any numerical problem during simulation.
Relative Permeability Smoothing
A. Select the Rock-Fluid Section from the top menu, then Select
Create/Edit Rock type
B. Before smoothening:

0.80

0.64
kr - relative permeability

0.48

0.32

0.16

0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Sw

krw vs Sw
krow vs Sw

C. Click Tools button and Select Smooth Table..

D. There are a number of smoothing methods available under the
Smoothing method for table properties dropdown menu. We will use
the Power law method for this exercise.

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 D

E. Click Smooth Curves

F. Before you Click OK, you can see the smoothened curve in the view
behind the window. If everything appears alright then Click OK

6. Information Step (Not part of Tutorial): You can also Generates the
Rock-Fluid relative permeability table using the correlations. Choose
Tools and Select Generate Table using correlation

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 Enter the saturation end points parameters for the Analytical relative
permeability curves generation.

Click OK and a table containing the relative permeability curves will

appear.

7. You can also View 3 phase relative permeability data by Selecting the 3
Phase Kro Plot tab

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 7. This completes Rock-
8
Fluid Section and You
should have got . Don’t
forget to hit save
button after each section

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2.8 Creating Initial Conditions

1. Select the Initial Conditions on the top menu bar and Click
Initialization Setting..

a Select Water-Oil as the initial fluid in the reservoir to perform a

Gravity-Capillary Equilibrium Calculation

b Reference Pressure = 4000 psi

c Reference Depth = 10000 ft

d Water-Oil Contact = 10100 ft

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 2. Leave the other boxes blank and Click OK

3. For more rigorous initialization please use Advanced tab.

4. This completes
Initial Conditions
Section and you
should have got . 4
Don’t for get to hit
save button after
each section

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2.9 Creating Well and Recurrent Data

2.9.1 Loading Well Trajectories and Perforation

data

1. Go to the Top menu WELL,

Select Well Trajectories
and Select Open Well
Trajectory File (This can
also be accessed from File
and Click Import from
another file and Select Well
Trajectories.)

2. Step1
2c
a Select File type as:
Table Format 2a

b Browse for file: Well

Trajectories in CMG
Format.wdb 2b

c Select Units as ft for X,Y

and Z MD 2d

d Click Next

3. Step 2

a At this time you have an

option to select or remove
any unwanted trajectories
to load. We will load all
the trajectories and hence
Click Next

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 3a

4. Step 3

a This window can help you

create Multi-lateral by
clicking on the 3rd column
Attach to Parent (We
wont do anything now
here)

b Loading Perforation
4a
History: Click
tab which will take you to 4b
loading the perforation file
Window (TIP: You can
also go to Perforation
loading window by
Clicking Well (on the top
menu), then Select Well
Trajectories and then
Click Trajetory
Perforation Intervals)

5. This window will help you

load the “time-dependent”
perforation history. To load
perf history Click Read File
tab. (You can also use Quick 5
perfs for exploration projects
where you do not have
perforation data)

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 6. Open trajectory file:
6b
a Select Well Perfs in
CMG Format.perf

b Select File Unit as: field

c Click Open
6a
6c

7. If loaded correctly, the window should look like this:

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 Note: Time dependent perfs can be opened for multiple wells in one flat file.

a Press Apply and OK

b Window Icon Explanation: You can add time dependent perforations

the above window by adding rows or edit the existing perforations:

1 will Add the perf date before the selected row

2 will Change the existing perf date for the selected row

3 will Delete the perf date for the selected row

4 will Add the perf interval for the same date before the
selected row

5 will Add the perf interval for the same date before the
selected row

6 will Delete the perf interval for the selected row

c You can access all the above menus by Right Click in the table

d This window can also be accessed later on by Selecting Well | Well

Trajectories | Trajectory Perforation Intervals..

8. This completes the loading of Trajectories and Perforation of the wells in

the model.

