RAYA University

MANUFACTURING Engineering
MAICHEW, Ethiopia

G.TAMRAT
Introduction
Beam is a machine element that can support transverse load on its axis.
When load is applied on it, its molecules may give translation and
rotary displacement .
The usual assumptions of elementary beam theory are:
 The beam is loaded only transverse load (forces perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis)
 Deflections of the beam are small in comparison to the characteristic
dimensions of the beam
 The material of the beam is linearly elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous
 The beam is prismatic and the cross section has an axis of symmetry in
the plane of bending
cont.
Considering a differential length dx of a beam after bending as in
shown in the figure below (with the curvature greatly exaggerated), it
is intuitive that the top surface has decreased in length while the
bottom surface has increased in length.
Hence, there is a “layer” that must be undeformed during bending.
Assuming that this layer is located distance from the center of
curvature O and choosing this layer (which, recall, is known as the
neutral surface) to correspond to y=0, the length after bending at
any position y is expressed as
ds  (   y)d
The bending strain can be determined as
dx dx  dx ' d  (   y )d y
x    
dx dx d 
If v(x) represents the deflection curve of the neutral surface of the
beam. Then the radius of curvature of the planar curve of the beam
can be expressed using the small slop of the beam as
3
  dv  2 2
1    
  dx   1
 
d 2v d 2v
dx 2 dx 2
Then the normal strain of the beam in the direction
2
of the longitudinal
axis can be written as  x   y   y2   y d v2
 d v dx
dx 2
The normal stress based on Hook’s law can be related to normal strain
as follow d 2v
 x  E x   Ey
dx 2
This shows, at a given cross section, the normal stress varies linearly
with distance from the neutral surface.
Since the beam is loaded by transverse load and as no net axial force
is acting on the beam cross section, the resultant force of the
normal stress distribution in the x-direction must be zero.
Therefore, at any axial position x along the length, we determine
2 2
the force as F   dA   Ey d v dA   E d v ydA  0  ydA  0
x  x  dx 2 dx 2  
A A A A

It is obvious that the first moment of area is zero about its centroid.
This shows that the neutral surface of the beam passes through
the centroid of the beam.
Similarly, the internal bending moment at a cross section must be
equivalent to the resultant moment of the normal stress
distribution, so d 2v 2 d 2v
M z    Fx y  E 2  y dA  E dx 2 I z
A dx A

Mz d 2v Mz y d 2v M y
E 2    Ey 2   x   z
Iz dx Iz dx Iz
Element stiffness matrix of beam element
In order to determine the element stiffness of the beam, the
following assumptions should be taken
 The element is of length L and has two nodes, one at each end.
 The element is connected to other elements only at the nodes.
 Element loading occurs only at the nodes.
For the beam element, the field variable of interest is the transverse
displacement v(x) of the neutral surface away from its straight,
un-deflected position.
v( x)  a0  a1x  a2 x 2  a3 x3
The boundary conditions of the beam
v( x  0)  v1, v( x  L)  v2
dv dv
( x  0)  1 and ( x  L)   2
dx dx
By substituting the boundary conditions to the field variable or
displacement function, we can determine the constant values of the
equation
v( x  0)  v1  a0  a1 (0)  a2 (0)  a3 (0)  a0  v1

v( x  L)  v2  v1  a1L  a2 L2  a3 L3  v2  v1  a1L  a2 L2  a3 L
dv dv
 a1  2a2 x  3a3 x 2  x 0  1  a1
dx dx

dv dv
 a1  2a2 x  3a3 x 2  x L   2  1  2a2 L  3a3 L2
dx dx
Therefore, the constant values are
3 1 2 1
a0  v1 , a1  1 , a2  2 (v2  v1 )  (21   2 ) and a3  3 (v1  v2 )  2 (1   2 )
L L L L

