EEE213 Power Electronics and Electromechanism

Tutorial – 1
(Uncontrolled and Controlled Rectifiers)

Dr. Suneel Kommuri

Email: [email protected]

Dept. Electrical & Electronic Engineering

1
 Lecture 2
Problem 2.1
Q1) A single-phase 230 V, 1 kW heater is connected
across single-phase 230 V, 50 Hz supply through a diode.
Calculate the power delivered to the heater element. Also
find the peak diode current and input power factor.
Solution
𝑉𝑠 2 2302
Heater resistance, 𝑅 = = = 52.9 Ω
𝑃 1000
𝑉𝑚 2 × 𝑉𝑠
The RMS output voltage, 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = = 162.63 𝑉
2 2
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 2 162.632
Power absorbed by heater element = = = 500 𝑊
𝑅 52.9
𝑉𝑚
Peak value of diode current = = 6.1478 𝐴
𝑅
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 ×𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 162.63
Input power factor = = = = 0.707
𝑉𝑠 ×𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑠 230
2
 Lecture 2
Problem 2.2
Q1) A single-phase bridge rectifier is required to supply
an average voltage of 110V to a resistive load 𝑅 = 10Ω.
The mains supply is 220V RMS. Determine

– The rms value of the output voltage for the rectifier and then
the turns ratio of the transformer;
– The current ratings of the diodes;
– The power rating of the transformer;
– The power consumed by the load;

3
 Lecture 2
Problem 2.2
Solution
2𝑉𝑚
1) Given output voltage, 𝑉𝑜 = 110 𝑉 = ⇒ 𝑉𝑚 = 172.78𝑉
𝜋
𝑉𝑚
Let us find RMS value of output voltage, 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝑉𝑠 = = 122.17𝑉
2
220
Now, the turns ratio (primary to secondary) = = 1.8
122.17
𝑉𝑚 172.78
2) Peak value of diode current, 𝐼𝑚 = = = 17.27𝐴
𝑅 10
1 𝜋 𝐼𝑚
Avg value of diode current, 𝐼𝐷𝐴 = ‫׬‬0 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = = 5.5𝐴
2𝜋 𝜋
122.17
3) Power rating, 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 122.17 × = 1493 𝑊
𝑅
𝑉𝑜2
4) Power to the load, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = ⇒ 1210W
𝑅

4
 Lecture 3
Problem 3.1

Q1) A three-phase full-bridge rectifier charges a 240 V battery.

Input voltage to rectifier is 3-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz. Current
limiting resistance in series with battery is 8Ω and an inductor
makes the load current almost ripple free. Determine

a) Power delivered to battery and the load;

b) Input displacement factor;
c) Current distortion factor;
d) Input power factor;
e) Input HF or THD;

5
 Lecture 3
Problem 3.1
Solution
Line voltage

a) Here 𝑉𝑚𝑙 = 2 × 𝑉𝑙 = 2 × 230𝑉

3𝑉𝑚𝑙 3 2×230
Average output voltage, 𝑉𝑜 = = = 310.56𝑉
𝜋 𝜋
But, 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐸 + 𝐼0 𝑅
𝑉𝑜 −𝐸 310.56−240
Average value of battery charging current, 𝐼𝑜 = = = 8.82𝐴
𝑅 8
Power delivered to battery = 𝐸𝐼𝑜 = 240 × 8.82 = 2116.8𝑊
Power delivered to load, 𝑃𝑑 = 𝐸𝐼𝑜 + 𝐼𝑜2 𝑅
Since load current is ripple free, 𝐼𝑜𝑟 = 𝐼𝑜 = 8.82𝐴
So, 𝑃𝑑 = 240 × 8.82 + 8.822 × 8 = 2739.16𝑊

6
 Lecture 3
Problem 3.1
Solution
b) For ripple free load current, phase-a current 𝑖𝑎 , or transformer
secondary current 𝑖𝑠 would be constant at 𝐼𝑜 = 8.82𝐴 from 𝜔𝑡 = 30∘ to
150∘ and −𝐼𝑜 from 210°to 330°and so on. As positive and negative
half cycles are identical, average value of 𝑖𝑠 = 0, i.e. 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 0.