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 2.9.2 Adding Historical Production Data

1. Select Well and Click Import Production/Injection data

2. Step1:

a Click Browse tab

and Select file:
production-
history.prd file and 2a
Click Open

(Delimited format
should be selected)

b Click Next 2b

3. Step 2:

a Highlight start of
first Production data
3a
line

b Highlight start of
first Well name

c Click Next 3b

3c

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 4a
4. Step 3:

a With some files you

may have to
unselect Tab or
Space

b Go to STEP 4 by
Clicking Next

5. Step 4:

a Column 1, Change
the Identifier row 5a 5b 5c 5d
information to
Well/Group Name

b Column 3, Change 5e
the Identifier row
information to Oil
Produced

c Column 4, Change
the Identifier row
information to
Water Produced

d Column 5, Change
the Identifier row 5f
information to Gas
Produced

e Change Gas
Produced unit to
MSCF/day

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 f Click Next

6. Step 5:

a We can see that

Well 5, 7 and 9 has 6a
no production data.
The easiest action
is to delete them
from the model. We
will do this later.

b Click Finish

6b

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 2.9.3 Averaging Production Data
1. Select Well and Click Average Production/Injection data..

2. Current display is
for Oil rate and rate
is changed monthly.

3. You can perform

customized
averaging of data
on different
durations by placing
mouse tab on white
space and Right
Click and Select
appropriate option.
For example,
production can be
averaged at 3
month interval for
six monthsl and
remaining duration
can be averaged at
1 month interval

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 4. We will leave the 1
month intervals
Click OK.

5. Select Well and TIPS

Click Dates...
Select the check
box for last date
(Date you want to
stop the 6
simulation)

6. Click Close
7

TIPS: will help to add more dates to the simulator (This may be used
for Prediction run)

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 2.9.4 Creating Field History File
This file(*.fhf) is required if you want to compare the historical fluid data to
simulation fluid data in RESULTS Graph. If you had loaded Pressure data
through the Production loading Wizard, then you will have option to create
separate historical pressure data file, however since we have not loaded
pressure data, this option is greyed out currently.

1. Select Well and Click Create Field History File

2. You can
change the
name or
location of the
file created,
Click OK

Note: If you had loaded injection or well head/bottom hole pressure data then
separate injection/pressure *.fhf file is created.

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 2.9.5 Well Definitions and Constraints
For those wells that have no production history, we can either delete it or
define it as producer or injector and shut-in the wells so that it will not
affect the history match. In this tutorial, we will delete well 5, change well 7
& 9 to injectors.

1. Open the tree view for Well &

Recurrent

2. Right Click on Well 5 and

Select Delete
2
3. Click Yes to the next window.
4
This should delete the Well 5
completely from the model

4. Double Click on Well 7 to open Well Events Window (or Select Well |
Select Well Events and Browse to Well 7)

5. Under ID & Type tab,

a. Select
INJECTOR
MOBWEIGHT
under the drop-
down menu Of 5a
Type

b. Click Apply 5b

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 6. Under Constraints tab,
6a
a. Check
Constraint
definition box

b. Select 6b 6c
OPERATE
under
Constraint
column

c. Type 3625 psi

under the Value
column
6d
d. Click Apply

7. Under Options tab,

7a
a. Check Status
box
7b
b. Select SHUTIN
under
Type/Value
Column

c. Click Apply

d. Click OK 7d 7c

You can see that well 7, has now been completely defined and the red
mark has vanished. You can perform the above operations again on Well 9
or copy the constraints to Well 9 as shown below:

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 8. Copying the constraints from one well to another well

a. Press Shift key and Left

mouse click on INJECTOR,
constraints, Injected fluid
and SHUTIN for Well 7.

b. This should highlight the

well definitions for Well 7 8a
which can now be copied by
Click Tools and Select
Copy event using filter (or
just right click around the
highlighted section and
Select Copy event using
filter)

8b

9. This should bring us to new Selection window. We have to select wells,

to which definitions are to be copied. Since the definitions change over
time, we also have to select the dates to which these definitions will
apply.

a. Check Well 9 on left hand

side of the tree view under
Well Selection tab

9a

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 b. Check 1991-01-01 on left hand side of the tree view under Date
Selection tab

c. Click Search & Add

d. You should see Well 9 and Date 1991-01-01 right hand side
treeview

e. Click OK

9b
9d

9c

9d

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 f. If everything was
done correctly,
your tree view in
the Well Events
window should
look like:

9f

10. Follow the same procedure to change the well bottom-hole pressure
constraints for the producers to 500 psia at 1/1/1991.