Substituting to the displacement function as

3 1  2 1 
v( x)  v1  1 x   2 (v2  v1 )  (21   2 ) x 2   3 (v1  v2 )  2 (1   2 ) x 3
L L  L L 
Rearrange by collecting similar terms as
 3x 2 2 x 3   2 x 2 x3   3x 2 2 x 3   x3 x 2 
v( x)  1  2  3 v1   x   2 1   2  3 v2   2   2
 L L   L L   L L  L L
Writing with shape function as
v( x)  N1 ( x)v1  N 2 ( x)1  N 3 ( x)v2  N 4 ( x) 2
In matrix form  v1 
 
 
v( x)  N1 ( x) N 2 ( x) N 3 ( x) N 4 ( x) 1   N d 
 v2 
 2 

The shape functions are

2 3 3x 2 2 x 3
N1 ( x)  1 
3x

2x N 3 ( x)  2  3
L2 L3 L L
2 x 2 x3 x3 x 2
N 2 ( x)  x   2 N 4 ( x)  2 
L L L L
The element stiffness matrix of the beam element can be obtained
using total strain energy as follow
2
E  d 2v 
U e    x x dV   E x x dV    x  dV     y 2  dV
1 1 E 2
2V 2V 2V 2V dx 
2 2 2
E 2  d 2v  E  d 2v 
L
 2  EI
L
 d 2v 
U e   y  2  dV    2   y dA dx 
   2  dx
2 V  dx  2 0  dx  A

 2 0  dx 

For the strain energy of the finite element being developed

2
EI
L
 d 2 N1 d 2 N2 d 2 N2 d 2 N4 
Ue 
2   dx 2 v1  dx 2 1  dx 2 v2  dx 2  2  dx
0

2 d 2 N 3 6 12 x
d N1
 
6 12 x
 3 2
 2 3
dx 2
L2
L dx L L

d 2 N2 4 6x d 2 N4 6x 2
2
   2  2
dx L L dx 2
L L
Therefore, the total strain energy can be written as
2
EI  6 12 x   6x 2  
L
 4 6x   6 12 x 
Ue    
 2
2 0  L
 
3  1 
L 
v    
2  1  2
 L L  L
 
3  2  2
L 
v   2  dx
 L L 

Using the first Castigliano’s Theorem

U e EI  d 2 N1 d 2 N 4  d 2 N1
L
d 2 N2 d 2 N2
v1
 F1   2
2 0  dx 2
v1 
dx 2
1 
dx 2
v2 
dx 2
 2  2 dx
 dx
 6 12 x   6 x 2   6 12 x 
L
 4 6x   6 12 x 
F1  EI    2  3 v1     2 1   2  3 v2   2   2   2  3 dx
0 
L L   L L  L L   L L   L L 
L
 36 144 x 144 x 2   24 84 x 72 x 2   36 144 x 144 x 2   12 60 x 72 x 2  
F1  EI   4  5  v1   3  4  5 1    4  5 
 L   L
v2   3  4  5  2  dx
 L
0 L L L6
  L L   L L6
  L L  

 36 x 72 x 2 48 x 3   24 x 42 x 2 24 x 3   36 x 72 x 2 48 x 3   12 x 30 x 2 24 x 3  
F1  EI  4  5  6 v1   3  4  5 1    4  5  6 v2   3  4  5  2 
     
 L L L   L L L   L L L   L L L  
 Substituting L and 0 the integration
 36 L 72 L2 48 L3   24 L 42 L2 24 L3   36 L 72 L2 48 L3   12 L 30 L2 24 L3  
F1  EI  4  5  6 v1   3  4  5 1    4  5  6 v2   3  4  5  2 
     
 L L L   L L L   L L L   L L L  

 12   6   12   6  
F1  EI  3 v1   2 1    3 v2   2  2   F1  3 12v1  6 L1  12v2  6 L 2 
EI
 L  L   L  L   L

 v1 
 
 
F1  3 12 6 L  12 6 L  1 
EI
L  v2 

 2 


U e EI  d 2 N1 d 2 N4  d 2 N2
L
d 2 N2 d 2 N2
1
 M1   2
2 0  dx 2
v1 
dx 2
1 
dx 2
v2 
dx 2
 2 
 dx 2
dx

 6 12 x   6 x 2   4 6 x 
L
 4 6x   6 12 x 
M 1  EI    2  3 v1     2 1   2  3 v2   2   2    2 dx
0 
L L   L L  L L   L L   L L 
 L
 24 84 x 72 x 2   16 48 x 36 x 2   24 84 x 72 x 2   8 36 x 36 x 2  
M 1  EI   3  4  5 v1   2  3  4 1    3  4  5 v2   2  3  4  2  dx
     
0 L L L  L L L   L L L  L L L  

 24 x 42 x 2 24 x 3   16 x 24 x 2 12 x 3   24 x 42 x 2 24 x 3   8 x 18 x 2 12 x 3  
M 1  EI  3  4  5 v1   2  3  4 1    3  4  5 v2   2  3  4  2 
     
