ISSN:2279-0578 eISSN:2582-4589

REVIEW ARTICLE PUBLICATION

Exploring the Science of Marma -

An Ancient Healing Technique:
Marma Therapy
Alka Mishra1 and Vandana Shrivastava1
1 Department of Ayurveda and Holistic Health, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India

Abstract. Marma Science, an extraordinary gem in the vast trea-

sure of Ayurvedic knowledge, represents the science of specific vital
*CORRESPONDENCE
places in the body (Marmas), that are the ‘seats of life’ (Prana - Address Department of
the vital life force). As any injury to these parts may lead to severe Ayurveda and Holistic
pain, disability, loss of function, loss of sensation, or death, there- Health, Dev Sanskriti
fore, they hold an important place in the science of surgery. The Vishwavidyalaya,
Haridwar, India
ancient scriptures have strictly prohibited causing any injury to the
Email
Marmas. However, recent researches have used Marma stimulation [email protected]
for theraputic benefits, with encouraging outcomes. Looking at these
mutually conflicting, important applications of Marma Science, the PUBLISHED BY
Dev Sanskriti
present study was undertaken for its in-depth analysis. Previously,
Vishwavidyalaya
we have explored different aspects of Marma Science in ancient and Gayatrikunj-
classical Indian scriptures. In addition, our other study have provided Shantikunj Haridwar,
detailed description of the number of Marmas, their location, struc- India
tures involved, classification, effect of trauma, etc., as per classical
OPEN ACCESS
texts, as well as correlation with modern science. Previously, we also Copyright (c) 2023
published its use in Yoga and other ancient Indian traditions, both Mishra Shrivastava
as a therapeutic technique, as well as for self-defense and inflicting Licensed under a
injury on the opponents. The present article explored its application Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 Inter-
as a therapeutic procedure (Marma Therapy). Different methods of national License
Marma stimulation have been compiled. Therapeutic classification
and applications of Marmas have been listed, and several research
studies on Marma Therapy have been presented. Several mechanisms
for the mode of action of Marma Therapy have been discussed. It is
concluded that Marma Science holds significant promise as an effec-
tive therapeutic procedure.
Keywords. Ayurveda, Marma Science, Marma Therapy, Marma
Mechanism, Yoga, Kalaripayat, Varma-kalai

DEV SANSKRITI: Interdisciplinary International Journal Vol 22 Year 2023 doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v20i.157

MISHRA and SHRIVASTAVA 24

Introduction modern science was also presented. Previously

Marma Scienc is one of the extraordinary we have published [48] the use of Marma Sci-
gems in the huge treasure of Ayurvedic knowl- ence in Yoga and other ancient Indian traditions.
edge [1, 2]. It represents the science of spe- The correlation between Marma Science and Yo-
cific vital places in the body (Marmas), that gic Science, including the different limbs of Ash-
are the ‘seats of life’ (Prana) (Ashtanga Hridaya tanga Yoga, was presented. Its use in various
Sharira Sthana 4/2) [2] (Prana is the vital life ancient Indian traditions, both as a martial art
force that governs all the physical and subtle pro- for self defense and inflicting injury on the oppo-
cesses of a living being [3–6]. As any injury to nents, and as a therapeutic technique for healing
these parts may lead to severe pain, disability, purposes, was also illustrated.
loss of function, loss of sensation, or death [7], The present article explores the foundational
therefore, they hold an important place in the elements of the Science of Marma with regards
science of surgery, wherein they are considered to its use as a therapeutic procedure (Marma
‘Shalya Vishayardha’ (half of the entire science Therapy), as well as the recent applications of
of surgery) (Sushruta Samhita Sharira Sthana this healing method.
6/35) [1]. Acharya Sushruta states that Marma
sthan, a very vital point, should not be injured
and should be kept intact even while doing surg-
Using Marma Science as a Ther-
eries (Sushruta Samhita Sharira Sthana 6/21) apeutic Procedure
[1]. The use of Marma Science as a therapeutic
However, recent researches indicate that if procedure has been observed in some ancient In-
any Marma point is inflamed or painful, then dian traditions and practices. As described by
stimulating its nearby Marma points can help us previously [48], Yogasanas, Pranayama, Yo-
in alleviating this pain [8]. Several studies and gic Bandhas, etc. stimulate the Marma points
texts have reported the benefits of Marma Ther- of the body resulting in the desired therapeu-
apy in treating various physical and mental dis- tic benefits. Shandilyopanishada (8/2) [49] and
orders [7–30]. Vashishtha Samhita (3/61-64) [50] state that one
Looking at the importance of the Marma Sci- of the best forms of Pratyahara is the one done
ence with regards to surgeries, as well as their by focusing on eighteen specific Marma locations
recent use and future possibilities as an effec- in the body. The knowledge of Marman is em-
tive therapeutic procedure, the present study has ployed in various ancient Indian traditional prac-
been undertaken for an in-depth study of the Sci- tices like Kalaripayat of Kerala [16, 20, 28, 51],
ence of Marma. Varma-kalai of Tamil Nadu [20, 29, 52–54], and
An account of various ancient / classical Ayurvedic Abhyanga (massage) for therapeutic
Indian scriptures, including the Vedas, Upan- benefits [11, 18, 19, 28]. Thus, Marma Science
ishads, Puranas, Samhitas, etc., that mention can be regarded as one of the important healing
different aspects of the Science of Marma [1, 2, 7– system of ancient times. Looking at these and
15, 26–45], was given by previously [46]. Previ- similar other instances about the healing abil-
ously we have published [47] the definition and ity of Marma points, in modern times, several
a detailed description of the properties of Mar- studies and texts [7–30] have described Marma
mas, as stated in the classical texts, mostly writ- Science as a therapeutic technique. The present
ten during Samhita kala. The description in- article reviews the work of several such studies
cluded information about the number of mar- in this regard.
mas, their location, structures involved, correla- With regards to the physical body, Marma
tion with Panchamahabhutas, classification, as points are defined as anatomical sites where mus-
well as a detailed explanation of marmaghata cles, veins, ligaments, bones and joints meet to-
or viddha lakshanas, i.e. the effect of trauma gether (Sushruta Samhita Sharira Sthana 6/16)
on Marmas. The anatomical correlation with [1]. However, Schrott et al. (2016) [13] state that

