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Thermodynamics

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
39 views33 pages

Thermodynamics

Uploaded by

atomhelium7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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{-otlot
r t{ effe*t,,1 , 1.1
v
fr B + Al-t : hr*l.1.t
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t).9
wT t h,,fu;,tt^J.u^ru14 ,
ry , N tLlrv-LLt
* P*Tt V

+ P oq9 Itp-a+^-el or^ :[1.e f uh. {ut-Lour \-


"t{4
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4P fi Lc{d.t .9topp.,ocucl *t,&w-v'r$ tlcrJk c-w",tahts Js,rt t .fu.


Cubg - Tu.js -r'J a^ -o_><_w^l"l_u
t
G) c[ui.rcl etr sb,n @W s,Vru*-,
@rs,[atrd t;;Lbtn
@ Mvrt- *ruy..r*ra o
c

fv0"
&.+ T.vfu,wsit*e yw$w*a
is
a) /Ko{LJ C vil^,h. O F*dt^ .l,r @

8-) utai.t< 0

fftu* ,nJ;r..o-.,F d- Srafe-


{^ cl}u,<s
fl'luser+te @ v.{h @ r*^l <f) Hpctt

es LH^fd^
fl
e. {"il* ls J**r""sitt-e
@ E^tk et @ 6,,fu4
YV 6thruqct+a,*€) Val\
& w&eh y -hu FU"&"1 &ttl -L\tt "9t#e '$w-c{ia+<-s ?

t!) 'L*w [i.l L Lrii) w (tv., h*rc


(qt d,, tiilrtiti S gtit S tuu-d6ii) O tri o^ d11rt @C") '1iu') n (iv1
.\

&+ Tr^r.#lru*ctrte a"^el W* ajg1ggfr-


&) etto"t^$itrc /l-toplrr*r}3
@ T^.h+tsJioe f,ropluL*lcs
I-+"hn:j-tLL e er,.d t>dt+..S/tue .pxqwttts tus#.e{tw(ty
xlr"^dtqe a,',rl,L*srt_gt$e_ .p*uprwt+r_S .Wspr e liuuly
{

+ n*t*v^a! (a +
. The .lrnn n*['d- s c atLeol
AU = '&1' K' B.E---
uAU ,*urt
",'s

$
L =) l\,^L\&? J-e *D-^h. ,t^iSp+
"lrlt
t

zevoLtr\a*: 4 Uo PYA-
. G

*
'Th"t9&r'Lo A,WL/"
0
C3 D
\.lb{adortc e,r,r {Lt-e gy.L,b.*,
a
*I4!-4"1/vt_O twq+ ( 9 + ue)
rurt J- *i-le (t-tr-#-ruCta'Se
aU.= f-+ +Ue
*-----+ *tu" *---->€)
nA*l wot*
?_
\ qsu"-1
*W (Kle.tolgoq[r-d
t,'y e7 w* l *$e-
( r*"'ctou'. e
4j Co-,[ 6U,
t q
+Sti,,v,4
eL s lo Fr 5ky
fl ul or,a ?
9 t = tt o FJ \,^uf
= -S t<:r

Au= /tW
: I o'-S
AL/= S K

&+ Pj+.c{ Acr *tr.r* ab SeAb -r [<5 t .t^tal ^^..d


wo*k

cl o^e *{t e s-LLt+|. fs+ 0 K J,


"il !#

.!u[{
"--E-' Ln = *g [< f W -- | -topr,

AU =Ltw
At/ = ---l+"1b
Au *= 6s K_r

Aa {T,f uJ St,,,'1f;(t -l s Cookr{ &"'-d -t* grJ 6S ;'{ "4.J"*, tl,r e.


f eJ cti ( s -r? fuEok ou^d cp.& etarr e a4.\.He e
Cu',.,#(..
^,;
*/tr""^ L1AL( fu 2o:r, ttt^.il tr
t cra{ a1/ ?_

,(ul 4
L = *-(.r h/ =:F2o
At,= Z tw
dpv.q- 1s+ I a.trJ
@

eage*O + E.lt.h . fqe*t .L,o"n{ fitocd-sj


- /-r- AU

w = ,- /.1- ,* C Vr-V1)