11. Click OK to return to main view of BUILDER

10

12. This completes Well

& Recurrent Section
and You should have got
 . Don’t forget to hit
save button after 11
each section

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2.9.6 Writing Restart Information
1. Click I/O Control and
Select Restart

2. Check Enable Restart

Writing box

3. *REWIND helps reduce the 2 3

restart output by overwriting
the information after specific
time-step (instead of storing
all the restart information)
4
4. Click sign to add the
date for which you want to
write restart information

5. Click OK to the Next

window

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 6. Click OK. We now have a
dataset that includes
instructions to create
“restart records”, you will
be able to use it to make
future “prediction or
forecast” runs without
having to recalculate the
historical portion of the data.

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3 – Running IMEX model
The dataset, Base case.dat, can now be dragged and dropped onto the
IMEX icon from the CMG Launcher window to run the dataset. We will
analyse the output later.

1. Click Submit Job

2. New files created by IMEX during the run include:

a. Base case.out, an ASCII file containing simulator output in the old

“printer” style format;

b. Base case.irf, an ASCII file containing pointers to data locations

in the Base case.mrf file used by RESULTS Graph, RESULTS
3D and RESULTS Report for data display and exporting (Note:
Always keep *.irf and *.mrf file in folder)

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 c. Base case.mrf, a binary file containing simulator output.

d. Base case.log, an ASCII file containing information about the

run.

e. Base case.err, an ASCII file containing errors encountered

during the run (if any)

3. You can view the currently running log file by Highlighting the current
run and Selecting View Log file.

4. You can use the file filter in the top right of the Launcher to control
which file types are displayed.

You have now completed Basic Tutorial to build an Black Oil Simulation
Model .

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4 -Adding an Aquifer for History Matching the
Reservoir Pressure:
The next thing we want to do is add an aquifer, and try to History Match the
Average Reservoir Pressure.
1. Drag and drop Basecase.dat onto the Builder icon.
2. Once in Builder go to the Reservoir and select Create/Edit
Aquifers….
(Alternatively, you can just click on the Create/Edit Aquifers button
(second from bottom on the left hand tool bar) .
3. Select the first listed type – Bottom aquifer, and OK the panel.

4. Select Modelling Method – Carter-Tracey (limited extent). Leave all

other items blank.

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 5. You have to add the aquifer pressure function tables based on the
extent of aquifer size ratio to reservoir size. Lets say our aquifer is 3.5
times bigger that our reservoir. Select Table for R-Ratio=3.5 and click
OK.

6. OK to exit the panel to return to the model display area.

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 7. Go to File; Save As and change the file name to be saved to
Basecase_aq.dat.
8. OK to save the new file and exit Builder.
You can now drag and drop Basecase_aq.dat onto the IMEX icon. (To run
simulation).

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Analyzing the Data
1. The file Basecase_aq.irf file can be dragged and dropped onto the
Results Graph icon.
2. Select File; Open CMG Simulation Results from the menu bar and
select Basecase.irf.
3. We now have both simulation results loaded so that we can compare
them.
4. Select File; Open Field History from the menu bar and select
Pressure History.fhf to load historical reservoir pressure data.
5. Click on the + icon to add a curve .
6. Select Origin Type – Special History.
7. Parameter –Pressure: PRES Average Reservoir Pressure.
8. Click on OK to display the line.
9. Repeat the above by selecting the filename as Basecase.irf and
Pressure History.fhf
10. We now have a comparison plot that should look similar to:

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 11. You can also enter the 3D display area from here (Results 3D) and
both types of display are linked together. When you exit Results 3D or
Graph, the .ses (line plot) or .3tp (3D image) file referred to is a
template that you can use to re-create the images that you have
generated using the same or other input files.
12. Results 3D and Graph are very intuitive and most things can be
accessed by the menus or by right mouse clicking on the display areas.