 L L L   L L L   L L L  L L L  

 24 L 42 L2 24 L3   16 L 24 L2 12 L3   24 L 42 L2 24 L3   8 L 18 L2 12 L3  
M 1  EI  3  4  5 v1   2  3  4 1    3  4  5 v2   2  3  4  2 
     
 L L L   L L L   L L L  L L L  

 6  4  6 2  EI

M 1  EI  3 v1   1    3 v2    2   M 1  3 6 Lv1  4 L21  6 Lv2  2 L2 2 
 L  L  L  L  L

 v1 
 
M1 
EI
L3

6 L 4 L2 2 1 
 6L 2L   
 v2 

 2 

 U e EI  d 2 N1 d 2 N 4  d 2 N3
L
d 2 N2 d 2 N2
2 0  dx 2
 F2  2 v1  1  v2   2  dx
v2 dx 2
dx 2
dx 2
 dx
2

 6 12 x   6 x 2   6 12 x 
L
 4 6x   6 12 x 
F2  EI    2  3 v1     2 1   2  3 v2   2   2  2  3 dx
0 
L L   L L  L L   L L   L L 
L
 36 144 x 144 x 2   24 84 x 72 x 2   36 144 x 144 x 2   12 60 x 72 x 2  
F2  EI    4  5  v1    3  4  5 1   4  5 
  L  L
v2    3  4  5  2  dx
  L
0 L L L6
  L L   L L6
  L L  

 36 x 72 x 2 48 x 3   24 x 42 x 2 24 x 3   36 x 72 x 2 48 x 3   12 x 30 x 2 24 x 3  
F2  EI   4  5  6 v1    3  4  5 1   4  5  6 v2    3  4  5  2 
 L L L   L L L   L L L   L L L  

 36 L 72 L2 48 L3   24 L 42 L2 24 L3   36 L 72 L2 48 L3   12 L 30 L2 24 L3  
F2  EI   4  5  6 v1    3  4  5 1   4  5  6 v2    3  4  5  2 
 L L L   L L L   L L L   L L L  

 12   6   12   6  
F2  EI   3 v1    2 1   3 v2    2  2   F2  3  12v1  6 L1  12v2  6 L 2 
EI
 L   L  L   L   L

 v1 
 
 
F2  3  12  6 L 12  6 L 1 
EI
L  v2 

 2 

 U e EI  d 2 N1 d 2 N4  d 2 N4
L
d 2 N2 d 2 N2
 2
 M2   2
2 0  dx 2
v1 
dx 2
1 
dx 2
v2 
dx 2
 2 
 dx 2
dx

 6 12 x   6 x 2   6 x 2 
L
 4 6x   6 12 x 
M 2  EI    2  3 v1     2 1   2  3 v2   2   2  2  dx
0 
L L   L L  L L   L L   L L 
L
 12 60 x 72 x 2   8 36 x 36 x 2   12 60 x 72 x 2   4 24 x 36 x 2  
M 2  EI   3  4  5 v1   2  3  4 1    3  4  5 v2   2  3  4  2  dx
     
0 L L L  L L L   L L L  L L L  
L
 12 x 30 x 2 24 x 3   8 x 18 x 2 12 x 3   12 x 30 x 2 24 x 3   4 x 12 x 2 12 x 3  
M 2  EI   3  4  5 v1   2  3  4 1    3  4  5 v2   2  3  4  2  dx
0 L L L  L L L   L L L  L L L  
L
 12 L 30 L2 24 L3   8 L 18 L2 12 L3   12 L 30 L2 24 L3   4 L 12 L2 12 L3  
M 2  EI   3  4  5 v1   2  3  4 1    3  4  5 v2   2  3  4  2  dx
     
0 L L L  L L L   L L L  L L L  

 6  2  6  4  EI

M 2  EI  2 v1   1    2 v2    2   M 2  3 6 Lv1  2 L21  6 Lv2  4 L2 2 
 L  L  L  L  L

 v1 
 
M2 
EI
3

6 L 2 L2  6L 4L   
2 1 
L  v2 

 2 

The systems of equations that relate the force with the
displacements are:
F1 
EI
3
12v1  6 L1  12v2  6 L 2 
L
EI
 