DEV SANSKRITI: Interdisciplinary International Journal Vol 22 Year 2023

25 Marma Therapy

besides the physical structure, Marma points administered at Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya
also represent the junction of mind, body and (DSVV), Haridwar, to many patients suffering
consciousness; thus, the Marma points may hold from osteoarthritis, lumbar spondylosis, cervi-
vital information with regards to thoughts, emo- cal spondylosis, sciatica, prolapsed inter verte-
tions and feelings, and their link with the overall bral disc, leucodystrophy, etc., with encourag-
health. Schrott et al. (2016) [13] state that stim- ing results. The National Health Portal of In-
ulation of Marma points can affect the function- dia [28] describes Marma Therapy as an impor-
ing of the internal organs and mind-body coor- tant Ayurvedic treatment, wherein the pressure
dination, cause healing with regards to improve- applied on the Marmas causes the vital energy
ment in eye-sight, digestive system, headaches, (Prana) to flow along subtle channels (Nadis);
stress, etc.; Marma Therapy can be used to this portal mentions the application of Marma
detoxify, revitalize and provide strength to the Therapy for the management of several diseases,
body. The knowledge of Marman is employed by which include paralysis, sciatic pain, migraine,
the practitioners of Kalaripayat (ancient Indian tremors, diabetic neuropathy, trigeminal neural-
Martial Art tradition of Kerala) as a health pro- gia, facial or Bell’s palsy, lumbar spondilitis, cer-
moting technique [16, 20]. Varma-kalai (branch vical spondilitis, frozen shoulder, carpal tunnel
of Siddha medicine) is an ancient therapeutic syndrome, muscular and joint pain, etc.
technique practiced in Tamil Nadu, that deals Just like electric switches, which when turned
with the stimulation of Varmam (the vital spots on, allow the flow of electricity through an equip-
of the body) for therapeutic benefits [20, 52– ment and make it work, Marma points may be
54]. Marma points are stimulated during Ab- regarded as special switches in the body, which
hyanga (massage), either by applying pressure in when properly stimulated, can lead to the proper
different ways, or through specific movement of flow of Prana in different body parts, resulting
hands or other body parts, for therapeutic ben- in the desired therapeutic benefits. Thus, the
efits [11, 18, 19]. application of Marma Science as a therapeutic
Joshi (2010) [7] states that Marma Science technique (Marma Therapy) can be supposed to
is one of the oldest medical science for preven- be comprising of two basic tasks, i.e.:
tion and cure of diseases, promotion of health • Proper identification of these locations, i.e.
and calmness of mind, as well as development of specific Marma points - this has already been de-
self-healing capabilities. It is extremely effective scribed by us previously [47].
and acts very rapidly, yet, because of the fact • Devising methods of stimulating and af-
that improper intervention at the Marma sites fecting the Marma points to attain the desired
can even be fatal, its use as a therapeutic pro- healing effect.
cedure, by directly stimulating or affecting the
Marma points, was not very common [7], and
was limited to some specific traditions and prac-
Different Methods of Stimulat-
tices. He [7] further defines Marma Therapy as ing and Affecting the Marmas
a natural, non-invasive, instant and permanent Marmas are the seats of Prana (vital life
method of healing. He [7–10] has developed a force), i.e. the subtle energy centers where the
simple methodology of stimulating the Marma Prana resides and flows [2]; Prana is the vital
points, and has successfully used this technique life force that governs all the physical and sub-
for providing relief in chronic disorders like sco- tle processes of a living being [3–6]. Thus, the
liosis, cervical spondylosis, muscular dystrophy, stimulation of these centers implies stimulating
prolapse inter vertebral disc, etc. Pathak (2015) the flow of Prana, rather than some physical or-
[21] used this technique for the treatment of cer- gans or tissues [11]. Since the Prana signifies live
vical spondylosis, and observed significant ther- electricity flowing through the body, hence the
apeutic benefits. Since more than five years, this Prana of the therapist is bound to interact with
simplified form of Marma Therapy has also been that of the subject [3–6]; thus, the exact location

doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v20i.157
MISHRA and SHRIVASTAVA 26