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5 - Using the History Matched Model in a Prediction
Run

We now completed dataset with the historical match run. We are going to use
the Restart Run feature to make the future prediction runs without having to
rerun the historical data portion.
1. Open Basecase_aq.dat model using the Builder 2008.10
2. Click File in the main Builder menu and select Save As. Name this file
Basecase_prediction.dat.
We want to predict the reservoir performance until 1/1/2000 if the producers are
fixed to a minimum BHP of 2175 psi.
1. Click on the I/O Control tab in the tree view.
2. Double click on the Restart option.
3. Check the box for Restart from previous simulation run (RESTART).
4. Browse to select Basecase_aq.irf. Click “Record to restart from”
(Note that a series of restart dates are now available).
5. In the “Record to restart from” field, select the date 1992/01/01 (or
Last Time Step) and then press OK to exit back to the main Builder
window (press OK to the message that appears).
6. Click on the Well & Recurrent section in the tree view and expand the
Dates.
7. Double click on the date 1992-01-01
8. If the Set STOP box is checked on this date, uncheck it. Then click the
button Add a range of dates.
9. Change the range of dates so that the From date is 1992-01-01 and the
To date is 2000-01-01. Press OK. Press Close.
10. If the Set stop box is checked on 1992-01-01, uncheck it and check
2000-01-01. Press Close.
11. Click on the Wells & Recurrent section in the tree view again.
Expand the Well items in the tree view and double click on Well 1.
12. Change the date to 1992-01-01, check the Auto-apply check box,
and click on the Constraints tab.
13. Check the Constraint definition box, delete the STO constraint (since
we want to run our prediction just on Min BHP for this exercise) then
change OPERATE, MIN BHP to 2175 psi
14. The panel that is displayed should look similar to:

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 15. Click Apply, a new constraint will be created in the date 1992-01-01
for Well 1. The next task will be to copy the same constraint to all the
other wells to do the forecast.

16. Highlight the Well 1 constraints Event for 1992-01-01 (in the
Name/Date list). Click the Tools button at the bottom of the screen and
select Copy events using filter.

17. On the “Select Wells” tab; check Producers and Select. Then on the
“Select Dates” tab check on 1992-01-01. At this tab; make sure to
check on “Do you want to create new dates?” This option creates
new dates for well constraints. Press the Clear List button. Press the
Search & Add button, then OK. All the wells except wells 7 & 9 will
have a new constraint starting 1992-01-01.

18. Save the file. Now all checkmarks must be green.

19. We can now exit Builder and drag and drop the
Basecase_prediction.dat file onto the IMEX icon to run it.

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We can now look at the simulation run and compare it with the historical data
and see how the reservoir would continue to perform.
20. Drag and drop Basecase_prediction.irf onto the Results Graph icon.
21. Select menu item File; then Open Field History.
22. Select the production-history.fhf file we created in the Creating
Field Production History section of the tutorial.
23. Click on the Add curve icon .
24. Select the file to display data from as Basecase_prediction.irf. Select
curve parameter Oil Rate SC; then Click OK.
25. Now repeat the same steps, but this time selects the file as
production_history.fhf, as we want to compare the prediction run and
the history match run.

26. You can obtain the same plot for all the producers pressing the Repeat
Plots button.
27. Repeat the same procedure as above except this time plot the Water
Cut variable.

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6 - Using the Trigger Option to control the Injection
based on Sector Pressure

We are going to use the Trigger feature to start the Injector wells (Well 7 and
Well 9) when the average reservoir pressure drops below 2300 psi.
1. Open Basecase_prediction.dat model using the Builder 2008.10
2. Click File in the main Builder menu and select Save As. Name this file
Basecase_trigger.dat.
We want to predict the reservoir performance until 1/1/2000 if the producers are
fixed to a minimum BHP of 2175 psi. But here we got limitation on our
compressor which can’t lift the oil if the average reservoir pressure falls below
2300 psi. Therefore we are going to start injector well to support the pressure
when pressure falls below 2300 psi.
3. Click on the Well & Recurrent section in the tree view and click on the
Triggers.
4. Change the date to 1992-01-01 and write appropriate Trigger Name:
Pressure Control.
5. Select Sector under Apply On dropdown menu.
6. Select PAVE:Pore volumn Weighted Pressure under When
dropdown menu and define the trigger value less than < 2300 psi.
7. Type OPEN ‘Well_7’ ‘Well_9’ inside Actions box.
8. Click OK. Save the file.
9. We can now exit Builder and drag and drop the Basecase_trigger.dat
file onto the IMEX icon to run it.

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