M 1  3 6 Lv1  4 L21  6 Lv2  2 L2 2
L
F2  3  12v1  6 L1  12v2  6 L 2 
EI
L
EI

M 2  3 6 Lv1  2 L21  6 Lv2  4 L2 2
L

In matrix form it will be written as
 F1   12 6 L  12 6 L   v1 
M  
 1  EI  6 L 4 L
2
 6 L 2 L2  
1 

  3  
F
 2  L   12  6 L 12  6 L   v2 
   2  
   2 
2
 2
M  6 L 2 L 6 L 4 L
The complete stiffness matrix for the (beam) flexure element is then
written as
 12 6 L  12 6 L 
 2 
EI  6 L 4 L  6 L 2 L 
2
ke   3
L  12  6 L 12  6 L 
 2 
 6 L 2 L2
 6 L 4 L 
Symmetry of the element stiffness matrix is apparent, as shown
above.
Again, the element stiffness matrix can be shown to be singular
since rigid body motion is possible unless the element is
constrained in some manner. The element stiffness matrix as
given by the above equation is valid in any consistent system of
units provided the rotational degrees of freedom (slopes) are
expressed in radians.
Example
The beam structure depicted below is statically in-derminate beam
which is subjected to a transverse load applied at the mid-span.
Using two flexure elements, obtain a solution for the mid-span
deflection.

Since the flexure element requires loading only at nodes, the

elements are taken to be of length L/2, as shown in figure. The
individual element stiffness matrices are then
 12 6L / 2  12 6L / 2 
 2
EI 6L / 2 4L / 2  6L / 2 2L / 2 
k   k 
2
(1) ( 2)

L / 23   12  6L / 2 12  6L / 2
 2
 6 L / 2  2 L / 2 2
 6 L / 2  4  L / 2  
  24 6 L  24 6 L 
 2 
k   k  4 EI  6 L 2 L  6 L L 
2
(1) ( 2)
 3
L  24  6 L 24  6 L 
 2 
 6 L L2
 6 L 2 L 
Note particularly that the length of each element is L/2. The
appropriate boundary conditions are v1 =θ1 =v3 =0

6 L  24 6 L  v1   f1  6 L  24 6 L  v1   f1 
(1) (1) ( 2) ( 2)
 24  24
 6 L 2 L2  6 L L2   (1)  m(1)   6 L 2 L2  6 L L2   ( 2)  m ( 2) 
4 EI  
1   1 
 
4 EI  
1   1 
 
L3  24  6 L 24  6 L v2(1)   f 2(1)  L3  24  6 L 24  6 L  v2( 2)   f 2( 2) 
   
 6L L2  6 L 2 L2   (1)  m(1)   6L L2  6 L 2 L2   ( 2)  m ( 2) 
 2   2   2   2 
 The relation between the elemental displacement and force is
expressed as follow
v1(1)  v1,1(1)  1, v2(1)  v1(2)  v2 , 2(1)  1(2)  2 , v2(2)  v3 and 2(2)  3
f1(1)  F1,m1(1)  M1, f 2(1)  f1(2)  F2 , m2(1)  m1(2)  M 2 , f 2(2)  F3 and m2(2)  M 3
 24 6 L  24 6 L  v1   F1   24 6 L  24 6 L  v2   f1( 2) 
 2      2    
4 EI  6 L 2 L  6 L L  1  M 1  4 EI  6 L 2 L  6 L L   2  m1( 2) 
2 2

3      (1)    
L  24  6 L 24  6 L  v2   f 2  L3 
 24  6 L 24  6 L  v
   3 
3 F
 2     (1)   2   
 6 L L 2
 6 L 2 L   2  m2   6L L 2
 6 L 2 L   3  M 3 
The global stiffness matrix is obtained by adding the two elemental
stiffness matrix  24 6 L  24 6 L 0 0 
 0 
 6L 2 L2  6L L2 0
4 EI   24  6L 48 0  24 6L 
K   3  6 L L2 0 4 L2  6 L 2

L  L 
 0 0  24  6 L 24  6 L 
 
 0 0 6L L2
 6 L 2 L 
2
Now, relate the global nodal force with global nodal displacement
using the global stiffness matrix
 24 6L  24 6L 0 0  v1   F1 
 0  1  M 1 
 6L 2 L2  6 L L2 0    
4 EI   24  6L 48 0  24 6 L  v2   F2 
     
