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2-2 Study Guide and Intervention

Linear Relations and Functions
Linear Relations and Functions A linear equation has no operations other than
addition, subtraction, and multiplication of a variable by a constant. The variables may not
be multiplied together or appear in a denominator. A linear equation does not contain
variables with exponents other than 1. The graph of a linear equation is always a line.
A linear function is a function with ordered pairs that satisfy a linear equation. Any
linear function can be written in the form f (x) = mx + b, where m and b are real numbers.
If an equation is linear, you need only two points that satisfy the equation in order to graph
the equation. One way is to find the x-intercept and the y-intercept and connect these two
points with a line.
x
Example 1 Is f(x) = 0.2 - − a linear function? Explain.
5
Yes; it is a linear function because it can be written in the form
1
f(x) = -− x + 0.2.
5

Example 2 Is 2x + xy - 3y = 0 a linear function? Explain.

No; it is not a linear function because the variables x and y are multiplied together in the

Lesson 2-2
middle term.

Exercises
State whether each function is a linear function. Write yes or
no. Explain.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

18 x
1. 6y - x = 7 2. 9x = −y 3. f (x) = 2 - −
11

x 0.4
4. 2y- − -4=0 5. 1.6x - 2.4y = 4 6. 0.2x = 100 - −y
6

4
7. f(x) = 4 - x3 8. f(x) = −
x 9. 2yx - 3y + 2x = 0

Chapter 2 11 Glencoe Algebra 2

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2-2 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Linear Relations and Functions

Standard Form The standard form of a linear equation is Ax + By = C, where
A, B, and C are integers whose greatest common factor is 1.

Example 1 Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C.

a. y = 8x - 5 b. 14x = -7y + 21
y = 8x - 5 Original equation 14x = -7y + 21 Original equation
-8x + y = -5 Subtract 8x from each side. 14x + 7y = 21 Add 7y to each side.
8x - y = 5 Multiply each side by -1. 2x + y = 3 Divide each side by 7.

So A = 8, B = -1, and C = 5. So A = 2, B = 1, and C = 3.

Example 2 Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of 4x - 5y = 20.
Then graph the equation.
The x-intercept is the value of x when y = 0.
y
4x - 5y = 20 Original equation
O 2 4 6 x
4x - 5(0) = 20 Substitute 0 for y.
−2
x=5 Simplify.
−4
So the x-intercept is 5. Similarly, the y-intercept is -4.

Exercises
Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. 2x = 4y -1 2. 5y = 2x + 3 3. 3x = -5y + 2

3 2
4. 18y = 24x - 9 5. − y=− x+5 6. 6y - 8x + 10 = 0
4 3

7. 0.4x + 3y = 10 8. x = 4y - 7 9. 2y = 3x + 6

Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph
the equation using the intercepts.
10. 2x + 7y = 14 11. 5y - x = 10 12. 2.5x - 5y + 7.5 = 0
y y y

O x O x
O x

Chapter 2 12 Glencoe Algebra 2

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2-2 Skills Practice

Linear Relations and Functions
State whether each function is a linear function. Explain.

1. y = 3x 2. y = -2 + 5x

3. 2x + y = 10 4. f (x) = 4x2

3
x + y = 15
5. - − 6. x = y + 8

7. g(x) = 8 8. h(x) = x
√ +3

Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C.

Lesson 2-2
9. y = x 10. y = 5x + 1

11. 2x = 4 - 7y 12. 3x = -2y - 2

13. 5y - 9 = 0 14. -6y + 14 = 8x

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph
the equation using the intercepts.

15. y = 3x - 6 16. y = -2x

y y

O x

O x

17. x + y = 5 18. 2x + 5y = 10
y y

x
O
O x

Chapter 2 13 Glencoe Algebra 2

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2-2 Practice
Linear Relations and Functions
State whether each function is a linear function. Write yes or no. Explain.
2
1. h(x) = 23 2. y = − x
3

5
3. y = −
x 4. 9 - 5xy = 2

Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C.

3
5. y = 7x - 5 6. y = − x+5
8
2 3
7. 3y - 5 = 0 8. x = -− y+−
7 4

Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph
the equation using the intercepts.

9. y = 2x + 4 10. 2x + 7y = 14
y y

O x

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

O x

11. y = -2x - 4 12. 6x + 2y = 6

y y

O x

O x

13. MEASURE The equation y = 2.54x gives the length y in centimeters corresponding to a
length x in inches. What is the length in centimeters of a 1-foot ruler?