of the Marmas should depend upon the Prana of Classification of Marmas Ac-
both the therapist and the subject, and may not
cording to their Therapeutic Use
be simply a fixed physical site [11]. Therefore, Several scholars have given therapeutic clas-
the identification of Marmas may not be a simple sification of Marmas, which is as follows [14]:
physiological definition, but instead a matter of
long-term practice and concentration; this may I. Sthula (physical) and Sookshma
be one of the reasons for the slight variations (subtle)
in the methods of Marma Therapy adopted by a. Sthula
different practitioners [11]. The locations and anatomical structure of
Different methods of stimulating and affect- various marmani are included here. These mar-
ing the Marma points, to gain therapeutic ben- mani can be assessed by naked eyes, i.e. Pratyak-
efits, are available in the literature. sha darshana.
Lad and Durve (2015) [12] have described 10
b. Sookshma
methods of stimulating the Marmas (Techniques Here, various subtle physiological functions
of Marma Chikitsa), which include oleation, su- are included, which are known and understood
dation, dry massage, deep pressure, application through Apta vachana (words of Sages / Rishis)
of paste and heat, puncturing with a needle, etc. and Anumana pramana (i.e. literature, clinical
Frawley et al. (2015) [11] have described sev- assumptions, and teachings of experts).
eral methods of Marma Therapy, which may be
classified into three main groups, i.e. (i) mas- II. Vulnerable (lethal) and Less vulner-
sage and energy methods, which include tech- able (therapeutic)
niques like Abhyanga (massage), applying aro- a. Vulnerable (Lethal)
matic oils, applying pressure, etc., (ii) herbal This includes marmani that are fatal, if stim-
methods, which include application of herbal ulated in the wrong manner; therefore, one
paste, taking medicinal herbs, etc., (iii) using in- should be extremely cautious while dealing with
struments, which include Acupuncture, heat ap- these. Wrong stimulation of these points can
plication, etc. lead to severe injury, unconsciousness or even
Schrott et al. (2016) [13] explain 20 meth- death [11]. These include Sadya pranahara
ods to treat the Marmas, which include tech- marma, and neck marmani.
niques like massage, pouring oil, application
b. Less vulnerable (Therapeutic)
of herbal paste or heat or light, taking herbal These are the locations that can be treated
medicines, using aromatic oils, yagya, yogasanas, for healing purposes [11]. These marmani are
pranayama, meditation, etc. comparatively safe, as the effect of wrong stim-
Joshi (2010) [7] has been working on Marma ulation is usually less disastrous; these can be
stimulation with a very simple method of giv- good starting points for inexperienced clinicians.
ing pressure on these points; the rate of applying These mainly include shakhagata marmani (of
pressure is in accordance with the heart beat and limbs) and prishthagata marmani (of back).
respiratory rate. This technique depends upon
three basic things - III. External and Internal
1. Identification of Marma point a. External
These are the marma points / sites located
2. Giving proper pressure on Marma point
near the external surface or skin. These can be
with the help of thumb and fingers
identified easily and manually stimulated. These
3. Relaxation of Marma point include shakhagata marmani, marmani of supra-
Thus, it may be understood that different clavicular region (like sthapani, apanga, simanta,
methods can be adopted to stimulate and affect krikatika), some marmani of back (like ansa,
the marma points. ansaphalaka, vrihati), etc.

DEV SANSKRITI: Interdisciplinary International Journal Vol 22 Year 2023

27 Marma Therapy

b. Internal nasya, basti, pichu; use of some medications like

These include the marma sites that are ghee, oil, etc.; or by using asanas, pranayama,
deeper inside the body, and are not easily lo- bandhas, etc..
cated from outside; usually these are stimu-
lated by using the corresponding skin zones or
landmarks. These include all marmas of ab-
Classification of Methods of
domen and chest, and some marmas of supra- Marma Therapy
clavicular region like adhipati, nila, manya, ma- The methods of Marma Therapy have
trika, phana, shringataka, etc. been broadly classified into two categories, i.e.
Instead of using the direct pressure tech- With Medicine (Pharmacological) and Without
nique, these marmani are stimulated through in- Medicine (Non-Pharmacological) [? ], as can be
direct applications, which include procedures like seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Classification of the methods of Marma Therapy - With and Without Medicine [11–14].

Therapeutic Applications of ferent parts of the body; these have been listed
in Table 1 to Table 5. For most of the Marma
Marmas
points, the web-links of videos depicting their
Several researchers have given the therapeu- method of stimulation, are also given in Table 1
tic applications of specific Marma points in dif- to Table 5.

doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v20i.157
MISHRA and SHRIVASTAVA 28

