energies

Review
A Review on Solar Panel Cleaning Systems and Techniques
Nouhaila Najmi and Ahmed Rachid *

Innovative Technologies Laboratory, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80025 Amiens, France;
[email protected]
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the cleaning aspects of solar panels through a literature
review. We first discuss the drawbacks of unwanted deposits on solar panels in terms of energy
production and efficiency. Existing cleaning practices and technologies are then presented with an
emphasis on factors such as the size of the facility, location, cost, and available resources. Finally, a
comparative cost–benefit analysis is carried out using decision support tools and taking into account
different relevant criteria to support users choose the right cleaning maintenance for their specific
solar installation.

Keywords: cleaning aspects; solar panels; unwanted deposits; energy production; efficiency; existing
cleaning practices; technologies; cost

1. Introduction
Solar energy has gained increasing importance as a renewable energy source world-
wide. With the growing awareness of environmental issues and the increasing demand for
energy, solar energy offers a promising solution to address these challenges. Solar energy
continues to grow at an impressive pace. In fact, in 2022, the global installed solar energy
capacity exceeded 1000 gigawatts (GW), representing an increase of approximately 25%
compared with the previous year. Solar energy currently accounts for about 4.5% of the
total electricity production capacity worldwide [1]. This growth is mainly attributed to
the declining costs of solar installations and the increasing adoption of renewable energy
Citation: Najmi, N.; Rachid, A. A support policies in many countries.
Review on Solar Panel Cleaning According to the European Solar Thermal Industry Association, each additional
Systems and Techniques. Energies kilowatt-hour (kWh) of solar production added to the electrical grid would decrease
2023, 16, 7960. https://doi.org/ CO2 emissions by 238 g per kWh. These emissions reductions stem from the avoidance
10.3390/en16247960 of 270 gCO2 /kWh in the French and European electrical systems, with a deduction of
32 gCO2 /kWh representing the emissions associated with the manufacturing and instal-
Academic Editor: Santiago Silvestre
lation of photovoltaic systems [2]. Additionally, solar energy is abundant and widespread,
Received: 19 July 2023 providing an independent and sustainable energy source to meet the growing energy demand.
Revised: 14 September 2023 However, despite all these advantages, the efficiency of solar panels can be signifi-
Accepted: 1 December 2023 cantly impacted by a major issue: the accumulation of dust on their surfaces. Numerous
Published: 8 December 2023 studies have demonstrated that dust accumulation on solar surfaces can cause significant
degradation of their solar conversion efficiency. The presence of dust on solar panels
reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the photovoltaic cells, resulting in a decrease in
electricity production. Dust acts as a barrier, blocking sunlight and thereby reducing the
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
efficiency of the solar energy conversion process [3]. To illustrate the impact of dust on solar
This article is an open access article
panels, experimental research has revealed alarming results. According to these studies,
distributed under the terms and the efficiency of solar panels can decrease by 30 to 40 percent due to dust accumulation,
conditions of the Creative Commons leading to a reduction in power output of up to 86 percent [4]. These figures emphasize
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// the critical importance of regular cleaning of solar panels to maintain their optimal per-
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ formance. The rate of dust accumulation on solar module surfaces primarily depends on
4.0/). the concentration of airborne particles, the distribution of aerodynamic particle sizes, site

Energies 2023, 16, 7960. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16247960 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2023, 16, 7960 2 of 18

location, and specific weather conditions [5]. Therefore, it is essential to develop effective
methods of solar panel cleaning that are tailored to the local environmental conditions.
However, there can be challenges in terms of cost, water usage, and access to installations,
especially in areas where water resources are limited. Innovative solutions are constantly
being developed to overcome these challenges. Technologies such as automated cleaning
systems, anti-soiling coatings, and water-efficient cleaning methods are being studied to
make solar panel cleaning more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly.
In the current literature, the issue of solar panel cleaning has garnered increasing inter-
est. To avoid overloading this paper with references, let us mention that just in 2022–2023,
the list of references [6–23] comprises a series of recent articles on the topic. These pub-
lications showcase innovative and up-to-date approaches for solar panel cleaning. They
explore modern and efficient methods aimed at enhancing the performance and sustain-
ability of solar installations. These recent articles reflect the heightened and continuous
focus on optimizing solar energy production by leveraging technological advancements in
the field of solar panel cleaning.

2. Deposits and Their Effects

The accumulation of dust on solar panels is a complex phenomenon influenced by
a variety of environmental factors, as highlighted in [24]. These elements include wind
movement and direction, temperature, solar irradiance, air pollution, atmospheric pressure,
dust storms, volcanic activity, snow, and humidity. Each of these parameters plays a crucial
role in the amount of dust deposited on the solar panels.
Simultaneously, geographical features and site-specific parameters, such as aridity,
the height of the covering material for industrial solar modules, tilt angle, latitude, and
longitude, significantly influence the dust accumulation process. These local factors add
an additional dimension to understanding how dust settles on solar panels, taking into
account the specifics of each context.
Regarding the nature of the dust, it is essential to consider various sources, such as soil,
sand, clay, bacteria, carbon, and pollen. Each type of dust may exhibit distinct characteristics
that impact the performance of solar panels, necessitating specific approaches for cleaning
and maintenance to ensure optimal efficiency.

2.1. The Impact of Dust on Solar Panel Production

The deposition of particles such as dirt and other impurities can lead to various
consequences for solar panels. The accumulation of dirt on the panels, as illustrated in
Figure 1, restricts the amount of sunlight reaching the cells, creating shading and increasing
the temperature. These factors reduce the overall efficiency of the solar system, impacting
its operation [25].
The research assessed the impact of dirt on solar panels by dispersing quantities of
4 g and 8 g of dirt on panels installed at a 35◦ angle facing south. Power, current, and
voltage levels were recorded every hour from 9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. The results indicated
a significant difference in voltage values between panels with dirt and uncontaminated
panels. This difference gradually decreased until 2:00 p.m. when the curves converged.
Panels with 8 g of dirt exhibited slightly higher voltages compared with those with 4 g of
dirt [26].
Chena, Y et al. [27] also investigated the impacts of deposits on solar panels. Field
trials have demonstrated that as the amount of dust increases, the short-circuit current,
open-circuit voltage, and power output of solar panels all diminish. A dust amount of
10 g/m2 can result in a decrease in the maximum power of solar panels by approximately
34% [27]. Table 1 illustrates the loss of output power from photovoltaic panels as a function
of dust accumulation.
Energies 2023,16,
Energies2023, 16,7960
x FOR PEER REVIEW 33 of
of1819

Figure1.1.Dust
Figure Dustaccumulation
accumulationon
onthe
thesurface
surfaceofofsolar
solarpanels.
panels.

