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✅ Focus

👉 S&OP: balancing demand and supply


👉 IBP: aligning all functions under one single plan

✅ Scope
👉 S&OP: centers in supply chain and manufacturing
👉 IBP: covers all functions

✅ Process/ Execution
👉 S&OP: supply chain driven
👉 IBP: strategic management process that includes portfolio review

✅ Created for
👉 S&OP: supply chain and manufacturing
👉 IBP: P&L owners. P&L stands for Profit and Loss Statement.

✅ Lead/ Owner
👉 S&OP: supply chain
👉 IBP: finance, commercial, or supply chain

✅ Planning Horizon
👉 S&OP: covers 18-24 months
👉 IBP: covers 36 months

✅ Costs Considered
👉 S&OP: supply chain and manufacturing, representing about 50% of total costs
👉 IBP: 100% all costs, including workforce management, R&D, CapEx (capital expense)

✅ Finance Integration
👉 S&OP: limited; S&OP and FP&A (financial planning and analysis) working on silos; multiple
plans
👉 IBP: operational and financial planning under one set of numbers; impact of operations on the
financials

✅ Language
👉 S&OP: mainly physical units
👉 IBP: monetary units/ value

✅ Metrics
👉 S&OP: supply chain metrics
👉 IBP: includes financial metrics for growth, profitability and working capit

1. Profit: Profit refers to the financial gain that a company generates after deducting all
expenses from its total revenue. It is the amount left over after subtracting the cost
of goods sold (COGS), operating expenses, taxes, and other expenses from the total
revenue. Profit can be further categorized into different types, such as gross profit,
operating profit, and net profit.
2. Margin: Margin refers to the ratio or percentage of profit relative to a specific
financial metric, such as revenue or sales. There are different types of margins,
including gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin. Each
margin measures profitability at a different level of the income statement:
 Gross Profit Margin: This is the percentage of revenue that remains after
subtracting the cost of goods sold (COGS). It measures the profitability of a
company's core business operations.
 Operating Profit Margin: This is the percentage of revenue that remains after
deducting operating expenses (such as selling, general, and administrative
expenses) from gross profit. It measures the profitability of a company's core
business operations before considering interest and taxes.
 Net Profit Margin: This is the percentage of revenue that remains after
deducting all expenses, including COGS, operating expenses, interest, taxes,
and other expenses, from total revenue. It represents the overall profitability
of a company's operations after all expenses have been accounted for.
3. Income: Income is a broad term that refers to the money received by an individual or
organization, typically in the form of revenue, wages, salaries, dividends, interest, or
other sources. In the context of a business, "income" can refer to various types of
financial gains, including revenue, gross income, operating income, and net income.
It can also refer to specific sources of income, such as interest income or rental
income.

Accounting and finance are closely related fields in business, but they serve different
purposes and involve distinct activities:

1. Accounting:
 Accounting is the process of recording, summarizing, analyzing, and reporting
financial transactions of a business.
 It involves tasks such as bookkeeping, preparing financial statements (such as
the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement), and
maintaining financial records.
 Accounting focuses on providing accurate and timely information about the
financial performance and position of a business to internal and external
stakeholders, including management, investors, creditors, and regulators.
 Key areas of accounting include financial accounting (focused on external
reporting), managerial accounting (focused on internal decision-making),
auditing (ensuring the accuracy and reliability of financial information), and
taxation (compliance with tax laws and regulations).
2. Finance:
 Finance is the management of money and financial resources within an
organization, as well as the study of how individuals, businesses, and
governments allocate resources over time.
 It involves tasks such as financial planning, budgeting, investment analysis, risk
management, and capital raising.
 Finance focuses on maximizing the value of financial resources by making
informed decisions about investments, financing, and capital structure.
 Key areas of finance include corporate finance (managing finances within a
company), investments (analysis and management of financial assets),
financial markets (trading and valuation of financial instruments), and financial
institutions (such as banks, insurance companies, and investment firms).

In summary, while accounting primarily deals with recording and reporting financial
transactions and providing information about a company's financial performance,
finance involves managing financial resources, making strategic decisions to optimize
the allocation of funds, and maximizing shareholder value. Both fields are essential
for the effective operation and management of businesses and organizations.

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