Marma Therapeutic Application Method of Stimulation

1. Talahridaya Nervousness and restlessness, exhaustion, grief, sorrow, indigestion, pain https://www.youtube.com/
(UE) or stiffness in hand, nervous heart complaints, circulatory disturbances, watch?v=3DilE-gB3o4
regulate blood pressure
2. Talahridaya Nervousness and restlessness, exhaustion, grief, sorrow, sleeping disorders, https://www.youtube.com/
(LE) digestive weakness, pain or tension in foot, nervous heart complaints, watch?v=3DilE-gB3o4
circulatory disorders, kidney disease
3. Kshipra (UE) Dissolving cramps, bronchial spasm in asthma, excitability with cramps, https://www.youtube.com/
stimulation of lymphatic flow, colds, sore throat, pharyngitis, tonsilli- watch?v=bGP1BXn8KBs
tis, laryngitis, sinusitis, neck tension, arm / shoulder pain, constipation,
thyroid disorders, Vata disorders, nervous exhaustion, depression from
exhaustion, pain in general
4. Kshipra (LE) Relieving cramps (foot and leg cramps), stimulation of lymphatic flow, https://www.youtube.com/
pain in big toe, liver and gall bladder diseases, headache, toothache, uri- watch?v=bGP1BXn8KBs
nary retention, cold and respiratory problems, sleep disorders, back pain,
nervous heart complaints
5. Kurcha Diseases of tendons and aponeurosis of hand and forearm, eye diseases –
6. Kurcha shira De quervain disease, weakness of hand musculature, numbness, eye prob- –
lems
7. Manibandha Vata disorders, tension in the wrist, carpal tunnel syndrome, stress in- https://www.youtube.com/
duced bowel dysfunction, nervousness, weak concentration, mental fa- watch?v=S gxpmAEA6w
tigue, insomnia, tinnitus, neck and back pain
8. Gulpha Anxiety, mental and physical insecurity, mental restlessness, sleeping dis- https://www.youtube.com/
orders, lack of coordination in walking, disease of pelvic organs, sexual watch?v=S27kP5vimT0
disorders, tinnitus, eye strain, restless leg syndrome, lumbosacral spasm,
prolapsed intervertebral disc (PIVD), Sciatica, lumbar sprain, reduco-
pathies and neuropathies
9. Indravasti Indigestion, constipation, abdominal cramping, circulatory weakness, https://www.youtube.com/
(UE) mental fatigue, sexual weakness, bladder weakness, arm pain watch?v=LXoZ6lHr vs
10. Indravasti Back pain, sciatica, tired legs, calf pain and tightness after over-exertion, https://www.youtube.com/
(LE) leg cramps, sexual disorders, gynaecological problems, prostate problems, watch?v=LXoZ6lHr vs
haemorrhoids, mental dullness, tired eyes, lymphedema in legs, diabetic
neuropathy, PIVD, peripheral vascular diseases, osteoarthritis of knee
joint
11. Kurpara Tennis elbow, gastrointestinal disorders, circulation problems, depression, https://www.youtube.com/
chest pain, trembling of the hands, neck/ shoulder/ back pain, aggression, watch?v=Y9taVoQTsTU
cough, bronchial asthma, diabetes, hepatic (R) and splenic disease (L)
12. Janu Osteoarthritis of knee, knee-cap pain (chondropathia patellae), knee in- https://www.youtube.com/
jury, artrosis / arthritis, anxiety, inner restlessness, sleep disorder, liver watch?v=W1M5DL1mo7g
and bile problem, biliary pain (R) and spleen and pancreatic disorder (L)
13. Ani (UE) Frozen shoulder, post-traumatic stiffness of elbow joint, restricted move- https://www.youtube.com/
ment of forearm, cardiovascular / respiratory / circulatory problems watch?v=lJDFtJkDRbA
14. Ani (LE) Muscular pains, tendinitis, fatigue of thighs, osteoarthritis of knee and https://www.youtube.com/
hip joint, improving muscle strength - especially quadriceps watch?v=lJDFtJkDRbA
15. Urvi (UE) Pulmonary disorders, stiff shoulder, poor blood or lymphatic circulation, https://www.youtube.com/
improve lung function watch?v=lJDFtJkDRbA
16. Urvi (LE) Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), vericose veins, diabetic neuro-angiopathy, https://www.youtube.com/
lymphatic obstructions, peripheral vascular diseases, burger’s disease, in- watch?v=lJDFtJkDRbA
creases the oxygenation of tissues of lower limbs
17. Lohitaksha Vascular obstructive diseases, neuro muscular disorders, numbness, pare- –
(UE) sis and paralysis of upper limbs
18. Lohitaksha Peripheral arterial disease, thromboangitis, neuro- angiopathies, –
(LE) artherosclerosis, numbness, paresis and paralysis of lower limbs
19. Kakshadhara Muscular atrophy / dystrophy of upper limb, improves sensation and –
movement of upper limb
20. Vitapa Sexual and reproductive problems like impotency, erectile dysfunction, https://www.youtube.com/
oligospermia, decrease lipido, gynaecological disease like ovulatory prob- watch?v=3um88wIONQ4
lems, dysmenorrhoea, decreased motility of fallopian tubes

Table 1: Therapeutic Application of Marmas of Limbs (Upper Extremity (UE) and Lower Extremity
(LE)) [7, 11–14]

DEV SANSKRITI: Interdisciplinary International Journal Vol 22 Year 2023

29 Marma Therapy

Marma Therapeutic Application Method of Stimulation

1. Amsa Cervical spondylosis, frozen shoulder, neck spasm, reduces stress, https://www.youtube.com/
pain and tiredness in upper limbs, anxiety, headache originating watch?v=43ddI7Bwjo8
from the back of the neck
2. Amsaphalaka Shoulder and arm pain, pain in upper back, paralysis and numbness https://www.youtube.com/
in the arm, improve shoulder movement, and reduce stiffness and watch?v=cErN52KBP3I
pain
3. Vrihati Organic and psychological heart disease, heart failure, lung and –
bronchial disease, cough, back pain and muscle spasm, sorrow, lack
of confidence, discouragement, inner tension
4. Parshvasandhi Renal and adrenal gland diseases, reproductive and menstrual dis- https://www.youtube.com/
orders, increase immunity, reduces spasm of iliopsoas muscle, back watch?v=lVoAh uQP rg
pain
5. Nitamba good for skeletal system, lymphatic system, plasma and body fat, –
kaphaj diseases
6. Kukundara Neuro-vascular diseases of lower back and lower limb, low backache, https://www.youtube.com/
sciatica, painful condition of lower limbs watch?v=y4R jcY F Y Y Y
7. Katikataruna Reproductive and menstrual disorder, painful condition of pelvic https://www.youtube.com/
girdle, hip joint problems, avascular necrosis (AVN) of hip joint watch?v=w U pEruxHmA

Table 2: Therapeutic Application of Marmas of Back [7, 11–14].