The research assessed the impact of dirt on solar panels by dispersing quantities of 4
Table 1. The reduction in solar intensity received by photovoltaic panels as a function of density
g and 8 g of dirt on panels installed at a 35° angle facing south. Power, current, and voltage
g/m2 . Data from [28].
levels were recorded every hour from 9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. The results indicated a signif-
icant
Dustdifference
density (g/min2 voltage
) values
2 between 4 panels with6 dirt and uncontaminated
8 10panels.
This difference gradually
Output power loss (%) decreased
8 until
13 2:00 p.m. when
20 the curves
28 converged.38 Panels
with 8 g of dirt exhibited slightly higher voltages compared with those with 4 g of dirt
[26].
Saidan,
Chena, M et al.
Y et al. [27]
[27] also
measured losses the
investigated caused by the
impacts accumulation
of deposits of dust
on solar onField
panels. the
photovoltaic surface in Baghdad through experiments. The findings indicated that
trials have demonstrated that as the amount of dust increases, the short-circuit current, under
natural exposure
open-circuit conditions,
voltage, PV performance
and power output of solardecreases bydiminish.
panels all 6.24%, 11.8%, and
A dust 18.74%ofon
amount 10
a daily, weekly, and monthly basis, respectively [27]. This is because of the interaction
g/m2 can result in a decrease in the maximum power of solar panels by approximately
between sunlight and dust [29]. Some of the solar intensity is absorbed by the dust and
34% [27]. Table 1 illustrates the loss of output power from photovoltaic panels as a func-
transformed into heat, while another portion is scattered on the dust’s surface. Only a
tion of dust accumulation.
fraction of the light intensity reaches the solar panel, reducing the energy entering the
panel
Table[29].
1. The reduction in solar intensity received by photovoltaic panels as a function of density
g/m2. Data from [28].
2.2. The Impact of Bird Debris and Tree Foliage on Solar Panel Production
Dust
Birddensity
debris (g/m 2)
can also pose2a threat to4solar panels.6 When a solar 8 10
panel becomes
Output power loss (%) 8 13 20 28
obstructed by debris like leaves, dust, bird droppings, or other obstacles, it can significantly 38
diminish its efficiency depending on the panel layout.
Saidan, M et al. [27] measured losses caused by the accumulation of dust on the pho-
2.2.1. Series
tovoltaic Configuration
surface in Baghdad through experiments. The findings indicated that under nat-
uralLet us consider
exposure two solar
conditions, PVpanels, designated
performance as A and
decreases B, that 11.8%,
by 6.24%, are connected in series.
and 18.74% on a
Each
daily, weekly, and monthly basis, respectively [27]. This is because of the interactionfor
panel consists of two rows of solar cells: A1 and A2 for panel A, and B1 and B2 be-
panel
tween B.sunlight
If one ofand
the rows of solar
dust [29]. Somecells, such
of the as A1,
solar is shaded,
intensity it will impact
is absorbed by thethe production
dust and trans-
offormed
the entire
intopanel
heat, A.
while another portion is scattered on the dust’s surface. Only a fraction
In light
of the this scenario,
intensitybypass
reachesdiodes, also
the solar known
panel, as “freewheeling”
reducing diodes, the
the energy entering playpanel
a crucial
[29].
role. They enable the electric current to bypass the shaded row (A1), thus preventing a
complete interruption
2.2. The Impact of Bird of the current
Debris and TreeinFoliage
the circuit.
on SolarHowever, even with the bypass diodes
Panel Production
in action,
Bird debris can also pose a threat to solar panels. When atosolar
the overall production of panel A will be reduced due shading
panelonbecomes
row A1. ob-
Given that the solar panels are connected in series, the current flowing through
structed by debris like leaves, dust, bird droppings, or other obstacles, it can significantly panels
is identical. Additionally, the output voltage of the panels adds up. Therefore, if one of
diminish its efficiency depending on the panel layout.
the panels, specifically panel A, is shaded, its ability to generate current is hindered. It is
important
2.2.1. Seriesto note that this limitation does not only apply to the shaded panel; it also affects
Configuration
all the other panels connected in series.
Let us consider two solar panels, designated as A and B, that are connected in series.
Each panel consists of two rows of solar cells: A1 and A2 for panel A, and B1 and B2 for
Energies 2023, 16, 7960 4 of 18

The bypass diodes, by allowing the current to bypass the shaded portion, play an
essential role in maintaining a continuous current flow in the circuit. However, despite this
feature, the overall production of all panels in series will still be constrained by the reduced
production of the shaded panel. This interaction between shaded panels and bypass diodes
requires careful management to optimize the overall efficiency of the solar system [29].

2.2.2. Parallel Configuration

Imagine we have two solar panels, labeled C and D, connected in parallel. Each panel
consists of two rows of solar cells (C1, C2 for panel C, and D1, D2 for panel D). Shading
affects the first row of each panel (C1 and D1).
In this parallel configuration, if C1 is shaded:
• The current from C2 is not affected by shading on C1.
• The current from D1 is not affected by shading on C1.
• The total system current is the sum of the currents from C2 and D1. Bypass diodes
allow current to bypass C1 and D1.
• Current production from C2 and D2 is not as affected by shading on C1 and D1.
The total current is the sum of the currents from C2 and D2. When solar panels
are connected in parallel, the output voltage remains constant, while the output current
adds up. If one panel is shaded, it only affects the production of that specific panel.
The other unshaded panels continue to generate their normal current. The bypass diode
allows current to bypass the shaded portion, but this does not affect the production of
other unshaded panels in parallel as significantly. This parallel configuration provides an
advantage in shading scenarios, as overall energy production is less affected compared
with panels connected in series.

2.3. The Concentration and Type of Deposits Depend on the Region

In arid or desert regions where dust and particles are abundant, solar panels tend
to rapidly accumulate deposits of dirt and dust. Dust particles can form a thick layer on
the panel surface, significantly reducing their ability to absorb solar light. This reduc-
tion varies depending on the amount of dust accumulated on the panel, as illustrated in
Figure 2. Deposits can also cast shadows on solar cells, leading to a decrease in electricity
production [30].
A study conducted by the University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates evaluated
the performance of solar panels in a desert environment. According to this study, dust
on solar panels can result in a reduction in energy conversion efficiency of up to 20% in
just one week of exposure [31]. Another study conducted by the University of California,
San Diego examined the impact of dust on the performance of photovoltaic panels in the
Mojave Desert, United States. According to this study, dust can reduce the efficiency of
converting solar energy into electricity by up to 35%, depending on the quantity and nature
of the dust present [32].
Most studies on dust accumulation and soiling effect on solar panels primarily origi-
nate from Asia, as shown in Figure 3. Saudi Arabia is the country with the highest number
of research and studies on the soiling effect on solar panels worldwide [33]. There are
two main reasons that can explain the dominance of Asia in studies on dust accumula-
tion on solar panel surfaces. Firstly, Asia accounts for a significant portion of new solar
installations, representing approximately 60% of all new solar installations worldwide [34].
Secondly, there are vast arid and semi-arid regions in Asia [35]; Asia is considered one of
the driest, windiest, and dustiest environments in the world, where the interaction of dust
with clouds has a significant impact on the regional climate of Asia. Africa is considered
one of the regions with the highest sand and dust accumulation on Earth [34].
 x FOR PEER REVIEW
Energies 2023, 16, 7960 5 5of
of 19
18

Figure 2. The impact of the accumulated dust quantity on solar panel production. Data from [32].