\"/ "- ts fJ.n .I 4^ kTL


%

Y>_
- 414rL
f1

C-et s e
&lJ
fui"st}r s,l}ttr -r's u't(,.olr-,r,"-a-( .&tta

Ll= *L,3.IA*T t-ff L v"l Ur

4E ,l*: $H o cft *rd g J/\4 :"^t$L"^,&


Lt't ct-
0

ev'*.nncr! F uw\ S'lI


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Y 2- etw^ . u4rilL o*-*r.ae Sa,a,^.e J.f4r.Lo *t CanUrlV,
y'0'"^^t'--T tL+J ru*)
try*$ rL,*\=taar|
Sol
',,1
t: *tz4J,
P-t#-= 2-a*,wL,
Vr t:, Jf 't y"^_L
V':'- t-ff t"{
ly"f
= -t- O" 4 Al"r"., t
&+ ruihs {o"n icba-fi- Tns c,t L(fuq e."-c{ Llnc ,is cs*,pusea.l
Tt,"ro
0

\,.
J kon''e i^a[ * vo,-{h
\
^4 uya (an^-s*o,..t r *hwua{
$$us*rte ( +L*4*1 , La!* tiv-.,j Ltw AL)
'r '
r.-i

sJ t'1
\"J- *P_p_>itLV

W L -?y>*(t/tr*V"f
)

=) .4,r-=r-r^ot (= er.ogzr t T= 3ooK p__l_c&.,*t


,
V,to -- rtJ- \.t \

VJ
E )-tra'o&zlx 3os
L
g- = L+6L
l\ z 4, 6
2_
+ 12,3 t
1" I ,i1
t:

w: - +eLr."X t t2-, 3- L4, () ' .,.1 \

\-l = + +5,2 L*c.*^-r 1 1 V"*,*n :- ltrt) J

w = .+ 4S2a T
I
AU "= o
{u "r*sotlocrt'r-oa[
l,\t
NU =-f+hJ
,l,

9- -- -u t' i]

3
L.= +920 T

.!
i\
&g c+{- dr"r;"-t is"Yt"tvn*-ol stwwntl{t #}taaa-rt grlua,t
w^o"k elo,tte-
s ntrL i &a( u ror Ir4*^,1*1 (o $kaf ifs VaI h j s ,l euLl-!
fi ol d*
4oo1q ?

t'1
Jol 4a. $
=- T =,- 4oo (
V1 :v
Ve- Y 2V

'^r = - h(T 2.jo s J:u; (+)


= .-s x Q.J te x 4o a x 2.303 ord
G#)
tJ =--lr-gzf.Jzor-
\^r -[ l,Sj Ky

il $ 1.w& i k^!- gts J'r tH-ha^\fud ju!fuw.^LLlt


,t
W -pte&s ^
s,"-.1 "ru*xs-tt"Ly
dtt
o+-t t t *ro La t ar*"300 & e !4*14^ry aha"'6 e
[r .' Th
al*"?ro [t
(; K.) sft re p\oL,-ss i:
tut
t4) rr.+ {{ 5
C6. '-tt, 4 t( _r CIKJ @ *,0 t<s
q
Ed , Fopt
js@tl ,.^*l >0
^srt

*8+
w ,a,^dtlisolaov'^^^l- U^^ei*s^s, ale.J aFJoo a l.->rpa,^ls {uwn o,l L
f0 o.z-S t uput^-St 0. Ay*tt^"tr- *WSgtr){e t L bd11 ,.1.1(e
woLl4 doroe b? *1,r!-xa s i s t Lboy =
L rtu<*,fi^arF looT )
f

st,+ [f : * kxy LV--V, )


r- <L(r.r5-6,1)
W = -JoT
0."?n
@
AU= ?-+w
\ Au= -tz 4**o \ I

,!.

Au 0
)l

b n^" 9* c*+u9#*
i

-\-*k*,t-ds LL J-a loL ql


UA.\W + r*d,(.-{-
dPnJ {L{w"1
n#roto Sp-t*^iC p$-Lt -14-t^lt g ,

3 e-t t4
.e- l.rnl-= l- &+".^? ' A U "-- ilr=-M,
lo-l
i ii

1,.r =- f2Jy lAV


= *lx9
W= ^i t- o,{"".,
,., ." r.