14. LONG DISTANCE For Meg’s long-distance calling plan, the monthly cost C in dollars is
given by the linear function C(t) = 6 + 0.05t, where t is the number of minutes talked.

a. What is the total cost of talking 8 hours? of talking 20 hours?

b. What is the effective cost per minute (the total cost divided by the number of minutes
talked) of talking 8 hours? of talking 20 hours?

Chapter 2 14 Glencoe Algebra 2

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2-3 Study Guide and Intervention

Rate of Change and Slope
Rate of Change Rate of change is a ratio that compares how much one quantity
changes, on average, relative to the change in another quantity.

Example Find the average rate of change for the data in the table.
change in y
Average Rate of Change = −
change in x Elevation of the
Time
Sun (in degrees)
change in Elevation of the Sun
= −− 6° 7:00 A.M.
change in Time 26° 8:00 A.M.
84° – 6° 45° 9:00 A.M.
= −−
11:00 A.M. – 7:00 A.M. 64° 10:00 A.M.
84° 11:00 A.M.
78°
=−
4 hours
= 19.5 degrees per hour

Exercises
Find the rate of change for each set of data.

1. Time People in 2. Time Altitude of

P.M. auditorium (minutes) balloon (meters)
7:15 26 3 520
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

7:22 61 8 1,220
7:24 71 11 1,640

Lesson 2-3
7:30 101 15 2,200
7:40 151 23 3,320

3. Time Vehicles through 4. Time Depth of sinking

(minutes) tunnel (seconds) stone (meters)
4 1,610 0 3.51
11 2,131 7 4.77
19 2,746 11 5.49
22 2,970 21 7.29
28 3,432 29 8.73

5. Time Water through 6. Time Distance between

(seconds) Channel (liters) (seconds) Two Sleds (meters)
6 22,172 0 37.3
13 24,706 3 30.2
15 25,430 4 27.7
23 28,326 7 20.8
47 37,014 13 7.2

Chapter 2 17 Glencoe Algebra 2

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2-3 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Rate of Change and Slope

Slope
2 change in y
1 y - y
Slope m of a Line For points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), where x1 ≠ x2, m = − = − x 2- x 1
change in x

Example 1 Find the slope of the line Example 2 Find the slope of the line.
that passes through (2, -1) and (-4, 5).
Find two points on
y2 - y1 y
m= − Slope formula the line with integer
x2 - x1
coordinates, such as
−2 0 2 4 6x
5 - (-1) (1, -2) and (3, -3).
=− (x1, y1) = (2, -1), (x2, y2) = (-4, 5) −2
-4 - 2 Divide the difference
6 in the y–coordinates −4
=− = -1 Simplify.
-6 by the difference in
−6
the x–coordinates:
The slope of the line is -1.
-3 - (-2)
1
− = -−
3-1 2
1
Exercises The slope of the line is - − .
2
Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points. Express as a
fraction in simplest form.
1. (4, 7) and (6, 13) 2. (6, 4) and (3, 4) 3. (5, 1) and (7, -3)

4. (5, -3) and (-4, 3) 5. (5, 10) and (-1,-2) 6. (-1, -4) and (-13, 2)

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

7. (7, -2) and (3, 3) 8. (-5, 9) and (5, 5) 9. (4, -2) and (-4, -8)

Determine the rate of change of each graph.

y y y
10. 11. 12. 4
6 4
2
4 2
-4 -2 0 2 4x
2
-6 -4 -2 0 2x -2
-2
0 2 4 6 8x -4

y y y
13. 14. 4 15. 4
6
2 2
4
0 2 4 6 x -4 -2 0 2 4x
2
-2 -2

0 2 4 6 8x -4
-4

Chapter 2 18 Glencoe Algebra 2

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2-4 Study Guide and Intervention

Writing Linear Equations
Forms of Equations
Slope-Intercept Form
y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept
of a Linear Equation
Point-Slope Form of a y - y1 = m(x - x1), where (x1, y1) are the coordinates of a point on the line
Linear Equation and m is the slope of the line

Example 1 Write an equation in Example 2 Write an equation in

slope-intercept form for the line that slope-intercept form for the line that
has slope -2 and passes through the 1
has slope − and x-intercept 5.
point (3, 7). 3
y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
Substitute for m, x, and y in the
slope-intercept form.
y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
1
0= − (3)
(5) + b 1
(x, y ) = (5, 0), m = −
3

5
7 = (-2)(3) + b (x, y ) = (3, 7), m = -2 0=− +b Simplify.
3
7 = -6 + b Simplify. 5 5
-− =b Subtract − from both sides.
13 = b Add 6 to both sides. 3 3

5
The y-intercept is 13. The equation in The y-intercept is - − . The slope-intercept
3
slope-intercept form is y = -2x + 13. 1 5
form is y = − x-− .
3 3
Exercises
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line described.