Most studies on dust accumulation and soiling effect on solar panels primarily orig-
inate from Asia, as shown in Figure 3. Saudi Arabia is the country with the highest number
of research and studies on the soiling effect on solar panels worldwide [33]. There are two
main reasons that can explain the dominance of Asia in studies on dust accumulation on
solar panel surfaces. Firstly, Asia accounts for a significant portion of new solar installa-
tions, representing approximately 60% of all new solar installations worldwide [34]. Sec-
ondly, there are vast arid and semi-arid regions in Asia [35]; Asia is considered one of the
driest, windiest, and dustiest environments in the world, where the interaction of dust
with clouds has a significant impact on the regional climate of Asia. Africa is considered
Figure
one of 2.the
The impactwith
regions of thethe
accumulated quantity
dustand
highest sand duston solar panel production.
accumulation Data. from [32].
on Earth [34]

Most studies on dust accumulation and soiling effect on solar panels primarily orig-
inate from Asia, as shown in Figure 3. Saudi Arabia is the country with the highest number
of research and studies on the soiling effect on solar panels worldwide [33]. There are two
main reasons that can explain the dominance of Asia in studies on dust accumulation on
solar panel surfaces. Firstly, Asia accounts for a significant portion of new solar installa-
tions, representing approximately 60% of all new solar installations worldwide [34]. Sec-
ondly, there are vast arid and semi-arid regions in Asia [35]; Asia is considered one of the
driest, windiest, and dustiest environments in the world, where the interaction of dust
with clouds has a significant impact on the regional climate of Asia. Africa is considered
one of the regions with the highest sand and dust accumulation on Earth [34].

Figure 3. Contribution
Figure 3. Contribution Impact
Impact of
of dust
dust on
on PV
PV panels
panels in
in different
different continents.
continents. Data
Data from
from [34].
[34].

In coastal regions,
In coastal regions,solar
solarpanels
panelsare
are exposed
exposed to salt
to salt deposits
deposits fromfrom sea Salt
sea air. air. can
Saltsettle
can
settle on the panels and trigger undesirable chemical reactions, such as material corrosion.
on the panels and trigger undesirable chemical reactions, such as material corrosion. Ad-
Additionally, the sea makes the air humid and rich in sodium chloride. When water
ditionally, the sea makes the air humid and rich in sodium chloride. When water contain-
containing sodium chloride evaporates, salt crystallizes and forms stubborn deposits on
ing sodium chloride evaporates, salt crystallizes and forms stubborn deposits on the panel
the panel surface. These deposits can be more challenging to remove with a simple water
surface. These deposits can be more challenging to remove with a simple water rinse and
rinse and may require washing with soapy water or mechanical brushing, diminishing the
may require washing with soapy water or mechanical brushing, diminishing the effi-
efficiency of the solar panels [36]. A study published in the journal Solar Energy Materials
ciency of the solar panels [36]. A study published in the journal Solar Energy Materials
and Solar Cells in 2012 demonstrated that salt-induced corrosion can lead to an efficiency
and Solar Cells in 2012 demonstrated that salt-induced corrosion can lead to an efficiency
loss of up to 40% in coastal environments [37].
loss of up to 40% in coastal environments [37].
Urban and industrial regions may experience higher levels of air pollution and con-
Figure 3. Contribution Impact of dust on PV panels in different continents. Data from [34].
taminants due to factors such as traffic, coal-fired power plants, or heavy industries. Water
alone is not sufficient for cleaning as the particle levels are high. This type of dirt is sticky
In coastal regions, solar panels are exposed to salt deposits from sea air. Salt can settle
and requires more cleaning effort [38].
on the panels and trigger undesirable chemical reactions, such as material corrosion. Ad-
In regions with regular rainfall and sufficiently inclined module angles, rainwater can
ditionally, the sea makes the air humid and rich in sodium chloride. When water contain-
effectively remove most of the dirt and deposits from the module surfaces. This reduces
ing sodium chloride evaporates, salt crystallizes and forms stubborn deposits on the panel
the need for frequent cleaning and minimizes performance losses due to soiling. However,
surface. These deposits can be more challenging to remove with a simple water rinse and
special attention should be provided to plant growth, such as moss and lichen, which
may require washing with soapy water or mechanical brushing, diminishing the effi-
can develop over time and require specific cleaning to remove them and preserve the
ciency of the solar panels [36]. A study published in the journal Solar Energy Materials
performance of the photovoltaic system [39].
and Solar Cells in 2012 demonstrated
The concentration that
of deposits can salt-induced
also vary based corrosion can lead
on weather to an efficiency
conditions, such as
loss of up to 40% in coastal environments [37].
sandstorms, pollution episodes, and even dew and humidity. If dew or humidity persists
for extended periods without evaporation, water stagnation on the surface of solar panels
Energies 2023, 16, 7960 6 of 18

may occur. This stagnant water can facilitate the growth of mold, algae, or other undesired
organisms, which can affect panel performance and require more thorough cleaning. Dew
or humidity can act as a bonding agent, allowing airborne dust particles to adhere to the
panel surface and form more stubborn deposits. These factors can lead to faster deposit
accumulation and, consequently, a more significant decrease in solar panel performance [40].
The amount of deposits also depends on the tilt of the cells: the lower the tilt, the greater
the accumulated dust [40]. It is noted that energy losses are significant in fixed horizontal
panels, reaching around 2.2%, whereas they are only 0.61% in panels tilted at 40◦ [41], as
shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Soiling losses at different tilt angles. Data from [42].

Tilt Angle (◦ ) 0 5 10 20 23 30 33 44
Soiling loss (%) 2.02 1.34 1.17 0.99 1.05 0.83 0.96 0.69

2.4. Influence of Seasonal Effecton Dust Accumulation

The conducted study in [43] focused on the design and experimentation of a self-
cleaning system developed for photovoltaic (PV) installations under various climatic
conditions in India. This system utilizes a sliding structure to clean solar panels and was
compared with a traditional fixed system. The performance of both systems was assessed
by monitoring the power output of the PV panels from December 2019 to April 2021. The
results demonstrated that the self-cleaning system substantially improved the efficiency of
the PV panels during different seasons compared with the fixed system.
During the summer, the self-cleaning system removed daily dust accumulation, re-
sulting in an efficiency increase of 18.3%, see Table 3. In the harvest season, the decrease
in performance was attributed to fluctuations in cloud cover affecting exposure time. The
self-cleaning system did not exhibit improvement during this period. In the post-monsoon
season, improved air quality and reduced dust accumulation led to an efficiency gain of
6.4%. In winter, the self-cleaning system effectively removed bird droppings, insects, and
fallen leaves, resulting in an overall efficiency gain of 13.3%. Overall, the study highlighted
the significant impact of seasonal changes on the efficiency of solar panel cleaning [43].