AU =s

orut€ proLty&-r ioLt*L;aJat2*tn( fLw+t Valh toL.]azot

9
3 4^ {t lV Lrrlu,)
j

t+ - 2 .s6

* 2-3d3 x I x &.3?4(Suo rlt)


-,[-a7
fr
\k

:'
FoH JoSo* tnur*"l'l A 0 I

>tl
Lr
=
1 --{6'=. ?+w
L :*\,4
L=+l-lyg,l6r
i"
i
l.+ Tr^-(e ptaLu $ a,ut iok,r( A."Lli .ttV ul ztoc &"J &M-e
6aJ
ftI*, P.u srtd{ e oR e C o*,--Au-9sl c/ t JI c,*cl *La LQ.ltr d.l,t
Hl"t J-Lte- &"-"1 a d *r.r frr: Jr (o &+"', , tal ? {4\
l+ta. r4-r.,A
$t.. e +q-L
ec/{3

qgB
* 2"3oix zxp.jl y
XSuo "t",1 (tr rc)
\J t tI4 N&r-
-{-eH Isa*t"l,arr,r r! ALr:o
.e{"J ? tw
o = ?-+il+CIPir
'? = * u4driJ

\.ri flttec{ LLt'rcblt r* LwILU-e

O cacLlc
\J= -cib LLatP uit e Q c(t =
*Ue
*)
-\
fr I
t
4 q
T T c
o r* b--->
v-> lp wl s e : 4*e
ft =) \| : t {.1, -> -."Lf
*,"^ C.d a.t

$
,,
tq
r .t c-
b-) U
v->

e opcr.r C o"*oi,rdlt ^

W = *Ara KT
k*, jrtr^{ fy\orro n!*-lc ffS Js Jlo.bn^ }toc,"-l *4+e Vrl, @
An
fr B C g (j S4tor,^_r,r< i- "*he #f^ u- TIrL e t+an& .le.,.e MV
:lta s 0
"rJ.

t 0rV , yPrz V

t p

rt I
c-

P
P,V P,LV

v-+
fdl e i{^i{ c,Lach-a,#s.
-= *LLL '

W : t ftXb
\".,r LP-P ) L2 u-v)
W PV

/e
#
T-r,n-o Jtrotc#gr. & cc crrr -1, utu^ c b"*n144-ryl ,( a-l- *he w^&LLl'Lclonel

+
t Ue '---+ Lo>( 9)+ 2 H>c'(0
0

0) c"Lts) ti I C Hi,l( g)'+2(i't L8)


q.L Lat)
A \..1 : -A r'.6 R 'T
th.l'
r ^', =*[r*(t+UJnr
l\r t) Lr \'v/ = -l t*gJ Rt
hr *Ar t, : *ZR'f
1-A =+ de_

t'l) r.,rl-11{ U (.g) rt1sj)+ H(((,9)


kl =- .- P- T
^^t
v"f : * (r*4 (r
V..^:*2R
c ,et * vh[\
b y:-1 cts+e. "^t e6c{-i fxot-c-ss s'i^at^e4^ Pwstuj-te
- (P-uJ
fV, Is \ : '',

PKP
3oo r'r
] \.i i

200

+ 6 Vtnr 3)
i\\:

s"t\ + rt),g-q t-)^/-cL1X*4,1 e l-\t Ct^jta-e- ^

\^l

w =r* L,r-P, ) C
$,-vr)
\.1

: ('r'o *Lo')((-4)
+
i

frt too)L>) lr
\,

w+ *Son
-' ']1r''
''
\ '\ \
. \a,rt\:.\\
\
I

p"[to crsJ i s
d- + w o*-k de+t e
b
,)'lv't
*u*" tgcli c

\,':
4Po .,:rt:."j

..
fo I

zVo

\^f : -Qr--u)(?,*P,)
I t

=
I r \-

6Ev)
.: *@- z) * t)
L4
\"J =: (r X3)
LWr!* Vbtot
6 *uo t"to^nsn**r*ri"c ttrls #a,,,.al B
.af< arv,\L b4^*
$ aar.4 p!,t-sst*te arte
Mh.,Lrl. TTzre )tartnp
(tt cr) d tt,.e t-^l x-. 1^y.-il1 b e tr +ou/t,calar_Gp

@) o.os @ t,so 3"3 ,'6J

S gL3 w-( ,p'\"eh (_ f f,4-r1 r,t otn d at-o+'^t' c ,=) "rK.


