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Physics Project-Logic Gates

Logic gates project

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23 views17 pages

Physics Project-Logic Gates

Logic gates project

Uploaded by

www.sangeethamunusami1982
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICS PROJECT

CLASS: XII A
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
BATCH: 2024-2025
GROUP MEMBERS:
1. JANANISRI S.s
2. M.RAJALAKSHMI
3. R.SAMRITHA VARSHA
4. S.SHARMITHA
5. M.S.VASUNDRA
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My sincere efforts have made me accomplish the task of


completing this project. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support and help of many
individuals.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my


Principal and the school for providing me with the
facilities required to do my project.

I am highly indebted to my Physics teacher for her


valuable guidance which has promoted my efforts in all the
stages of this project work. My thanks and appreciation go
to my classmates and laboratory.

Finally, words are not sufficient to express gratitude to my


cherished family members for supporting me. Without
their encouragement and support, I would have not
reached this stage.
INDEX
1. LOGIC GATES
2. PRINCIPLE
3. THE BASIC GATES:-
*OR GATE
*AND GATE
*NOT GATE
4. NOR GATE AS UNIVERSAL GATE:-
*NOR AS NOT
*NOR AS OR
*NOR AS AND
5.NAND GATE AS UNIVERSAL GATE:-
*NAND AS NOT
*NAND AS OR
*NAND AS AND
6. CONCLUSION
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
LOGIC GATES
A gate in digital electronics is a fundamental component
that processes binary inputs to generate binary outputs
based on logical operations
Logic gates are fundamental building blocks of digital
circuits. They perform logical operations on binary inputs
to produce a single binary output, following predefined
truth tables.
Basic types include AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and
XNOR gates. They form the backbone of digital
computation.
PRINCIPLE
The principles of logic gates are foundational to the
functioning of digital circuits, providing the framework for
processing binary data in electronic systems. These gates,
including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR,
operate based on predefined logical rules, transforming
binary inputs into corresponding outputs.
These gates, through their distinct logical functions,
facilitate the construction of digital circuits capable of
performing various computations and operations. By
interconnecting these gates in different configurations,
complex logical expressions and algorithms can be
realized.
In practical applications, logic gates are extensively used in
digital electronics, spanning from simple calculators to
advanced computing systems. They form the backbone of
modern technology, enabling the execution of tasks
ranging from arithmetic calculations and data processing
to decision-making processes in electronic devices.
BASIC GATES
The basic logic gates are the building blocks of the digital
circuit. We can derive the other logic gates from the
interconnection of these three basic logic gates.The basic
logic gates are given below.
 AND
 OR
 NOT

AND GATE:
The AND gate has two or more inputs and one
output signal. This is a gate which performs a logical
operation multiplication, which is commonly known as
AND function. This gate is called an AND gate because the
gate gives output will be high when all input values are
high i.e., the output is high or 1 when all of the inputs are
high or 1 and the output is low or 0 when any of the inputs
are low or 0. The symbol of AND Gate & Truth Table is
shown below.

OR GATE:
The OR gate has two or more inputs and one output signal.
This is a gate which performs a logical operation or
addition, which is commonly known as OR function. This
gate is called an OR gate because the gate gives output will
be high only if any or all input values are high i.e., the
output is high or 1 when any one of the inputs is high or 1
and The output is low or 0 when both the inputs are low
or 0. The symbol of OR Gate & Truth Table is shown below.
NOT GATE:
It is a gate which has a single input and a single output. It
is also known as an inverter, because it does the inversion
of applied binary signal i.e., when the input is high or 1 it
gives output low or 0 and when the input is low or 0 it
gives output high or 1. The symbol of NOT Gate & Truth
Table is shown below.
NOR GATE AS A UNIVERSal GATE
To prove that any Boolean function can be implemented
using only NOR gates
we will show that the AND,OR AND NOT operations can
be performed using
only these gates.

NOR AS NOT GATE


Both the inputs are joined and therefore there is only
one input and one
and one output.Since it is a combination of OR and NOT
gate,the output is
the complement of the input.The output Y=A'.
NOR AS OR
Two inputs are given to first NOR gate and output of 1 st
gate is A+B. This is given as input to the second NOR gate
and output of this is complement of input Q= A+B = A+B.
The connections are given as shown in figure.
NOR AS AND
One input is given to each NOR gate.Therefore if
A`and B`is the input given to gate 1 and gate 2, then A
and B are the outputs respectively. This is given as the
input for the third gate.The output is A`+B`=A+B. The
connections are given as shown in the figure
NAND GATE AS UNIVERSAL GATE
To demonstrate the universality of NAND gate , we will
illustrate how AND, OR, and NOT operations can be
achieved solely using NAND gates

NAND AS NOT GATE:


Both inputs are connected together to produce one input
and one output. Since the AND and NOT gates are
combined into a NAND gate, the output from the NAND
gate is the complement of the input. If A is the input, then
the output Q equals A'. The connections are depicted as
shown in the diagram.

NAND AS OR GATE:

Two same inputs (A and B) are provided to each of the


NAND gates. So, if A is the input for first NAND gate and B
is the input for second NAND gate then the output of the
respective NAND gates will be A and B. These become
inputs to the third NAND gate. The output of this gate is
(A·B)’ = A + B.
The connections are arranged as depicted in the figure.

NAND AS AND GATE:

Two different inputs (A and B) are provided to both of the


NAND gates. The output of both the gates will be same.
The output will be (AB)’ . These two outputs are the inputs
provided to the third NAND gate. The output of the third
NAND gate will be
((AB)’.(AB)’)’=(AB)”+(AB)”
=(AB)”
=A.B (output of AND gate)
The connections are arranged as depicted in the figure.

CONCLUSION
 All digital equipments are constructed using a few
logic gates.
 The basic logic gates are AND,OR and NOT gates.
 Combination of these three basic gates resulted in the
evolution of NAND , NOR , XOR , XNOR gates.
 NAND gate and NOR gate are called as universal gates
because with the help of these gates all the logic gates
can be derived.
 Using logic gates many affordable circuits can be made
such as encoder , decoder and memory circuits.
 Boolean algebra can be determined by logic gates.
 This tool is very important in so many digital circuits.
 Logic gates can receive more than one input but
returns only one output.
 Safe thermostats, the push-button locks, the automatic
water system and a number of other electronic
gadgets all use basic logic gates.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

~ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate
~ https://www.elprocus.com/basic-logic-
gates-with-truth-tables/
~ https://www.electrical4u.com/nor-gate/
~ https://www.canva.com/
~https://byjus.com/jee/basic-logic-gates/

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