Marma Therapeutic Application Method of Stimulation

1. Guda Sexual disorders, menstrual disorders, ano-rectal disorders, prostate –
disease, haemorrhoids, elimination disorders of the urinary tract and
colon, constipation, nervous weakness, fear of failure, existential fear
2. Vasti Bladder diseases, irritable bladder, menstrual disorders, sexual dis- https://www.youtube.com/
orders, gynaecological problems, prostate disease, flatulence, colon watch?v=sQWgw76CDjI
problems, back pain, hip pain, exhaustion and nervous disorders
3. Nabhi Indigestion, abdominal cramps, intestinal inflammation, crohn’s https://www.youtube.com/
disease, ulcerative colitis, flatulence, restlessness, anxiety, loss of watch?v=NfXFh g9vgw
balance in life

Table 3: Therapeutic Application of Marmas of Abdomen [7, 11–14].

Marma Therapeutic Application Method of Stimulation

1. Hridaya Nervous heart complaints, supportive treatment for organic and https://www.youtube.com/
vegetative heart disorders, circulatory disorders, stress related high watch?v=DjWXOvShM4g
blood pressure, conducting abnormalities of heart, spinal weakness,
diseases of lungs and bronchial infections, sorrow, strengthening of
self confidence
2. Stanamula Kaphaja disorders, obstructive respiratory problems like COPD, https://www.youtube.com/
asthma, keeps lungs healthy watch?v=aCLBnQaH2Jg
3. Stanarohita Kaphaja disorders, respiratory problems https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=aCLBnQaH2Jg
4. Apalapa Disorders of respiratory system –
5. Apasthambha Asthma, bronchitis, improves functioning of bronchial tree –

Table 4: Therapeutic Application of Marmas of Thorax [7, 11–14].

doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v20i.157
MISHRA and SHRIVASTAVA 30

S. Marma Therapeutic Application Method of Stimulation

1. Nila Thyroid disease, speech problem, hoarseness, difficulty in swallow- https://www.youtube.com/
ing, laryngitis, tonsillitis, sorrow or anger that cannot be expressed watch?v=f65uqRXgkZg
2. Manya Heavy tongue, excess flow of saliva or dry mouth, indigestion, upper https://www.youtube.com/
respiratory tract infections watch?v=f65uqRXgkZg
3. Matrika Autonomic dysfunction in the neck and circulatory disorders of the https://www.youtube.com/
head, speech disorders, throat problems, thyroid disorders watch?v=f65uqRXgkZg
4. Krikatika Neck tension, neck pain, stiff neck, blockage of the 1st and 2nd https://www.youtube.com/
cervical vertebrae, pain in back of the head, tremors in head and watch?v=hynKgLR0sWw
neck (as in parkinsonism), anxiety, shoulder pain, migraine
5. Vidhura Deafness, tinnitus, neck pain, ear pain, anxiety https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=bB tP 7lSrc
6. Phana Anosmia, allergic rhinitis, sneezing, wheezing, bronchial asthma, https://www.youtube.com/
recurrent cold and flu watch?v=2G40spsVo2M
7. Apanga Eye strain, defective vision, headache resulting from strained eyes, https://www.youtube.com/
blocked nose, glaucoma watch?v=v93YEHuc5HA
8. Avarta Same as of Apanga, frontal sinusitis, ptosis https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=5aQ5LtJOYzE
9. Utkshepa Headache (especially at temples), dizziness, nausea, mental over- https://www.youtube.com/
exertion, teeth grinding, sleep disorder due to anger or strain, nasal watch?v=5aQ5LtJOYzE
congestion, rhinitis, strained eyes, gall bladder ailments
10. Shankha Same as of Utkshepa https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=5aQ5LtJOYzE
11. Sthapani Nervousness, insomnia, hormonal disorders, headache (especially https://www.youtube.com/
at forehead region), overstrained eyes, visual impairment, worry, watch?v=-dTBuifPF-w
grief, anxiety, narrow mindedness, nervous heart complaints, for
strengthening of self confidence, improving memory and perception
power
12. Shringataka Nervous weakness, taste disorders, disorders of salivary glands, dis- –
turbance of vision, hearing and smell, sinusitis, recurrent cold, im-
prove peace of mind
13. Simanta Nervousness, insomnia, anxiety, fatigue, headache, neck tension, https://www.youtube.com/
circulatory insufficiency, opens up various channels (srotansi), in- watch?v=cH69FlVAxIg
duces calmness
14. Adhipati Nervousness, insomnia, anxiety, fatigue, confused thinking, https://www.youtube.com/
headache, increasing vital energy and perceptive powers watch?v=2op0gdlOutA

Table 5: Therapeutic Application of Marmas of Supra-clavicular region [7, 11–14]

Research Studies that Demon- Sir Sunderlal Hospital, Institute of Medical Sci-
ences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Ut-
strate the Benefits of Marma
tar Pradesh, India. All 300 cases were divided
Therapy randomly into 3 separate groups consisting of
Several research studies have demonstrated 100 cases in each group. Group A was treated
the encouraging outcomes of Marma Therapy with Dashamula Ghana Vati (2 tablets, three
in the treatment of various diseases; some such times in a day, after meal, with lukewarm water);
studies are described as follows. Group B was treated with Dashamula Ghana
Vati + palcebo points; and, Group C was treated
1. A study on anatomical concept of with Dashamula Ghana Vati + Kurpara Marma
kurpara marma and its therapeutic ap- Chikitsa (Marma Therapy) (3 times in a day);
plication in grivavata (cervical spondy- treatment was given to all the three groups for
losis) (Pathak, 2015) [21] 45 days, with a follow-up time period of 15 days.
This study was done on 300 cases of Griva On completion of the study, maximum benefi-
Vata (Cervical Spondylosis), aged between 20- cial effect was found in Group C, on all the signs
65 years, from Kayachikitsa OPD and IPD of