2_

CP*Cy =k
Cv = U-(
Cr,r = g&-(
SL
Cv 5= .Sk*Lk
L
._LL
(-v g-2_

>_

Cv 33
2-
S,
/3
cPr Cu
=1,6

r-rfEal:.zt)
b WiCh uvr? o*.r^f )/rte 6
J s !4a-e (aLWt
*fl.t .qLott nr rs_,i.1o bI uv ( e o,*-c{ qy
"htlu^ da\
{.rLu.\e r., ofu*y } t_t"l- i-u-s
C/ tcr,^ -, Kgc ?{v -(. @ ep:*tv
b K{-dr cn}a
h fr& dtulrs
,ttdMlW 3oo s114 dt e
lr4^t Vafu,te
t +"l-ot-c-ol,^* at- c+-.s ta."* VaI\ I
.g1
LP_ tLn -= ,tl/-

Crr = Cp.* 4\(- t


: 3oo.- toX0,.3 Iq
= 3uo g3,rq
CV = 2td,dr6 u-l/(
I-r^ *tau ty ctf c ,b+to LtSj 'gttoult't P*v r{ta1.tta+^ I $tt e ar^ayih"rl e
4P
,l .$tt p \,..rru",( e is .:
lI "tot, 1.

V
9
V2 \
i
,

VI I

Pr P, P

S$t'1 t

d.= t \
t,..,r. : * L(r,_f,)(r,_v, ) Alt[a = F&L 6
Z
=[

q.

@ €*54a AH) +
H'= tJ+fv
H H {-\ U + ACP t/
i
\
!
\

#- */ P Le'asland- + T+ V t-b'1^*-*t
Att :AU + vAP
Art= AU+ PbV
. &rtr_olion" b1w Ah u-.otau t

+ AH = .A U.* en Ar Casc0,
# "L,ur,1
v
7 tr , bH>Aa
CrrnO aw6 1o , A n<AL)
A i' A
ca'
I
0
@ J*$ a.

, The ts
J.4\ c-lLLd-Jr *[t e cys*wn L;. !,c

ruo* 4>tcl+owrq Nv)


e o* tE^*w* U) air'Ca,r"g*r**
-
tP *aH Lv --- .a u
, Ar-t: f p(tT r+ ltcte aPacLLS 4=--_ AU = (ydl-
. A;1 = n1,rt TJ mo-LaX Ft"'*C"!-* .A Ll :- 'f1. Cv ct T

, Akt = w1 Cycl-y-+ gb"r*(l-ta# A L) = L/v.\ C Vrt T


,ah"rU-l

Cp
@ tu0-a-[fs', b lw C r a",cl Lv I
'nto noc*c,rruq'c, ,lq
e
cowPF L
P-- Cv'= +t{l L"tos
&r'o_fo i71-d C'
0
1a
flo ok,n*o
td..lo'''n't'c' -9- *
{t
t
tf W!ci*,
ct) rn* is rWug&tc *unr[t]t'or,t- .( T = Lu,^s*a* )
C=2.
ctT
C:O
*,
[ir ftdi"bo*t* c C L * Ls'tst-a*)
C:Q
pY 0-

b The H) /art $rte ytto,c t-iv"^


-an.IrhuLl,.X- cL^,d."y € ( A

) -----> 2 NnggS js - J2"30 Arct ep o k


ii
nlzC.9) + tll,tz(J J

The- :",*:-rt*r^I J4.4W cl\a^,tC


e AU cF:yOK iS
Ltt) -J,. 3o [<y J@ * ol"q ztr:r
*9't"s4t(:_ @ _og,gK_r.

:So[ { =i/ rNztJ) +3H2C.r)- zr,tnsL|)


^^J )Z*(t+.:)
A
^a
AR=AL,t+Au.ry *T
\

-Jr.30Kr = AU *zX d.3t4x L90

$ 2, ;E K; : AU
- 4$ss'. I4r
It _* Au +,5 $ K:r

AU '- 32, J 0 + +,9{


AU= * &J"+J K r
\'!
i

...\\
49 rj^"r{ AL; aF 21oc
Fe Cos CJ) Ee0(3) *(oy1g1 .,
Art = 8z K:,

s 0tt1
A H = AU nuty K'T
lA^# =f
"u

'&H----- &z = AU + tX E.j-3 X 3oo


Au = &r* 2"+3

4=* { vrnub V ,"Jrnt inrs u-r.,cLLk


n^ur.,.
tels 11 sfdle
lAon^ (, furt3L
r oo p) .{-d (* at*n,,6 Lt 2{a 1<) tJ-i*k a ALr = 4o rc,+4-
F-t^ol A K z

So[ h
AI,1 =Au+a(P\r)
Att: Atl +Cror-p,vt)

A4 = 4o 't Ux6-,xs)
= 4c'+LL+- 6)
: 4r, ,f tp
AI't := E& L*&ny

Q + Foil *tr e ,[Lrn clt s",


NzC!) +- Jn2U) 2 NH9(J), aH= ?
====
S cl\4
AH -* au+ arrdKf *^J = )-4
o^, = -2'
.4, p.t Arr nO*'
dI &u c, 1 g p^rtl^ a,n"n-a-l- fit+f. tr "F{t^ Lu a 3 & C-art*tbol &L+t ^*4
Ft'oot