L3  6 L L2 0 4 L2  6 L L2   2  M 2 
 0 0  24  6 L 24  6 L  v3   F3 
    
 0 L  6L 2 L   3  M 3 
0 6L 2 2

Substitute the appropriate boundary conditions such as

v1 =θ1 =v3 =0, F2=-P, M2=M3=0
 24 6L  24 6L 00  0   F1 
 0  0  M 1 
 6L 2 L2  6 L L2 0    
4 EI   24  6L 48 0  24 6 L  v2   P 
    
L  6L
3 L2 0 4 L2  6 L L   2   0 
2

 0 0  24  6 L 24  6 L  0   F3 
    
 0 L  6L 2 L   3   0 
0 6L 2 2
 Reduce the matrix using the boundary conditions as follow
 48 0 6 L  v2   P 
4 EI     
4 EI
48v2  6 L3    P
L2   2    0 
3
3 
0 4 L2 L
2 L2     
 
L 4 EI 1
6 L L2  3   0  4 L2
  L 2
  0     3
3 2 3 2
L 4
4 EI
L3
6 Lv 
2  L2
 2  2 L2
 3  0   2  
6
L
v2  2 3
1 6 24 24
 3  v2  2 3   3  v2  8 3   3   v2
4 L L 7L

4EI   24v2   144  PL3 336  144  PL3  7 PL3

 48v2  6L
3      P  48v2  v2   v2   v2 
L   7L   7 4EI 7 4EI 768EI

Therefore, the displacements are

 7 PL3 24   7 PL3  PL2 1  PL2   PL2
v2  , 3     ,  2    
768 EI  
7 L  768 EI  32 EI 4  32 EI  128 EI

 7 PL3  PL2 PL2

v2  , 2  and 3 
768 EI 128 EI 32 EI
 The reaction forces and moments can be determined as follow
  7 PL3 
  24 6 L 0 v2  F1   
4 EI 
 2     M    24 6 L 0 
768 EI   F1 
L3 
6 L L 0  2   1  4 EI     PL   M 
2
  24  6 L  6 L      2
3  F3  L3 
6 L L 0  128 EI   1 
  24  6 L  6 L   2   F3 
 PL 
 
 32 EI 
The reaction forces and moment are
4 EI  7 PL3 3PL3  11P
F1  3   
L  32 EI 64 EI  16
4 EI  7 PL4 PL4  3PL
M 1  3   
L  128 EI 128 EI  16
4 EI  7 PL3 3PL3 3PL3  5 P
F3  3    
L  32 EI 64 EI 16 EI  16
Distributed load on beams
A beam may be subjected to distributed load. The restriction that loads
should be applied only at element nodes for the flexure element must
be dealt with even if a distributed load is present.
The usual approach is to replace the distributed load with nodal forces
and moments such that the mechanical work done by the nodal load
system is equivalent to that work done by the distributed load.
 The mechanical work performed by the distributed load can be
expressed as L
W   q( x)v( x)dx
0

The objective here is to determine the equivalent nodal loads. So the

work expressed
L
in above equation is the same as
W   q( x)v( x)dx  F1v1  M11  F2v2  M 2 2
0
The work integral
L
becomes
W   q( x)N1 ( x)v1  N 2 ( x)1  N 3 ( x)v2  N 4 ( x) 2 dx
0
L L L L
W   q( x) N1 ( x)v1dx   q( x) N 2 ( x)1dx   q( x) N 3 ( x)v2 dx   q( x) N 4 ( x) 2 dx
0 0 0 0
L L L L
W  v1  q( x) N1 ( x)dx  1  q( x) N 2 ( x)dx  v2  q( x) N3 ( x)dx   2  q( x) N 4 ( x)dx
0 0 0 0

L L L L
v1  q( x) N1 ( x)dx  1  q( x) N 2 ( x)dx  v2  q( x) N3 ( x)dx   2  q( x) N 4 ( x)dx F1v1  M11  F2v2  M 2 2
0 0 0 0
 Therefore, now it is easy to equate the distributed load terms to the
nodal loads with each nodal displacements
L L
L L
F1   q( x) N1 ( x)dx M 1   q( x) N 2 ( x)dx F2   q( x) N 3 ( x)dx M 2   q( x) N 4 ( x)dx
0 0
0 0