3
1. slope -2, passes through (-4, 6) 2. slope − , y-intercept 4
2

13
3. slope 1, passes through (2, 5) 4. slope - − , passes through (5, -7)
5

Lesson 2-4
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each graph.

5. y 6. y 7. y
8
8 4
6 (5, 2)
(1, 6)
6 (-4, 1) 2
(4, 5)
4
4
-4 -2 O 2 4 6x
2
2 -2
(0, 0)
(3, 0) -2 O 2 4 6 8x -4
-2 O 2 4 6 8x
-2

Chapter 2 23 Glencoe Algebra 2

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2-4 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Writing Linear Equations

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Use the slope-intercept or point-slope form to find
equations of lines that are parallel or perpendicular to a given line. Remember that parallel
lines have equal slope. The slopes of two perpendicular lines are negative reciprocals, that
is, their product is -1.

Example 1 Write an equation of the Example 2 Write an equation of

line that passes through (8, 2) and is the line that passes through (-1, 5) and
perpendicular to the line whose is parallel to the graph of y = 3x + 1.
1
equation is y = - − x + 3. The slope of the given line is 3. Since the
2
1 slopes of parallel lines are equal, the slope
The slope of the given line is - − . Since the
2 of the parallel line is also 3.
slopes of perpendicular lines are negative
reciprocals, the slope of the perpendicular Use the slope and the given point to write
line is 2. the equation.
Use the slope and the given point to write y -y1 = m(x - x1) Point-slope form
the equation. y - 5 = 3(x - (-1)) (x1, y1) = (-1, 5), m = 3
y - y1 = m(x - x1) Point-slope form y - 5 = 3x + 3 Distributive Prop.

y - 2 = 2(x - 8) (x1, y1) = (8, 2), m = 2 y = 3x + 8 Add 5 to each side.

y - 2 = 2x - 16 Distributive Prop. An equation of the line is y = 3x + 8.

y = 2x - 14 Add 2 to each side.

An equation of the line is y = 2x - 14.

Exercises

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set
of conditions.
1
1. passes through (-4, 2), parallel to y = − x+5
2

2. passes through (3, 1), perpendicular to y = -3x + 2

3. passes through (1, -1), parallel to the line that passes through (4, 1) and (2, -3)

4. passes through (4, 7), perpendicular to the line that passes through (3, 6) and (3, 15)

5. passes through (8, -6), perpendicular to 2x - y = 4

6. passes through (2, -2), perpendicular to x + 5y = 6

7. passes through (6, 1), parallel to the line with x-intercept -3 and y-intercept 5

8. passes through (-2, 1), perpendicular to y = 4x - 11

Chapter 2 24 Glencoe Algebra 2

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2-4 Skills Practice

Writing Linear Equations
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line described.
1
1. slope 3, y-intercept at -4 2. perpendicular to y = − x - 1,
2
x-intercept at 4

2 1
3. parallel to y = − x + 6, 4. parallel to y = - − x - 2,
3 4
passes through (6, 7) x-intercept at 4

3
5. perpendicular to y = -4x + 1, 6. slope − , x-intercept at -10
5
passes through (-8, -1)

5
7. parallel to y = 9x + 3, 8. slope − , passes through (12, 4)
6
y-intercept at -2

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each graph.

9. y 10. y 11. y

(1, 2) (0, 3)

O x O x
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

(–3, –1) (4, –1) O x

(–1, –4)
(3, –3)

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set
of conditions.
12. slope 3, passes through (1, -3) 13. slope -1, passes through (0, 0)

14. slope -2, passes through (0, -5) 15. slope 3, passes through (2, 0) Lesson 2-4

16. passes through (-1, -2) and (-3, 1) 17. passes through (-2, -4) and (1, 8)

18. passes through (2, 0) and (0, -6) 19. passes through (2.5, 0) and (0, 5)

1
20. passes through (3, -1), perpendicular to the graph of y = - − x - 4.
3

Chapter 2 25 Glencoe Algebra 2