AU LtnJ .4ot*-.nl *o t e - I2 6 JaJ-f ,u^-nl tF zgrlk .Ttne "A+*LrdA*y


eLrwr{ e e cUort t'o,utt A e
/-+rt *r,t ,rttu-

CHs oH t.I) +.L a rLJ) to2tg)+ 2 HzCI L-t-) ,AU= -1


'6Nd
-lBl h
A ttd s o
J
( t

A l-{ =. Au + onl Ar

= -I26 *-(-lX a.Jrr{ yzJ0 K)

H = *12"1,L5 K:in"l-l

jke J','Lrw'uL u+Nfiy ckwT a ( -\xra @


&* fit zt'c
Hztg) t ((r (j) -----+ 2HcL(9) i-s 2 coL" t^yttr{f s $te u-"lLtaUy
CLtw,11p
y "fr"fs -rur.CFferur.

su[ h
H2cJ)+ c(2(J) znttTgl
^^i = 2*(l+t)
A r,1 '-:I
A ff :- a u + Lwl PT

"AlL: L + OX,CT
t
Alt ts Z LaL
+ * dteb ntt e $rto ci-s3

7-=a ( isC"tarl ud-ste^,1).

,A U =f +W
Au=Wa.d
\",,1 ad- = anCVAT

w opk ,;, odl (xsuss


"baLic
O kwan$Lf-!-
n\
u
flt}tiU-totcrl#t

Waci=4\CyAT Vad =- 4<-lyJT


l^./ a ct = .4t cv IT, ri)
* W rtc:L = ,t< t-v CT, * T,)

@) L"lct^to&e Cc)
O tute*rt stbb :) r{"e e p r.f *tu^ .Ly.w

6
*rv \f u

r v, Y-l ",-- tvr/-l U-.*e* r =L? CV

tu
PVY:Lo"r,.S*oJ
I
r Y pt*Y

A
EJ I -}r-lt atgol-l sil,ll :)
#
Z f',\etLs n!. yr1 C1 e\,\k&41 {vrws*tl^e ,6,%u'+t C P'= 3 8Tl,(
4= ff "lclr
Cet, *ke- Y rra,tr ute ?
LP'= so'rlK
t4
Set 4/u'=- L
Y =Lf
LV
(P-Lv=A,aR
LP*ML: Lv t'': 30
2L 3't
ir
LV - 30- 2X8.311,{ !1 = 1.?.?
Lv = 21.3J ]:lK

43 J rvr o[r. -/ ety7 J oLnt ,ytr ! cP =29"2-sL1 TIF-Mt-k Jq3


V'CU gULs{rt3zj6f( :{ cl+n: fo !fr cl*'t3 '
t>Lpa*t-s(eNn
^rWLl 1--G

T4 *he Jn*LLi e[ *c""^P J s: K' F;.0{ }t^e /-tn-n( t"u4 c*..nl


013 -tut)
wo*k.[pr,te
--
2 (rso^lfr) /

.+
.! el
11
J, LP.-CV=r.t(
i,\ r= LP
L-'
2 g,t "24 _ C\, .* U..ji LI
T': Z 9, 23+
La.9L
C-i,':.- 23'2:1 4* 0'3 lt'l
2-A'9
lf = L,33
C fr = >

TV Pf
- C-sr,r-gt-at
'Ti v, f-l i* T2 V,Y"-l W /rr C-v L-f" -T)
1,35-l
T ? 5o Lfu) x 2 o,{) 2 ( 3o S- 1.50J
I

r; : r so Clr)o'si w - J,3oj kr
*
T>= 3o.l(
fu"4 ff q a*a*"^ic inLaL *tnnt-f @
C at .*ke &" ol-
y\o+tp
tai s

-Lnho,^nclrol fu.t-y-tvtsiLV- 0*^-c[ acLt*bakt^t-lrV {u*n ?: *c t6tL at


2ot4$ ? j [* SIS n.L,\. (i.\ ctot d-nrt-r'

s, eLI B-o,u-ln g;&Lt- f J+e c_e.!J


@4 *"@@@
TV r-t - K <).