Table 3. Efficiency variation in cleaned and uncleaned PV systems in the summer season. Data
from [44].

Normalized clean/unclean panel efficiency 01/03/2021 19/03/2021 02/04/2021 26/04/2021

Normalized clean panel efficiency 0.73% 0.71% 0.70% 0.73%
Normalized unclean panel efficiency 0.73% 0.68% 0.60% 0.59%

3. Solar Panel Cleaning Systems

Solar panel cleaning systems are designed to remove dirt, dust, and other debris that
can accumulate on the surface of solar panels and reduce their efficiency. There are several
methods and technologies for cleaning solar panels as discussed in the following sections.

3.1. Manual Cleaning

This generally involves the intervention of professionals, as it can be hazardous and
requires proper equipment. However, this method may have little to no impact on the
annual performance of the panels unless performed regularly [44]. Manual cleaning tools
are associated with high costs due to the significant amount of water used and the required
workforce [45]. The workforce involved is primarily unskilled, which could lead to damage
to the solar panels. Additionally, skilled workers may carry out inspections simultaneously,
further increasing labor costs [46]. A visual illustration of this method can be seen in
Figure 4, depicting a professional engaged in manually cleaning solar panels.
 requires proper equipment. However, this method may have little to no impact on the
annual performance of the panels unless performed regularly [44]. Manual cleaning tools
are associated with high costs due to the significant amount of water used and the re-
quired workforce [45]. The workforce involved is primarily unskilled, which could lead
Energies 2023, 16, 7960
to damage to the solar panels. Additionally, skilled workers may carry out inspections 7 of 18
simultaneously, further increasing labor costs [46]. A visual illustration of this method can
be seen in Figure 4, depicting a professional engaged in manually cleaning solar panels.

Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 19

water supply line, as shown in Figure 5. This meter accurately measures the amount of
water added to the reservoir, providing an exact picture of net water consumption.
Data collected by the water depth sensor and the water meter are transmitted to a
central data logger. This device plays a central role in regulating the inflow of water into
the reservoir via a solenoid valve. Using this real-time information, the system automati-
cally adjusts the amount of water entering the reservoir from the main water supply,
thereby optimizing water usage, and minimizing waste [4].
Each PV module is equipped with three cleaning nozzles, as shown in Figure 5, which
can be individually activated by a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) unit through
electric solenoid
Figure4.4.Cleaning
Figure Cleaningof valves. The innovative
ofphotovoltaic
photovoltaic panels. aspect lies in the ability to adjust the height of the
panels.
water conduits and nozzles using support studs, enabling experimentation with different
3.2.
3.2.Water
Water
heights toSpray
Spray Nozzle
optimizeNozzletheSystems
Systems
cleaning process.
The power required
Water-based
Water-based cleaning
cleaning for cleaning
systems
systems foroperations
for photovoltaic
photovoltaicis supplied
(PV)
(PV)solar bypanels
solar the photovoltaic
panels are modules
arespecifically
specifically de-
de-
integrated
signed into
devices
signed devices to tothe system.
clean solar These
panels solar
usingpanels
water capture
as the solar
primaryenergy and
cleaning
panels using water as the primary cleaning agent. These sys- convert
agent. it into
These
electricity
systems
tems aim aim toto
to power
keepthe
keep the solenoid
thesurface
surfaceofof valves and
solarpanels
solar control
panels cleandevices.
clean and free This
from
fromenvironmentally
dirt,
dirt,dust,
dust,debris,friendly
debris, and
and
approach
other reduces
othercontaminants
contaminantsthat reliance
could
that on
could traditional
reduce
reduce their energy
their energy sources,
efficiency. making
At the
efficiency. the
heart
At the system
of this
heart more auton-
innovation
of this innova-
omous
lies
tionanliesand sustainable.
underground
an underground Figure
reservoir 5 specially
depicts
specially
reservoir adesigned
cleaning
designed tosystem
to store across
the water
store the different
essential
water forPV
essential for arrays
cleaning
clean-
equipped
operations
ing operationswithFigure
(see nozzles,
(see Figure the5.height
5. This is notisaofnot
This which
simple can be
tank
a simple butadjusted.
tankrather The awater
a central
but rather hubnozzles
centralforhub
watercan
for also
man-
water
be fine-tuned
agement. The to optimize
reservoir the spray
incorporates angle,
an water
intelligent volume,
pressure and pressure.
sensor
management. The reservoir incorporates an intelligent pressure sensor that monitors real- that Please
monitors observe
real-timethe
shading
fluctuations on the
in modules
water levelsdue to
during the piping
cleaning [47].
cycles and records
time fluctuations in water levels during cleaning cycles and records precipitation. precipitation.
To ensure uninterrupted water supply, the reservoir is connected to the city’s water
network. This strategic connection allows the reservoir to automatically refill as soon as
the water level reaches a critical threshold, thereby compensating for losses caused by
cleaning and evaporation. This precise synchronization between water demand and re-
plenishment helps to maintain uninterrupted cleaning operations.
Precise Water Flow Control: The cornerstone of these cleaning systems lies in metic-
ulous control of water flow. This precision is achieved through a combination of sophisti-
cated devices. A water meter equipped with a magnetic sensor is installed on the main

Figure 5. Illustration of a cleaning system on various PV arrays equipped with nozzles.

Figure 5. Illustration of a cleaning system on various PV arrays equipped with nozzles.

Adaptability
To to Changing
ensure uninterrupted Weather
water Conditions:
supply, The efficiency
the reservoir of cleaning
is connected operations
to the city’s water
largely depends on weather conditions. To optimize these operations based
network. This strategic connection allows the reservoir to automatically refill as soon on environ-
as the
mental
water factors,
level a meteorological
reaches station
a critical threshold, is integrated
thereby into thefor
compensating system.
lossesPositioned
caused by above the
cleaning
ground, this station records a diverse range of data, including atmospheric
and evaporation. This precise synchronization between water demand and replenishment pressure, tem-
perature,
helps relativeuninterrupted
to maintain humidity, wind speed operations.
cleaning and direction, as well as solar irradiance.
These meteorological data are used to adjust scheduled cleaning programs. For in-
stance, in the event of imminent precipitation, the system can postpone cleaning to ac-
commodate changing weather conditions. This responsiveness to environmental elements
ensures effective and efficient cleaning, thereby contributing to maximizing the perfor-
mance of the cleaned surfaces.
Intelligent Automation for Optimal Performance: All these technical components
Energies 2023, 16, 7960 8 of 18

