Text Humoral Vs Cell-Mediated Immunity

Humoral vs Cell-mediated Immunity
The innate/general resistance system and the adaptive system are the two main subsystems of the immune
system. To generate an efficient immune response, the innate and adaptive systems constantly interact with
one another.
The innate immune system, also known as general resistance, consists of several defensive mechanisms that
are constantly active and serve as the first line of defense against pathogenic substances. These responses,
however, are not limited to a single pathogenic agent. Innate immune cells are selective for conserved
molecular patterns seen on all microorganisms.
In contrast to the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system's responses are tailored to the specific
pathogen. This response will take longer than the natural response to manifest.
Adaptive immunity contains specialized immune cells and antibodies that target and eliminate foreign
invaders while also remembering what those substances look like and creating a new immune response to
prevent sickness in the future. Adaptive immunity can last a few weeks or months, or it might endure a long
period, even for the rest of a person's life.
Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity are two forms of adaptive immune responses that allow the
human body to protect itself against dangerous agents including bacteria, viruses, and poisons, in a targeted
manner. While there is some overlap between these immune response arms - both rely on lymphoid cell
functions - there are also some significant differences.
Humoral immunity
When foreign material - antigens - is recognized in the body, the body responds with an antibody-mediated
reaction. Extracellular intruders, such as bacteria, are commonly found in this foreign material. B cell
lymphocytes, a type of immune cell that makes antibodies after detecting a specific antigen, are principally
responsible for this method.
Lymphocytes known as naive B cells circulate throughout the body via the lymphatic system. These cells
produce antigen-specific molecules that are necessary for detecting infectious pathogens in the human body.
When naive B cells in the lymphatic system come into contact with an antigen, they begin the differentiation
process that results in the formation of memory B cells and effector B cells.
Memory B cells and effector B cells produce the same antigen-specific molecules as their parent naive B cell
during this development. The activated memory B cells express these antigen-specific molecules on their
surface with the help of T cell lymphocytes, which are activated by MHC class II receptors that recognize
microbial-associated antigens. The effector B cells secrete these molecules in the blood to bind the antigen of
interest.
Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity, unlike humoral immunity, does not rely on antibodies to perform adaptive
immunological activities. Mature T cells, macrophages, and the production of cytokines in response to an
antigen are the main drivers of cell-mediated immunity.
To recognize intracellular target antigens, T cells that participate in cell-mediated immunity rely on antigen-
presenting cells that have membrane-bound MHC class I proteins. The maturation and differentiation of naive
T cells into helper or killer T cells are dependent on the binding specificity of MHC proteins to external
antigens.
Cell-mediated immunity is activated when cells in the body are infected by a virus, bacterium, or fungus
(intracellular invaders). T lymphocytes can detect malignant cells with the help of MHC class I proteins.
Helper T cells, killer T cells, and macrophages are the three main kinds of lymphocytes involved in cell-
mediated immunity.
When a "helper" T cell encounters an antigen-presenting cell in the body, it releases cytokines, which are
signaling proteins. These cytokines cause "killer" T lymphocytes and macrophages to flock to the antigen-
presenting cell in an attempt to eliminate it.
Source: news-medical.net

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