I, V, Fl :: Trt/ r'{'l

Jl : 11 (H)Y-t
T, = zc,D lirfits-t
T2 = 20CI (*1r,,
= )oox$)'r"t
T) :2ou*(trr),
.50 l<

b 4 frr.ofu- yl M o4rp afor,..r'C .r',{.uu{- ,f ,.S tx$a*,rls r.tlf ub nktc Ftfir ot


i".f-+fnl- tu4. T Crr.yt**t*tt'rr.o( 1,\ney'l -{
y*-+,t "p"y:.*
fLton-. Z t- .le' + L, f .t^n_el {**(-fo.,^ 6-a 9}
(.n= +)
SJI'1 r J{}1 , PJ-t uca"9J T_ d_
c:- 3K
4'\ CVAT = -Pt,{,t(Vr-lr,) +

tx Q_A
2_ IT"- D zI +- t) a

+tr,-r; +
+F €"^fu
t ,\,1 !-8 't-jlt^rr,"^-rl|^. 'fu
j. E**y
dL ti+uW *' :14 &f{ Ca[/ K
11 s
'=- '

+e
"&3 = 4\Lv)r"( L *,n Kkvrfv'lv,

x
A S -- 4'Le pJ"^ ( =") - ,n*J^ (''td

+r f-.r.t ii *tl*l w,,-sl Co"-.[&o g+^ ( f : t e""s*c'**)


a

tr ) tt 116[ tr cLrnu-J L
o

AS = 44 C\/ -1r )+'n * l*,tuyr)


A S = .t^{Ll^Lty*,)

0r', l-bfte U+ o"u-q- u ,

A J = MF-J+t(P,tf)

++' I Se clr-o-r-u'c - ca-n;Jih'p'. ( v= Lw'}]-a"l )


d As = /vr C, Y^(81.n)

@ f io baYtic 7sa^6ffi&'.f P:- (w^g+"t)


aS: 44 tp -t^"1 (I"l ,n)
b Ular* JS ilte a,#tafV cl\a.i,\t L tlw41 d Pr.aL{ rff Pt x tt3 @
-b'*orr,fu J's *-d Jtalar{{;bl+
( #t*-, G+t tn-fl,f nl.
*ol^ f oL *@ looL ot-Soo f< 2
tr

lx 0.-3rq xL,ro s!w;(i*)


As = E.3rr{x2.303
A S = lS,l+:rlK

}to1Ap'r L gft
(t C a""l';-vta- I i o'o' 'l t- r"'nL( Y
& C or^sr rflg{ Ja s ottr-tl
^'-nl-
i.tl*c.{- prS fhe. Pttosgu}te fl ':tlte L',1 ltu*-' ls
i 1o+1*icQ

jatc.ttoe"4e 3. c,tu- *"S, rt"r **-SodK,flt-e utLwofuy1Lo,c


"t- f/K ?

:.!ott1 A.-g = ..ttRJ^'..I


rt| fr)
lx 0"JtL4-1"4(tf.o;
AS *- v|, 0_9 :r/ r
4-+ z rnefu &+t irt-unt fr-os ( C,,'n' = +) "l.v.,lLqd {tw""
u.,&,,,\oq
f
loa K *e C00 K * gs,r'.S*, ,bltossrtrte ,|h'-rl o a
# VeU ?
l'l
S s{
AS =4tCfJw(Trt r)

I
\
S = s(-0,r4LS)
+ i4 P-ue CrsJ ,os c arr"fu ol at&' & C o"^-#. Ve14 {'?""-'4 o 3 f f''s I
+ A.s = ut Lv )^ (k) C?* Cv= P-

cv = 53
')*
=* K
zX.3R, 6oo \ 3(
'L Jn^
t zob/ C
z
A*9 = JRJ-r[3]

.lat
@+ Pk otge
w-ry
0 a"&% t {-rt.+for,,
( 'u s fr'ts)

Senid _==- Nt.


A H-d+ts
I, S
4-ttJ T

g) 6r,fu'tt $ v*p. ( As "-h)


Uss v+,

ASvap'= Llt't/ ab
T

As s.^'b)
@ €'*fu'W {'*fuoL{^ C

S-li; =* v &+'
4 -( fi".6 = A w g.b
-r

Titw'il't!*'' { Jit- r*q&+Lvt'ta '*ttunn^ t'3


lrne e
E9 \ -n**lnoVg-ct<axy 4ux
f'te
*lta ftecrr-e L'ta'""A'l Le*
.l 0 K=-t l,ro[ Cf zr 'L , *lrre S.*XnbTCkunVe #q
sd-v Gz+W+ Iro
n3v ub lltv# . 30 k Y1&&( ) r _#
Jd+€e-r-
W Th e ,o**Ltn(.1p,7
tr
\l* g. r^-ratzy al-1oo'c ru s +o'Gs f 51 natp ' @
:f ;tts -&.ry eu-Nu\f e f,olt $tle vrpa*ttz-&fn,. Lvw.Ldbe ?