Precise Water Flow Control: The cornerstone of these cleaning systems lies in meticu-
lous control of water flow. This precision is achieved through a combination of sophisticated
devices. A water meter equipped with a magnetic sensor is installed on the main water
supply line, as shown in Figure 5. This meter accurately measures the amount of water
added to the reservoir, providing an exact picture of net water consumption.
Data collected by the water depth sensor and the water meter are transmitted to a
central data logger. This device plays a central role in regulating the inflow of water into the
reservoir via a solenoid valve. Using this real-time information, the system automatically
adjusts the amount of water entering the reservoir from the main water supply, thereby
optimizing water usage, and minimizing waste [4].
Each PV module is equipped with three cleaning nozzles, as shown in Figure 5, which
can be individually activated by a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) unit through
electric solenoid valves. The innovative aspect lies in the ability to adjust the height of the
water conduits and nozzles using support studs, enabling experimentation with different
heights to optimize the cleaning process.
The power required for cleaning operations is supplied by the photovoltaic mod-
ules integrated into the system. These solar panels capture solar energy and convert it
into electricity to power the solenoid valves and control devices. This environmentally
friendly approach reduces reliance on traditional energy sources, making the system more
autonomous and sustainable. Figure 5 depicts a cleaning system across different PV arrays
equipped with nozzles, the height of which can be adjusted. The water nozzles can also be
fine-tuned to optimize the spray angle, water volume, and pressure. Please observe the
shading on the modules due to the piping [47].
Adaptability to Changing Weather Conditions: The efficiency of cleaning operations
largely depends on weather conditions. To optimize these operations based on environ-
mental factors, a meteorological station is integrated into the system. Positioned above
the ground, this station records a diverse range of data, including atmospheric pressure,
temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, as well as solar irradiance.
These meteorological data are used to adjust scheduled cleaning programs. For
instance, in the event of imminent precipitation, the system can postpone cleaning to
accommodate changing weather conditions. This responsiveness to environmental ele-
ments ensures effective and efficient cleaning, thereby contributing to maximizing the
performance of the cleaned surfaces.
Intelligent Automation for Optimal Performance: All these technical components
come together to create a highly automated and intelligent water-based cleaning system.
Pre-programmed cleaning routines are managed by the central data logger. For instance,
cleaning sequences can be scheduled to run at regular intervals, ensuring consistent and
efficient maintenance of the surfaces.
Assessing Water Cleaning Efficiency on Photovoltaic Panel Performance: The photo-
voltaic system was divided into two distinct sub-networks to evaluate the effectiveness
of water cleaning on solar panel performance. Panel arrays connected to the same Maxi-
mum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) tracker were included in this study. Over a span of
20 days, two sets of panels were regularly cleaned with water, while the other sets remained
uncleaned to serve as a reference group.
The water cleaning protocol was established with a 30 s wetting sequence for each
module equipped with water jets. The results clearly demonstrated a significant improve-
ment in the output power of the water-cleaned panel arrays compared with the uncleaned
reference arrays. The average power of the cleaned arrays was 177 W, while that of the
uncleaned arrays was 140 W, indicating an average increase of around 27% in power for
the cleaned arrays (See Figure 6) [47].
 reference arrays. The average power of the cleaned arrays was 177 W, while that of the
uncleaned arrays was 140 W, indicating an average increase of around 27% in power for
the cleaned arrays (See Figure 6) [47].
These findings unequivocally demonstrate that water cleaning has a positive impact
on solar panel performance. This enhancement can be attributed to the removal of dirt,
Energies 2023, 16, 7960 9 of 18
dust, and other contaminants from the panel surface, enabling better capture of solar en-
ergy.

Figure6.6.Difference
Figure Differencebetween
betweencleaned
cleanedand
anduncleaned
uncleanedpanels
panelsover
overaa20
20day
dayperiod.
period.Data
Datafrom
from[47].
[47].

These findings Cleaning

3.3. Truck-Mounted unequivocally demonstrate that water cleaning has a positive impact
on solar panel performance. This enhancement can be attributed to the removal of dirt, dust,
Cleaning truck-mounted solar panels, as illustrated in Figure 7, is a widely used
and other contaminants from the panel surface, enabling better capture of solar energy.
method for maintaining large solar installations. This system involves the use of a truck
or another
3.3. vehicle equipped
Truck-Mounted Cleaning with a specially designed brush for cleaning solar panels. The
truck moves between rows of photovoltaic modules, effectively cleaning each panel.
Cleaning truck-mounted solar panels, as illustrated in Figure 7, is a widely used
method for maintaining large solar installations. This system involves the use of a truck or
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 19
another vehicle equipped with a specially designed brush for cleaning solar panels. The
truck moves between rows of photovoltaic modules, effectively cleaning each panel.

Figure 7. Truck-mounted PV cleaning.

Figure 7. Truck-mounted PV cleaning.
To prevent
To prevent damage
damage to to the
the panels
panels during
during cleaning,
cleaning, aa brush
brush pressure
pressure control
control system
system isis
employed. This
employed. This system
system regulates
regulates the
the force
force with
with which
which the
the brush
brush comes
comes into
into contact
contact with
with
the panels, ensuring gentle cleaning without the risk of scratches
the panels, ensuring gentle cleaning without the risk of scratches or damage. or damage.
However, when
However, when cleaning
cleaningtruck-mounted
truck-mountedsolar panels,
solar panels,certain aspects
certain need
aspects to betocon-
need be
sidered. Firstly, it is necessary to maintain a minimum distance between
considered. Firstly, it is necessary to maintain a minimum distance between the the rows ofrows
pan-
elspanels
of to allow to the truck
allow the to passtothrough.
truck This distance
pass through. is determined
This distance based on
is determined the dimen-
based on the
sions of the of
dimensions cleaning vehicle.
the cleaning vehicle.
Additionally, an adequate maneuvering area should be provided at the end of the
panel rows. This facilitates smooth U-turns for the truck and ensures seamless navigation
during the cleaning process. Proper planning of the maneuvering space is crucial to en-
sure the efficiency and safety of the cleaning operation.
It is also important to note that the weight of the cleaning equipment mounted on the
Energies 2023, 16, 7960 10 of 18

Additionally, an adequate maneuvering area should be provided at the end of the

panel rows. This facilitates smooth U-turns for the truck and ensures seamless navigation
during the cleaning process. Proper planning of the maneuvering space is crucial to ensure
the efficiency and safety of the cleaning operation.
It is also important to note that the weight of the cleaning equipment mounted on the
truck must comply with the manufacturer’s specified tolerances for the solar panels. This
ensures that the load exerted on the panels during cleaning remains within recommended
limits, avoiding any structural or mechanical damage.
It should be emphasized that cleaning truck-mounted solar panels carries a slightly
higher risk of damage compared with other cleaning methods. Uneven ground conditions
can create variations in brush pressure, potentially leading to panel damage. Therefore, it
is essential to have specially trained and experienced workers to perform the cleaning in a
safe and efficient manner [48].