DEV SANSKRITI: Interdisciplinary International Journal Vol 22 Year 2023

31 Marma Therapy

and symptoms of Griva Vata; this showed the 4. A study on rujakara marma and
efficacy of Marma Therapy in the management management of viddha laxanas - a clin-
of Cervical Spondylosis. ical study (Rajeshwari, 2010) [24]
This was done on 20 subjects from De-
partment of PG studies in Shalya Tantra, Sri
2. A critical study of gulpha marma in Jayachamarajendra Institute of Indian Medicine
basket ball players with special refer- (SJIIM) Hospital, Bangalore and Padmashree
ence to the role of mash tail along with Institute of Physiotherapy, Nagarabavi, Banga-
snehan and swedan as preventive mea- lore (Karnataka, India), to assess the efficacy of
sure (Bedekar, 2007) [23] Ashwagandha taila in the management of Ru-
jakara marma viddha laxanas (symptoms upon
This study was done on basketball players of
injury). Subjects with Rujakara marmabhigh-
age group 13-20 years. The experimental group
ata (injury to the marma) were selected having
consisted of 30 players, who were selected based
features such as pain, swelling, and restricted
on having Ankle Sprain, and were treated with
movement. Cotton soaked in taila was placed
Mash tail snehan and warm water swedan on
over the marma viddha pradesha, and bandag-
Gulpha Marma, for 30 days; a control group
ing was done daily for 15 days. Periodical obser-
of players was also selected, who applied crape
vations were carried out on 5th day, 10th day,
bandage while playing the game. The assess-
and 15th day, with a follow-up time period of 15
ment was done at day 0, day 15 and day 30. In
days from the completion of treatment. Pressure
the experimental group, on day 0 the pain was
Algometer was used to detect the pain threshold
moderate, which reduced to 50% on day 15 and
in Manibandha, Gulpha and Kurchasira marma
completely disappeared on day 30; while in the
pradesha (region), comparing it with the read-
control group, the pain persisted up to day 30.
ings of sites away from the marma pradesha. Sig-
It showed the effectiveness of the administered
nificant change (reduction) was observed in pain
therapy on Gulpha Marma.
threshold before and after the treatment, show-
ing the efficacy of oil application over Rujakara
3. A comprehensive study on marma marmas.
and acupuncture points and evaluation
5. Evaluation of efficacy of marma ther-
of their therapeutic importance (Vivek,
apy with janu basti in the management
2011) [25]
of janu sandhigata vata (osteoarthritis
This study was done on 40 patients of age of knee) (Mishra and Shrivastava, 2020)
group 40-75 years, having signs and symptoms of [30]
Janu Sandhigata Vata. These 40 patients were This study was done to evaluate the effi-
divided into 2 groups, Group A and Group B, cacy of Marma Therapy with Janu Basti (with
each consisting of 20 patients. Patients of Group Ksheerbala Taila) in the management of Janu
A were treated daily by Suchivyadha on Janu Sandhigata Vata (Osteoarthritis of knee). The
Marma for 12 sessions and for about 30 minute therapeutic procedure involved administration of
duration; and, patients of Group B were treated Marma Therapy on four Marma points of the
daily by Acupuncture on Acupuncture points for legs, i.e. Kshipra, Gulpha, Indravasti and Janu,
12 sessions and for about 30 minute duration. three times during the day, and, Janu Basti
On completion of study, significant response was with Ksheerbala Taila, followed by Nadi Sweda
observed on all the subjective and objective pa- of Dashamoola Kwath. The total time dura-
rameters, in both the groups. Thus, this study tion of therapy was 65 to 75 minutes per day,
revealed the efficacy of treatment administered and this intervention was given for 9 days. Af-
over Janu Marma for the management of Janu ter that there was a followup time period of one
Sandhigata Vata. month, during which the patient had to daily do

doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v20i.157
MISHRA and SHRIVASTAVA 32