Sot{ +
sH vop : 4o"G 3 Ky/ pto&
f ,=- [so'C -) lootZ=13
= 3"13 p,
C Srru# = +0,6 3Xto3 rrl rt^dl
31-l
A SVa-p =. Jo &, 9f F*tfrto-tfl

p I*2 B:,z,ltzstreCa) Bs*,.z--aryte(-{) 0t $6'c.,4}tot- =1a.6 RJl,"r&


Ce( Cutpk $rte_ A Sfr ?

.u3 T- .F*6'c
Asf, F AH# : $- 6 -f 2_'t3
T
T :2J&.6K.
to,6 K f ot-g !r I r"to k
2"1 e" 6

ASf = SB,oL3-lpr,"s-(n

&s tttta* ,f .s $tre bp"rz-l+r €+ A H.torS = 9. 3 s 1<r 1 r,,o/,r


fot".t t-
wd A S++tr = 3 S.J'TIl( rvrut 2
*
UI Ah*.
A s-f,us = T
r-r-
l' - 9.5.9Xtcoci Tf ruLa(t
l re
{+ .(por"ta+t-L@rr 9 .rrlgruin q o@)

t aS 9ygb,'" + Ji Srd#{.'*4ry = AB u*h%Yse '

tl

3.
+ " As t_
#r-,
ltlltwsiM
AS tl,tiil-, =
tl
sf+tu-px dtWS t a*ul, rL $Nou ss
9 AE
t'
e #H

|tta,of.,t L > 0

t Lro *r*W*^i c pY eclsr + sh .'\

^l
\
o*.d 3 u".%; c

@ o*i*" btw AC>l

A& =-
.*f 4.9
l!

;l

lti
Ca.S e 0 a S u+n Lt9' )o $
A& *ts ., t Lpow , K'xr,t .

Cn.s e I Ae?s:o Lq4


& =0 ) t

c a-.ge
Su"l.$.{o } Adrffrs}a * t Ne'** Lh*,r, (xv't ,
@' I ( e + !

|-{=6r +T"q'
A t-t = A(rt + TAS

"4({ s a4- r.As


ti

g ruJ*rda paq sbw*a,,rutLy d

0{ ._- aK-To*(

gso -
A pt {ts bsr?3 6'G = *aH*7,a-e e laHl< i TAsl
(+*e) (+,le-;

Case r\--,L)
dft>o aft*y
.f rAs AG = aH*'IA-1 No44 * Surt
- L/*g "t

i
- I

t' l
t
t
t
c0. se (s)
Aft = *AH -TaJ ! h& <a
- Lre
I
$,

t
+U-e gbara.
I
[']
i'

eas e(4) i-!i


Aft = *.4'h+T--AJ J laHl>{Tasl
-Ug_ -LlC
1
p9 F-tts,r,-r *la s, "t
AH 6 S' \lo[c[
s, p-(iutdr' ct wt -' ttn ol-r
ovrc{ @
"ttl-t(A'ya f , T ., N t.,lua(c/ b e I,pw",*mr-Qou3 tt z .9'I ,

AHo crr,) AJ' 6 f-' rnot^l)


T * lo.s tJo
x, '+ t.g
-itJ
m -lz 6
+ 6)rt

s{ m r
J N,)F
n )>9i
l r'-4

@ rII a^ Jx
O f &r,..{ .a

.(otV cose@ aH(ryJ):-L(e


( t rrft, = + LAe Atl- = -AH* T{3
AGt { o I spel .
"@rys

,&_) Tlne Vc.trru;


fl|
A h e-. d AJ
l+t Srte .rLLct t4a*, ,
c tpg * co: I Co (fl) [l{ e t'10 Kr1 r"^"( o'*c{ ITO T p*r ptn{*f
e,1
0
. Il..tJd
}tr61 t&r'orr tLL0l L e .9po"-{t+wo ot t.9 al--

JIo K gl lloK o-$roK @troK


"Sq Ak = Ah* TaJ f*e[=,tt0K
Pt.t-7=grof A61: Ah*tAJ
*

AOt= t"I o J/6Xllo llo ttta xtao


A(\ = Att 11b
1"1 o F l,E4,T
=-
- tC6r,?