3.4. The Electrodynamic Screen (EDS)

The revolution in solar panel maintenance is underway thanks to the Self-Cleaning
Surface Technology (EDS), which is based on a meticulously crafted design. At the heart of
this innovation lies a clever architecture that employs interdigitated electrodes arranged
in a triphasic layout. These electrodes, designed for conductivity and parallel alignment
offer unparalleled flexibility. Moreover, their versatility is further enhanced by the ability to
make them transparent or reflective, thus opening the door to various applications. Printed
with meticulous precision on substrates such as ultra-thin flexible glass and PET films,
these electrodes seamlessly adapt to the curves of solar mirrors and flat photovoltaic panels.
The resilience and longevity of this technology are ensured by careful encapsulation using
edge-sealing products, creating a protective barrier against demanding environmental
conditions. The current geometry of the EDS film, with an electrode width (w) of 80 µm
and inter-electrode spacing (s) of 700 µm, is finely tuned to achieve a balance between the
efficiency of the generated electrostatic field and the overall structural resistance of the
device. This meticulous design elevates EDS to the status of an innovative and efficient
solution for solar panel cleaning, thus contributing to the enhancement of solar energy
production efficiency [49].
Enhancing Reflectivity with EDS Film Electrodes: Optimizing Solar Mirror Efficiency;
The application of EDS film electrodes on solar mirrors aims to enhance their efficiency.
These electrodes, printed on ultra-thin glass or PET films, play a crucial role in maximizing
reflectivity. The objective is to minimize light absorption and ensure a significant portion
of the incident solar energy is directed toward the collector. This strategic approach
significantly contributes to the overall performance and efficiency of Concentrated Solar
Power (CSP) installations, helping address challenges associated with curved or intricate
mirror surfaces that are difficult to clean using conventional methods.

3.5. The “Wash Panel” Cleaning Robot

This robot is designed to clean rows of photovoltaic panels by horizontally moving
a vertical brush across the panels, as shown in Figure 8. It has a length ranging from 1
to 16 m and is equipped with a 12 V battery, allowing it to be automatically deployed.
Additionally, a water hose is attached to the robot to wet the panels during cleaning. The
Wash Panel system is fully autonomous and has dual programmable functionality using
a rain sensor and the use of water jets. It ensures consistent and uniform cleaning. This
system is modular and can be remotely monitored and managed. It requires no additional
framework, support, or additional guides. It can be installed on ground systems, buildings,
sloping roofs, or canopies. For continuous monitoring, it sends text messages to mobile
phones, enabling remote control from distant locations [45].
 tionally, a water hose is attached to the robot to wet the panels during cleaning. The Wash
Panel system is fully autonomous and has dual programmable functionality using a rain
sensor and the use of water jets. It ensures consistent and uniform cleaning. This system
is modular and can be remotely monitored and managed. It requires no additional frame-
Energies 2023, 16, 7960 work, support, or additional guides. It can be installed on ground systems, buildings,
11 of 18
sloping roofs, or canopies. For continuous monitoring, it sends text messages to mobile
phones, enabling remote control from distant locations [45].

Figure 8. The “Wash Panel” cleaning robot.

Figure 8. The “Wash Panel” cleaning robot.

Thecomponents
The components of of the
theautomated
automatedrobot robotdesigned
designed forfor
cleaning
cleaning solar panels
solar havehave
panels tech-
nical information and specifications as follows: Firstly, rotary brushes
technical information and specifications as follows: Firstly, rotary brushes are mounted are mounted on the
side plate structure, with a length of about 2 m. Furthermore, eight
on the side plate structure, with a length of about 2 m. Furthermore, eight wheels, in wheels, in conjunction
with two axles,
conjunction with allow the robot
two axles, allowtothe
move
robotsmoothly
to moveand aid in and
smoothly its transportation, with these
aid in its transportation,
wheels
with moving
these wheelson the toponsurface
moving the topofsurface
the solar panels.
of the solarAdditionally, a set of four
panels. Additionally, a setsupport-
of four
ing wheelswheels
supporting on eachonside
each ofside
the robot
of themoves along the
robot moves alongframe of the solar
the frame of thepanels to ensure
solar panels to
a stable
ensure position.
a stable The brush
position. The brushdriving motor
driving motorandand
thethewheel
wheel driving
driving motor,
motor,each
eachwith
witha
apower
powerof of 25
25 W,
W, utilize DC motors
motors of of the
the ZGX45RGG22.5i
ZGX45RGG22.5i model model for forthe
thebrush
brush(with(withaa
speedofof250
speed 250rpm)
rpm)andandZGX45RGG36i
ZGX45RGG36ifor forthe
thewheels
wheels(with
(withaaspeed
speedofof150 150rpm),
rpm),supplied
supplied
byZheng
by ZhengMotor.
Motor. The structure is is augmented
augmentedby bythe
thepresence
presenceofofa asidesideplate
plateas as
well as the
well as
integration
the integration of photoelectric
of photoelectric sensors. These
sensors. sensors,
These in autonomous
sensors, in autonomous mode, provide
mode, edge-
provide
falling protection
edge-falling for the
protection forsolar panelpanel
the solar cleaning robot robot
cleaning during its operation.
during Lastly,Lastly,
its operation. the robot’s
the
robot’s
frame frame is constructed
is constructed from from aluminum
aluminum pipepipe frames,
frames, combining
combining strength
strength andand lightness
lightness for
for optimal efficiency
optimal efficiency [50]. [50].
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 19
Regarding
Regardingthe thecomparison
comparisonofofdust dustcharacteristics,
characteristics,Figure
Figure99highlights
highlightsthe thedifferences
differences
between
betweenthe thesolar
solarpanel
panelbefore
beforeandandafter
aftera athorough
thoroughcleaning.
cleaning.

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure9.9. Dust
Dustcharacteristics
characteristicson
onthe
thesolar
solarpanels
panels(a)
(a)before
beforethe
thecleaning
cleaning(b)
(b)after
afterthe
thecleaning
cleaningby
by
using the 4 m modular robot.
using the 4 m modular robot.

To
To assess
assess the
the effectiveness of the
effectiveness of the solar
solarpanel
panelcleaning
cleaningrobot,
robot,a apower
powerplant
plant
waswas ex-
exam-
amined
ined and and compared
compared in two
in two adjacent
adjacent areas,
areas, eacheach containing
containing 40 panels.
40 panels. DataData
werewere col-
collected
lected
for twoforgroups
two groups of panels
of panels withinwithin
each set:each
(1)set: (1) panels
panels thatnot
that were were not cleaned
cleaned (control
(control group)
group)
and (2)and (2) panels
panels thatcleaned
that were were cleaned
by theby the robot.
robot. The overall
The overall electricity
electricity production
production of
of solar
solar cells was compared for the day before and the day after cleaning. The
cells was compared for the day before and the day after cleaning. The results, presented results, pre-
sented in Table 4, demonstrate that solar panels cleaned by the robot experienced an in-
crease of approximately 3.40% in their electricity production. However, it is important to
note that the efficiency of the electricity production increase might be more significant if
the solar panels were heavily soiled [50].
Energies 2023, 16, 7960 12 of 18

in Table 4, demonstrate that solar panels cleaned by the robot experienced an increase of
approximately 3.40% in their electricity production. However, it is important to note that
the efficiency of the electricity production increase might be more significant if the solar
panels were heavily soiled [50].