If we consider a uniform distributed load as shown

L
 3x 2 2 x 3 
L
F1   q( x) N1 ( x)dx   q1  2  3 dx
0 
0
L L 
L
 x3 x 4   L3 L4  qL
F1  q  x  2  3   q  L  2  3  
L L
 2 x 2 x3 
 L 2L  0  L 2L  2 M1   q( x) N 2 ( x)dx   q x   2 dx
0 
0
L L 
 3x 2 2 x 3 
L L L
 x 2 2 x3 x 4   L2 2 L3 L4  qL2
F2   q( x) N3 ( x)dx   q 2  3 dx M1  q   2   q   2
0 
0
L L   2 3L 4 L  0  2 3L 4 L  12
L
 x3 x 4   L3 L4  qL L L
 x3 x 2 
F2  q  2  3   q  2  3   M 2   q( x) N 4 ( x)dx   q 2  dx
 L 2L  0  L 2L  2 0 0 
L L
L
 x4 x3   L4 L3  qL2
M 2  q 2    q 2    
 4 L 3L  0  4 L 3L  12
 In matrix form it can be written as  qL 
 2 
6 L  12 6 L   v1   qL2 
qL
F1   qL   12
2  2 
 2  
  EI  6 L 4 L  6 L 2 L  1   12 
2
qL2  F1   qL2 
M1  M     
12  1   12  L  12  6 L 12  6 L  v2   qL 
3

    2 
   2   2 
F qL 2
F2 
qL  2     6 L 2 L 6 L 4 L
2 M 2   2   2
 2  qL 
M2  
qL2  qL   12 
 12 
12

Example
The simply supported beam shown in figure below is subjected to a
uniform transverse load, as shown. Using two equal-length elements
and work-equivalent nodal loads, obtain a finite element solution for
the deflection at mid-span and compare it to the solution given by
elementary beam theory.
The global nodal displacement is shown in the figure

Discretizing the beam in to two elements as shown below

The element stiffness matrix

 12 6L / 2  12 6L / 2 
 2
EI 6L / 2 4L / 2  6L / 2 2L / 2 
k   k 
2
(1) ( 2)

L / 23   12  6L / 2 12  6L / 2
 2
 6 L / 2  2 L / 2 2
 6 L / 2  4  L / 2  
 The element stiffness matrix  24 6 L  24 6 L 
 2 
k   k  4 EI  6 L 2 L  6 L L 
2
(1) ( 2)
 3
L  24  6 L 24  6 L 
 
 6L L2  6 L 2 L2 
The global stiffness matrix is
 24 6L  24 6L 0 0  L
 4 x3 2 x 2 
L

 0 
M 2q    q( x) N 4 ( x)dx    q 2  dx
 6L 2 L2  6 L L2 0 0 0  L L 
4 EI   24  6L 48 0  24 6L 
K   3  6 L L2 4 L2  6 L

 x 4 2 x3   L4
L
L3  qL2
L  0 L2   q  2 
 0
M 2q   q   
 24  6 L 24  6 L 
2

0

 L 3 L 0 16 L 12 L  48
 0 0 6L L2
 6 L 2 L 
2

The nodal forces and moments are obtained as

L/2 L/2
 12 x 2 16 x 3 
L/2 L/2
 12 x 2 16 x 3 
F1q    q( x) N ( x)dx  
1  q1  2  3 dx F2 q    q( x) N ( x)dx  
3  q 2  3 dx
 L L 
0 0  L L  0 0
L/2
L/2  4 x3 4 x 4   L3 L4  qL
 4 x3 4 x 4   L L3 L4  qL F2 q  q  2  3   q  2  3   
F1q  q  x  2  3   q   2  3    L L 0  2L 4L  4
 L L 0  2 2L 4L  4

 4 x 2 4 x3 
L/2 L/2 L/2
 x 2 4 x3 x 4   L2 L3 L4  qL2
M 1q    q( x) N 2 ( x)dx    q x 
 L
 2 dx
L 
M 1q  q    2  q    2