A (lr : ((it : t*
tLt
wt*-u,$*au3
$str- et".^t-
i-,EE I
Qa The C orrrr-lc* J(1,*,r.*n. Q eQ,,,a w"t c C strclt{tu"ts te\ "tZ" e
9P w*a+tzort s c frtnrf a* a{.{ h**.tstrt/l-t-s .t' s
-s-Lr CI-

.rdS A14<o rru"rl .A3:o (0 Ah>o e^,^r,{AC (o


Aft<o 0,.^-dpslo U Ahco c,,.",-dAi<er
6-4 C bo/4--
NIEET

&q AR= rtn{ t*^nl A J - {s-A :r [e-lp1^4-1


#M,," Wocllw,
F6Ra 3S'.g 6 11
Th e. )&ac#b4 lts .g\w,laA,,!.u,t3 et ( nSgunme *trntatr u^d aS Io
..r,td- ,.? htitt" J"-^b)
,

& T) 4 2s K *W fu*".b
T) r.i& l<
@ T( 42 S K

9 At{ = At(- T (J
:3s.J' Txd3.f
aq = * Lre-
frnu( -r> 425 t<

:!i1'

\ll

f
&+ CrHl +(y'2_ CrH't(f, , Af{= *2*Io'6,(3r /*t&t,
As= -tgJ,oTlt<y.t"{. Ah*fgooK J*s 1 \ \'

943 ts
AGt= Alt*T-.AJ

0 trt = -zJo.6=0ouX.- t3j, o1


lrro -l
*2lo'6 + +t,\
"Nq - 2z 8"J K s lrqak I

As Tt'te ffilb',f
i' *t/ *^to tr^ exh a* 2.t,c * ls-26 Kc_a,(_
a"^d "tts
"rfur+f ^4",,r J5 o'cal-s/R, Wt fuehxqis ) At4

s4J
A[rt = Ak- f A*t
'-2 6 Ktru{-
= ah * (soo X_eo)

*26
Kra( = Ah + t&o oaca(*3
'-26 Kca(r= ttt +
t0 kca{;
AR = ( z e* IE)
KLo&
AFt '= + + K. C&j
f
li il l,,l
*lzr-e ,rtt;.- c &fot
'r
Paa
43
Y-204 ({) ----> 2xozQ)
AU = L Kc-o-[ ,AS =20 c-ul-[X et:ooK rW+t-(aAttJ'_9:'
sJq
A[ru = ou- -rpJ \ " r\
'\" \
1
.,]

.Abt= 2 Kco{-C3-oX Lr)


i\r

"-?*8(a{ 6ooc CrrL


= 2 KcoL- 5gcal
At{ = *+
,tl
\. 1\ \.
i
t KLaz
' r'.1\\i \ \
i1 \
) i,,r;t''r'l\''':\' r r'j
\

,t\ \'r\ \

\,t r .l \

t
O g3lc"LaLf s^^
f L,, u, A u ,&h tL' yal"^uS "pltatt-ss tM a"^ iav&fff
tt cPaT
-. .1 '\tC V aT
Preusy U
trs
d, futttPtglbt( !.,t =*\z Rru^{*) t=vtn$,) oeo
-r! etLr.turn"a(
=- 14 kT-t
"r(l lS =+r P'f ,bu, Lrrrr)

rlttuLcr.qsj&t( W : *Pext (V*\) L = f:,,* (\ r-vt) I


jso-*tnrn, ura{
= -Pr ,t(\ !U_.rrr<r\
p2
*ft ,*('
%er-_ uJ)
o O
h) ?2- P, J

g' rssa.uric 1,..,t-


- ?(Vr-v;
L=Ah ALI '=LrCvA T
I L?t =
q( pr"T
( = ."-..rt) = _ 11 K(1tr*Tt)

@'rse cr.r*._, \^t = C',


?- = A U A()=r.rcva il-
(': c*"s+) 6 h =?t CpaT

6 tu,utr siAb bJ= n tvLT-_.T.)


aeabo}-c L'=o AU:ttCvAT .ah='nLyeT
pvY= f< =r ^{\\*\fixl
tY Il-,a -"-_+ri+p

TYFFr= K

@ r ;,t Wn"#b4.l \"J: h Cv(tr*fi) L=o Aft=.r,1(yAT eh =tt epaT


a dfo$o#c . -ft
^l/',{Ir._np'rrl
L /, f,/

gcg CfrC A-.u-q tt"ultu ,']", L=-w o 0


htl F, t.

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