Table 4. The comparison of the generated current before and after cleaning with robot. Data from [50].

Total Generated Current Without Cleaning For Robot Cleaning

Total generated current per day in
1113.8 1103.03
12/03/2019 (Before cleaning date)
Total generated current per day in in
1094.68 1131.86
15/03/2019 (After cleaning date)

3.6. Aerial Cleaning by Drones

Cleaning solar panels by drone involves using specially designed drones to remove
contaminants such as dust, dirt, and impurities that accumulate on the surface of photo-
voltaic solar panels. By harnessing the powerful downward thrust of their motors, drones
create a strong airflow directed towards the panels. This airflow effectively displaces small
undesirable particles that have built up on the solar panels. As the drone’s propelled air
passes over the panel’s surface, it ejects these particles, thereby distancing them from the
surface. This cleaning action effectively rids the solar panels of dust and impurities, thereby
enhancing their ability to efficiently capture and convert solar energy into electricity.
• Key Components for Solar Panel Cleaning Using Drones:
The main components used for cleaning solar panels with a drone include the drone
itself equipped with propellers to generate downward airflow, as well as sensors and
cameras to guide the drone and monitor the cleaning process. The drone is programmed
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 19
to follow specific trajectories over the solar panels, using the airflow to remove dust and
contaminants accumulated on their surface. See Figure 10.

Figure10.
Figure 10.Drone
Droneused
usedfor
forpanel
panelcleaning.
cleaning.

•• OptimizingDrone
Optimizing DroneTrajectories
Trajectoriesfor
forPrecise
Preciseand
andEfficient
EfficientSolar
Solar Panel
Panel Cleaning:
Cleaning:
Dronesutilize
Drones utilizeadvanced
advanced planning
planning algorithms
algorithms thatthat
taketake
intointo account
account several
several key key fac-
factors.
tors. At the beginning of the process, data about the layout of solar panels
At the beginning of the process, data about the layout of solar panels and the surrounding and the sur-
rounding environment
environment areThis
are collected. collected. This information
information is used
is used to create to create
a virtual mapa virtual maptoof
of the area
the
be area to Subsequently,
cleaned. be cleaned. Subsequently,
elements such elements suchshape
as the size, as theofsize,
theshape ofthe
panels, thelocation
panels, the
of
location obstacles,
potential of potential obstacles,
and the amountandofthe amount
dirt presentofare
dirtconsidered.
present areUsing
considered. Using this
this information,
information,
the algorithm the algorithm
calculates the calculates the most
most efficient efficient
trajectory. trajectory.
These These
trajectories trajectories
vary vary
and include
and include horizontal, vertical, and diagonal movements above the solar
horizontal, vertical, and diagonal movements above the solar panels. Each trajectory is panels. Each
trajectory is meticulously planned to enable the drone to cover the entire surface of the
panels while leveraging the downward airflow generated by the drone’s propellers. This
approach ensures uniform and comprehensive coverage of the surface, effectively remov-
ing unwanted particles such as dust and dirt [51].
Energies 2023, 16, 7960 13 of 18

meticulously planned to enable the drone to cover the entire surface of the panels while
leveraging the downward airflow generated by the drone’s propellers. This approach en-
sures uniform and comprehensive coverage of the surface, effectively removing unwanted
particles such as dust and dirt [51].
• Influence of Drone Flight Patterns on Solar Panel Energy Production Efficiency Across
Dust Levels:
Rehman, S et al. [51] conducted studies on the impact of varying dust levels (20 CC,
50 CC, and 100 CC (where CC denotes dust volume in Cubic Centimeter)) on optimal drone
flight patterns and their influence on the efficiency of solar panel energy production. The
data demonstrate that different flight patterns have a direct impact on cleaning performance
and energy efficiency. Significant advantages of the horizontal flight pattern were observed
for dust levels of 20 CC and 100 CC, while for a dust level of 50 CC, all flight patterns
exhibited comparable efficiency. Specifically, the results showed an efficiency of 31.90%
with a horizontal flight pattern for a dust level of 20 CC, 69.40% with the same pattern
for a dust level of 100 CC, and comparable results for a dust level of 50 CC with different
flight patterns.

3.7. The Resola Robot by Sinfonia

The Resola robot developed by Sinfonia stands out for its “autonomous” nature, in that,
instead of being attached to rails, it is capable of moving from one panel to another to clean
up accumulated dirt and debris. The Resola robot moves from one panel to another using
its autonomous operating mode. Unlike traditional robots that are often attached to rails to
move along solar panels, the Resola is equipped with intelligent movement mechanisms
that allow it to move horizontally and autonomously from one panel to another without
requiring rails or guides [52].
This autonomous movement mode is made possible through a combination of sensors
and advanced navigation algorithms. The robot is capable of detecting the edges of solar
panels and following precise trajectories based on the specific panel layout. These sensors,
which may include proximity sensors, motion sensors, and cameras, enable the Resola to
move with precision, avoid obstacles, and stay on the surface of the panels.
The robot is equipped with a cleaning brush, a wiper, detergent, and a water reservoir.
It can also spray water stored in its reservoir. Additionally, the robot can operate in the
dark thanks to infrared LED lights emitting specific wavelengths. The key components
of the Resola robot include the cleaning brush, wiper, water, and detergent reservoir, rain
sensors, and infrared LED lights. The brush and wiper provide mechanical cleaning, while
the rain sensors and infrared lights enhance its autonomous functionality.
An evaluation of the impact of the Resola robot on energy production reveals a positive
influence. Comparative tests between panels cleaned by the Resola and those left uncleaned
demonstrated a notable increase in energy production of about 4.5% over a three-month pe-
riod. Regular cleaning assisted by the robot maintained cleaner panel surfaces, contributing
to better absorption of solar light and an increase in energy production.

3.8. Self-Cleaning and Tracking Solar Photovoltaic Panels

Bandam et al. [53] developed an innovative system aimed at optimizing the efficiency
of solar panels by incorporating a self-cleaning and tracking mechanism. In this model,
direct current (DC) motors were utilized, operating at speeds of 1000 RPM and 10 RPM for
the cleaning and tracking operations respectively. A threaded rod was connected to the
DC motor dedicated to cleaning. This threaded rod is equipped with a wiper that moves
downward when the motor rotates in the forward direction, and vice versa. Consequently,
the cleaning of the solar panels is performed by this wiper attached to the threaded rod.
For sun tracking, the system also integrates a microcontroller. This microcontroller
plays a crucial role in facilitating both the automatic cleaning of the panels and their
orientation based on the sun’s position. The necessary information for this operation is
gathered from Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs). LDRs are sensitive to light intensity, and
Energies 2023, 16, 7960 14 of 18

their resistance varies accordingly. Generally, their resistance increases in darkness and
decreases significantly in the presence of light.
The algorithm developed by the researchers enables the microcontroller to process the
data provided by the LDRs and generate commands for the DC motors. These commands
are intended to ensure both effective panel cleaning and adjustment to follow the sun’s
trajectory throughout the day.