0 0  2 3 L L 0  8 6 L 16 L  48
 The relationship between the elemental nodal displacement and
elemental nodal forces and moments
6 L  24 6 L  v1   f1  6 L  24 6 L  v1   f1 
(1) (1) ( 2) ( 2)
 24  24
 6 L 2 L2  6 L L2   (1)  m(1)   6 L 2 L2  6 L L2   ( 2)  m ( 2) 
4 EI  
1   1 
   (1) 
4 EI  
1   1 
   ( 2) 
3   3  
L  24  6 L 24  6 L (1)
v2   f 2  L  24  6 L 24  6 L ( 2 )
v2   f 2 
 2   2 
 6L L 2
 6 L 2 L   (1)  m(1)   6L L 2
 6 L 2 L   ( 2)  m ( 2) 
 2   2   2   2 
The relation between the elemental displacement and force is
expressed as follow
v1(1)  v1,1(1)  1, v2(1)  v1(2)  v2 , 2(1)  1(2)  2 , v2(2)  v3 and 2(2)  3

f1(1)  F1q  F1,m1(1)  M1q , f 2(q1)  f1(q2)  F2q , m2(1q)  m1(q2)  M 2q , f 2( 2)  F2q  F3 and m2( 2)  M 2q
 qL 
 4  F1 
 
 24  24 6 L 0 0  v1   F  F   qL 2

6L 
1q 1
  

2 L2  6 L L2 0  1   M 1q   48 
 6L 0   
   qL 
4 EI   24  6L 48 0  24 6 L  v2   F2 q   
      2 
L3  6 L L2 0 4 L2  6 L L2   2   M 2 q   
0
 0 0  24  6 L 24  6 L  v3   F  F   
     2q 3
  qL 
 0 0 6L L2  6 L 2 L2   3   M 2 q   4  F3 
 
 2 
 qL 
 48 
Substitute the appropriate boundary conditions such as v1 =v3 =0
 qL 
 4  F1 
 
 
2
 24 6L  24 6 L 0 0   
0 
qL
  48 
 6L 2 L2  6 L L2 0 0  1   
  qL 
4 EI   24  6L 48 0  24 6 L    
v2    
     2 
L2 L   2  
2
L3  6 L 0 4L  6L 2
0 
 0 0  24  6 L 24  6 L  0   
     qL 

0 0 6L L2  6 L 2 L2   3   4  F3 
 2 
 qL 
 48 
Reduce the system of equations to determine the unknown nodal
displacements. The displacements can be determined for the system of
equations below
 qL 
2L   6 Lv  L     qL ..........(i)
2 2
4 EI

2 2
 L3
1 2 2
48
 2 L2  6 L L2 0  1   48 
     qL  4 EI
       
qL
4 EI  6 L 48 0 6 L  v2     6 L 48 v 6 L ........(ii )

1 2 3
   2  L3 2
L3  L2 4 L2 L2   2  
0 
0

 0 6L L2 2 
2 L   3   
L3

4 EI 2

L 1  4 L2 2  L2 3  0..................(iii )
 qL 
2

 48  4 EI
L3
6 Lv2  L  2  2 L  3 
2 2
qL2
48
............(iv)
From system of equation (iii) we will get the relation as follow and
substitute to equation (i) and (ii) 1  4 2  3
4 EI
L3
 2 2

 7 L  2  6 Lv2  2 L  3  
qL2
48
..........(v)

4 EI
24 L  2  48 v 2  12 L  3   
qL
........(vi)
L3 2
From system of equation (vi) we will get the relation as follow and
substitute to equation (iv) and (v)  2   qL  2v2  3
3

qL4 192 EI L 2
8v2  3L 3  .............(vii)
48 EI
qL4
16v2  3L 3   ..........(viii)
12 EI
5qL4
By subtracting equation (viii) from equation (vii) we will get v2  
384 EI
By substituting v2 in equation (viii) and Ɵ3 into Ɵ2 and Ɵ1 we will get
3 3
all the displacements as 3  qL ,  2  0 and 1   qL
24 EI 24 EI
The reaction forces can be obtained by substituting the nodal
displacements
4 EI
6 L 1  24 v 2  6 L  2   
qL
 F1
4 EI
 24 v  6 L   6 L    
qL
 F3
L3 4 L3 2 2 3
4
4 EI  6qL4 24 * 5qL4  qL 4 EI  24 * 5qL4 6qL4  qL
3 
   
    F1       F3
L  24 EI 384 EI  4 L3  384 EI 24 EI  4
 qL 5qL  qL
 5qL qL 
4     F1 
qL
 4 16  4 4   F3
 16 4  4
qL 5qL qL
F1   qL   qL 5qL qL
4 4 2 F3    qL 
4 4 2
qL
F1  qL
2 F3 
2