the massage of the affected knee with Ksheer- the study was to analyze the improvement in
bala Taila, followed by plain water hot fomenta- various parameters associated with the leg move-
tion, as well as three sessions of Marma Therapy, ment, kick, etc., by the use of these techniques.
wherein each session included applying pressure The training program was conducted for a period
on each of the four Marma points, 16 to 20 times. of 24 weeks. The Ayurvedic Marma stimulation
Twenty patients completed the study, which in- was performed, in which muscular stimulations
volved the treatment of 30 knees. were given to reduce the related muscular knots
With regards to the management of the and stiffness, during the training period. Marma
symptoms of Janu Sandhigata Vata, Significant therapy were given for 25 minutes per session,
improvement was observed in the subjective pa- on alternate days. The pre and post tests were
rameters (Sandhi Shoola, Sandhi Shotha, Sandhi recorded for all the subjects, before and after the
Stabdhata, and Sandhi Atopa) and objective training, respectively. Significant improvement
parameters (WOMAC Index, ROM, Walking was observed from Marma Therapy in various
Time) analyzed during the study. Both during parameters, and it was concluded that Marma
the initial therapeutic intervention of nine days, Therapy should be useful in enhancing the per-
as well as the followup time of one month, there formance of the football players.
was continuous decrease in the mean values of all
the subjective and objective parameters with the
7. Physical and psychological effects of
duration of intervention, indicating the efficacy
of the therapeutic procedure. This also indicated
head treatment in the supine position
that after the short-term initial therapeutic in- using specialized ayurveda-based tech-
tervention, the patients attained the capability niques (Murota et al., 2016) [19]
of long term self-management of the disease at This study was performed on 24 female stu-
home through regular practice of Marma Ther- dents, to assess the physical and psychological
apy and massage. Verbal feedback taken from effects of head massage, performed in the supine
patients about six months after the completion position, using Ayurveda-based techniques (head
of the study period indicated that 4 patients still treatment). This was a crossover study design,
had almost complete relief (who had chronicity wherein the same participants were enrolled in
of less than 3 years) and were pursuing Marma both the head treatment intervention group, and
Therapy regularly, while 10 others were able to control group; there was an interval of one week
self manage the disease through regular Marma or more between measurements. The physio-
Therapy and massage (who had chronicity of 3 logical indices measured included blood pressure
to 10 years). These observations indicated the and heart rate fluctuations. The psychologi-
specific efficacy of Marma Therapy in the long- cal markers measured included liveliness, depres-
term self-management of Janu Sandhigata Vata. sion and boredom, using the Visual Analogue
Scale method. State anxiety was measured us-
6. Optimization of individual perfor- ing the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory method.
mance in football by augmenting classi- The head treatment was performed by using the
cal Indian marma therapy, kinesiology- 7-minute head treatment program (head mas-
taping and related physical exercises sage was done on marma points) in the supine
through supportive bio-mechanical pa- position. At the end of the study, the results
rameter (Dharmesh, 2017) [22] suggested that performing a head treatment not
This study was done on 40 subjects, which only decreased depression, boredom, and anxi-
were district level football players, aged be- ety, but also markedly increased liveliness. The
tween 18-25 years. They were divided into results of the study demonstrated the admin-
four groups (10 subjects in each group) namely istered head treatment as a massage technique
Marma group, Kinesio taping group, Physical that offers relaxing and refreshing effects; thus,
exercise group, and Control group; the aim of it also revealed the efficacy of Marma Therapy.

DEV SANSKRITI: Interdisciplinary International Journal Vol 22 Year 2023

33 Marma Therapy

Integrative technology of massage ma- According to the scriptures, ’Havya Vaha’

nipulations in physical rehabilitation and ’Kavya Vaha’ Tadit Shakti (bio-electric
of students with backbone pathology power), resides in the Marma locations [55]. The
(Kotelevskiy, 2016) [18] positive electricity named ’Havya Vaha’ resides
This study was done on 195 students, in 19- in the Marmas of the head and the torso, while
20 years age group, to analyze the effectiveness the negative electricity named ’Kavya Vaha’ re-
of an integrative technology including massage sides in the Marmas of the hands and legs [55].
manipulations, in physical rehabilitation of stu- Imbalance of the Havya Vaha and Kavya Vaha
dents of higher education institutions, suffering Tadit Shakti residing in the Marma points re-
from backbone pathology. All students had pe- sults in the occurrence of disease and weakness
riodical initial neurological symptoms of func- [55]. In order to provide relief from this suffer-
tional pathology and first stage osteochondro- ing by regaining this balance, the ancient sages
sis in different parts of backbone. All 195 stu- invented Yogasanas (Yogic postures) [55]. The
dents were divided into six groups; one of these stretching, vibration, rhythmic movement and
groups of 34 students passed rehabilitation with pressure caused by Yogasanas have a direct in-
elements of Ayurvedic marma massage. A course fluence on the Marma points, and play an impor-
of 10 sessions of therapeutic massage (marma tant role in their refinement, stability and nour-
massage) was conducted. On completion of the ishment [7, 9, 11, 55]; subsequently, the func-
study, change in the pain index (reduction) was tioning of the respective organs with which the
found to be 75.59±2.26% in case of application of specific Marmas are associated, also gets affected
Ayurvedic massage elements. Thus, integrative leading to therapeutic benefits [7]. For example,
massage technology was found more effective on Kshipra, Gulpha, Indravasti and Janu Marmas
general psycho-emotional state of young people, are stimulated during Vajrasana and Supta Va-
and facilitated improvement of backbone func- jrasana, which are useful for knee pain/ strength-
tional state. ening of knee in a healthy person [9]; this indi-
Along the same lines as Marma Therapy, in cates the effectiveness of the stimulation of these
Siddha system ’Varman Therapy’ is found, which Marma points in knee disorders.
has been practiced in South India (especially in Marmas are connected to the Nadis (subtle
Tamil Nadu region) for the treatment of vari- nervous system) and Chakras (subtle energy cen-
ous ailments like neurological weakness, neuro- ters) of the subtle body [11, 28]. The Chakras
muscular problems, migraine headaches, convul- can be considered to correspond to seven main
sions, arthritis, spinal problems, muscle wasting, Marmas or Pranic centers, which provide energy
and to relieve intense pain, etc. [52]. Janani and to all other Marmas [11, 14]. Through stimula-
Manickavasagam (2017) [52] administered Var- tion of Marma points, the flow of Prana through
man Therapy to 30 patients for the management the Chakras can be stimulated, thus activating
of Osteoarthritis of knee and found encouraging them; the activation of the Chakras results in the
results in this regard. awakening of subtle dormant areas in the brain,
Thus, Marma Therapy has been shown to be that leads to the experiencing of higher realms
an effective approach in the management of var- of consciousness, which are normally inaccessible
ious ailments. [56]; this, in turn, can lead to better control over
the mind-body network including the autonomic
nervous system and various organs, resulting in
Mechanism of Marma Therapy an overall healing effect [11].
Several mechanisms for the mode of action of Marmas are related to the three Doshas
Marma Therapy have been suggested in the liter- (Vata, Pitta and Kapha). According to
ature; some of these may be understood through Ayurveda, a healthy human body is supposed to
various ancient and modern concepts as follows have a relatively stable equilibrium of the three
[30]. Doshas (Vata, Pitta and Kapha) [1]. Imbal-

doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v20i.157
MISHRA and SHRIVASTAVA 34

ance in this equilibrium leads to disease, and the mas may be correlated with the balance of the
aim of the therapy is to restore this balance [1]. three Doshas and their subtle forms (Prana, Te-
Therefore, the Ayurvedic therapies seek to main- jas, Ojas), as well as the three Gunas, which in-
tain or restore this balance. Schrott et al. (2016) cludes Sattva (mind) [11]. Ojas signifies the im-
[13] state that the Marma Therapy is especially munity power; by properly balancing it through
effective in this regard, as these Doshas reside in the appropriate stimulation of Marmas, the im-
the Marmas, and determine their proper func- mune system may be strengthened, as well as
tioning or blocked state, as well as the occur- it can cause rejuvenating effect [11]. Through
rence of defects or energetic weakness at these the connection with the Sattva Guna (mind), the
locations. Acharya Charaka has assigned great proper stimulation of Marmas can provide relief
importance to the Trimarmas, i.e. Basti, Hri- in stress [11].
daya and Shirah [45]; these three main Marmas As Marmas are the seats of Prana, the vital
seem to have a direct relationship with the three life force that governs the physical and subtle
Doshas, that are known to primarily reside in processes of the body, the stimulation of Mar-
the same regions, i.e. Vata in the lower abdomen mas can alter the state of Prana at these loca-
(site of Basti Marma), Pitta in the heart region tions, causing a corresponding effect on the phys-
(site of Hridaya Marma) and Kapha in the head ical and subtle processes, and the flow of energy
area (site of Shirah Marma) [13]. According to [11, 55]. Therefore, by the proper stimulation of
Acharya Sushruta [Sushruta Sharira 6/35] [1], Marmas, the Prana can be modulated in such
Marmas are the locations having the presence of a way that it can be used to remove blockages,
the three Doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), as well and decrease or enhance the physical and subtle
as their subtle forms, i.e. Prana, Tejas, Ojas, energy currents within the body, resulting in the
and also the three Gunas, i.e. Sattva, Rajas corresponding healing effect [11, 28, 55].
and Tamas [11]. Thus, the stimulation of Mar-

Since Prana is connected to Vata Dosha, this healing method.

whose vitiation leads to the maximum types of It is observed that various ancient Indian tra-
diseases, hence Marma Therapy can be especially ditions, and several researches in recent times
useful in treating the Vata disorders, which cor- have used the technique of stimulating the Mar-
respond to chronic degenerative diseases [11, 28]. mas for therapeutic benefits. Different methods
Out of the five forms of Vata Dosha, Vyana Vayu, have been used for stimulating and affecting the
that is associated with the skin, as well as the Marmas. The Marmas have been classified ac-
movement and circulation of the Prana, can be cording to their therapeutic use. The therapeu-
most closely linked to the Marmas [11, 28, 38]. tic applications of individual Marmas have been
Thus, stimulation of the Marmas can balance the compiled, as well as a brief description of several
Vyana Vayu and Vata Dosha [28], resulting in the research studies has been included in the article
corresponding healing effect. that demonstrate the benefits of Marma Therapy
Figure 2 gives an overview of the Mechanism in various ailments.
of Marma Therapy with reference to managing Several mechanisms for the mode of action of
the flow of Prana in the body, and the corre- Marma Therapy, as suggested in the literature,
sponding beneficial outcomes [11, 55]. have been discussed. The special capability of
this therapeutic procedure in treating Vata dis-
Conclusion orders, that correspond to chronic degenerative
The present article explored the foundational diseases, has also been highlighted.
elements of the Science of Marma with regards Thus, it can be concluded that Marma Science,
to its use as a therapeutic procedure (Marma which is an extremely ancient field of knowledge,
Therapy), as well as the recent applications of holds significant promise in being used as an ef-

DEV SANSKRITI: Interdisciplinary International Journal Vol 22 Year 2023

35 Marma Therapy

Figure 2: Mechanism of Marma Therapy with reference to managing the flow of Prana in the body,
and the corresponding beneficial outcomes [11, 55].

fective therapeutic procedure. [5] Sharma, S. Kaya urja evam usaki chamatkari samarthya
(Hindi). Gayatri Tapobhumi, Matura, Uttar Pradesh,
Compliance with ethical standards The authors have India: Yug Nirman Yojana Vistar Trust; 2010.
maintained necessary ethical standards while conducting
the study. [6] Sharma, S. The astonishing power of the bio-physical
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have and subtle energies of the human body. Haridwar, In-
dia: Shantikunj; 1996.
no conflict of interest.
[7] Joshi SK. Marma science and principles of marma ther-
apy. 1st ed. Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India: Vani Publi-
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