4. Desirable and Undesirable Features for Solar Panel Cleaning Methods

A comprehensive overview of both desirable and undesirable features to consider
when evaluating different methods for cleaning solar panels is summarized in Table 5.
It delves into key factors such as efficiency, safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental
impact, providing criteria to measure and compare the strengths and weaknesses of the
cleaning methods.

Table 5. Desirable and undesirable features for solar panels cleaning systems.

Features Desirable Undesirable

High cleaning efficiency to maximize Low cleaning efficiency leading to
Efficiency
energy production energy loss
Safe for both the cleaning personnel and the Risky methods that could damage panels or
Safety
solar panels harm workers
Cost-effectiveness Affordable to install and operate Expensive to implement and maintain
Minimal water usage or efficient
Water Conservation Excessive water consumption
water recycling
Environmental Impact Environmentally friendly and sustainable Harmful chemicals or practices
Suitable for various panel types, shapes,
Adaptability Limited applicability
and sizes
Automated systems for regular cleaning
Automation Manual cleaning that is labor-intensive
without human intervention
Low maintenance systems with High maintenance systems requiring
Maintenance Requirements
minimal downtime frequent repairs
Cleaning Frequency Effective for routine cleaning needs Requires too frequent cleaning
Works effectively in various
Weather Resistance Ineffective during extreme weather
weather conditions
Durability Long-lasting and resistant to wear and tear Prone to damage or degradation
Low energy consumption during the High energy usage, which counteracts
Energy Efficiency
cleaning process solar gains
Can be scaled up or down to accommodate
Scalability Limited scalability
different array sizes
Regulatory Compliance Meets local regulations and safety standards Fails to comply

To select the most promising cleaning method can be handled by weighting the
different criteria by factors that depend on the user and the specific installation. Each solar
project may indeed have unique needs and constraints. For instance, a user may prioritize
cost-effectiveness if operating within a tight budget, while another user might emphasize
efficiency if aiming to maximize energy production. Likewise, the geographical location
of the installation, local weather conditions, the availability of water resources, and other
environmental factors will play a crucial role in selecting the most suitable method. By
considering these criteria and weighing them according to specific needs, one can arrive at
a more informed choice tailored to each individual situation.
Selection of the most promising cleaning method can be made by weighing the various
criteria by factors that depend on the user and the specific installation. Each solar project
Energies 2023, 16, 7960 15 of 18

may indeed have unique needs and constraints. For example, one user may prioritize
profitability if they are operating on a tight budget, while another user may emphasize effi-
ciency if the aim is maximizing energy production. Likewise, the geographic location of the
facility, local weather conditions, availability of water resources and other environmental
factors will play a crucial role in choosing the most suitable method. By considering these
criteria and weighting them according to specific needs, we can arrive at a more informed
choice adapted to each individual situation.

5. Cost–Benefit Analysis
The Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method is a decision analysis approach
aimed at assisting decision-makers in making complex decisions while simultaneously
considering multiple criteria or factors. It is particularly useful when you need to choose
between different options or alternatives, each with its own pros and cons, and when you
want to make a decision based on an overall assessment. In the context of evaluating
solar panel cleaning methods, the MCDA method enables us to make an informed deci-
sion by taking various aspects into account, such as efficiency, safety, profitability, water
conservation, environmental impact, and many others [54]. Table 6 provides a qualitative
assessment of the different cleaning methods based on each criterion.

Table 6. Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA).

Criteria Versus Cleaning Environmental

Cost Durability Ease of Use Overall Score
Cleaning Systems Efficiency Impact
Manual cleaning 4 3 2 3 4 3.2
Water Spray Nozzle Systems 5 2 3 4 3 3.4
Truck-mounted cleaning 3 4 4 2 3 3.2
Drone Cleaning 4 3 3 4 3 3.4
The Electrodynamic
2 1 3 4 2 2.4
Screen (EDS)
The “Wash Panel”
4 3 3 3 4 3.4
cleaning robot
Self-Cleaning and Tracking
3 3 4 4 3 3.4
Solar Panels
The Resola robot by Sinfonia 4 2 4 4 4 3.6

The table we created uses the MCDA method to evaluate each cleaning method based
on these criteria. Each criterion is rated from 1 to 5, where 1 represents the least favorable
performance and 5 the most favorable performance. These ratings are assigned based on
each method’s ability to meet each criterion.
For example, for efficiency, a highly effective method will receive a high score (5),
while a less effective method will receive a lower score (e.g., 3). This process is repeated
for each criterion, allowing for the quantification of each method’s performance across
all criteria.
The “Overall Score” is then calculated by averaging the ratings assigned to each
method. This overall score provides a consolidated view of each method’s overall perfor-
mance, taking into account all the criteria. It can serve as a guide to make an informed
decision when selecting the solar panel cleaning method that best suits the specific needs
of an installation, considering both technical and economic aspects [55].
The overall score is calculated as follows

∑5i=1 Ci
overall score =
N
where Ci is the weighting factor of the i-th criterion and N the number of criteria.
After using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to evaluate different solar
panel cleaning technologies based on criteria such as cleaning efficiency, cost, durability,
Energies 2023, 16, 7960 16 of 18

environmental impact, and ease of use, it is evident that the Resola robot by Sinfonia
emerges as the best option. It is important to note that this conclusion is specific to our
analysis and the criteria we chose.

6. Conclusions
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the cleaning aspects of solar panels
through a literature review. Undesirable deposits on solar panels can have negative effects
on energy production and efficiency. This article presents existing cleaning practices
and technologies, with an emphasis on factors such as facility size, location, cost, and
available resources.
Furthermore, a comparative cost–benefit analysis is conducted using one possible
decision support technique, namely MCDA, taking into account different relevant criteria.
This enables users to select the appropriate maintenance and cleaning method for their
specific solar installation [56].
Overall, this paper highlights the importance of cleaning solar panels to optimize their
energy production and efficiency. It provides readers with a thorough understanding of
existing cleaning practices, as well as key factors to consider when choosing the appropriate
cleaning method. This information can assist solar system owners and operators in making
decisions to ensure the optimal performance of their solar panels with regard to cleaning.

Author Contributions: The paper was a collaborative effort among the authors. N.N. and A.R.
collectively contributed to the survey of Solar Panel Cleaning Systems and Techniques. All authors
have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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