2 5𝜋/6
Or 𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝐼𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜔𝑡. 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
𝜋 𝜋/6

2 5𝜋/6 2𝐼𝑜
𝑎1 = ‫׬‬ 𝐼𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜔𝑡. 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = [𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 50∘ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 0∘ ] = 0
𝜋 𝜋/6 𝜋

2 5𝜋/6 2𝐼𝑜 2 3
𝑏1 = ‫׬‬ 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝜔𝑡. 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 50∘ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 0∘ ] = 𝐼
𝜋 𝜋/6 𝜋 𝜋 𝑜

See Page.33
(Week 3) 7
 Lecture 3
Problem 3.1
Solution
From the original Fourier series expression, fundamental component
of source current is given by
2 3 0
𝑖𝑠1 = 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡 and 𝜙1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ] = 0∘
𝜋 𝑜 𝑏1

Input displacement factor, 𝐷𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙1 = 1.

2 3 𝐼𝑜
c) RMS value of fundamental source current, 𝐼𝑠1 = ×
𝜋 2
1/2
𝐼𝑜2 ×2𝜋 2
RMS value of source current, 𝐼𝑠 = = 𝐼
𝜋×3 3 𝑜

𝐼𝑠1 2 3×𝐼𝑜 3 3
Current distortion factor, 𝐶𝐷𝐹 = = × = = 0.955
𝐼𝑠 𝜋× 2 2𝐼𝑜 𝜋
8
 Lecture 3
Problem 3.1
Solution
d) Input PF = 𝐶𝐷𝐹 × 𝐷𝐹 = 0.955 × 1 = 0.955
1/2 1/2
𝐼𝑠 2 1 2
e) 𝐻𝐹 = 𝑇𝐻𝐷 = −1 = −1 = 0.3106
𝐼𝑠1 0.955

9
 Lecture 4
Problem 4.1
Q1) A single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with R load is
supplied from a 230 V, 50 Hz AC source. When average dc output
voltage is 50% of maximum possible average dc output voltage,
determine
1) Firing angle of SCR.
2) Average dc output voltage.
3) RMS output voltage.
4) Average and RMS output currents.
5) Average and RMS currents of SCR.
[Assume 𝑅 = 20 𝛀]

10
 Lecture 4
Problem 4.1
Solution
1) When 𝛼 = 00 , the maximum possible average output voltage is available
across load.
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 + cos 𝛼 → 𝑉𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 + cos 0 =
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
Consider that 𝑉𝑜 = 50% × 𝑉𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 × → 1 + cos 𝛼 = 0.5 ×
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋

Therefore, the firing angle of SCR is obtained as 𝛼 = 900 .

𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
2) Average dc output voltage, 𝑉𝑜 = 1 + cos 𝛼 = 1 + cos 90 = 51.7𝑉
2𝜋 2𝜋

𝑉𝑚 2 𝜋−𝛼 +sin 2𝛼
3) RMS output voltage, 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = 115.01𝑉
2 2𝜋
𝑉𝑜 51.7
4) Average output current, 𝐼𝑜 = = = 2.58 𝐴;
𝑅 20
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 115.01
RMS output current, 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = = 5.755𝐴 11
𝑅 20
 Lecture 4
Problem 4.1
Solution

5) Since the SCR current waveform is same as output current waveform,

average current of SCR is 𝐼𝑜 = 2.58 𝐴
RMS current of SCR is 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 5.755 𝐴

12
 Lecture 4
Problem 4.2
Q2) A single-phase fully controlled bridge converter with RLE load
is supplied from 230 V, 50 Hz ac supply. The average load current
is 5 A which is constant over the working range. Determine the
firing angle for

a) 𝐸 = 100 𝑉

b) 𝐸 = −100 𝑉

[Assume 𝑅 = 4Ω and 𝐿 = 4 mH]

13
 Lecture 4
Problem 4.2
The average output voltage with RLE load at firing angle 𝛼 is,

1 𝜋+𝛼 2𝑉𝑚 Check??

𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = cos 𝛼
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋

𝑉𝑜 −𝐸 𝑉𝑜 −100
a) When 𝐸 = 100 𝑉, the average current is 𝐼𝑜 = →5= → 𝑉𝑜 = 120𝑉
𝑅 4
2𝑉𝑚 2× 2×230
Consider, 𝑉𝑜 = cos 𝛼 → 120 = cos 𝛼 → 𝛼 = 54.590
𝜋 𝜋

b) When 𝐸 = −100 𝑉, 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑅 + 𝐸 = 5 × 4 − 100 = −80 𝑉

2𝑉𝑚 2× 2×230
Therefore, 𝑉𝑜 = cos 𝛼 → −80 = cos 𝛼 → 𝛼 = 112.70
𝜋 𝜋

14
 Lecture 5
(Useful formulae for 3-phase Half-wave rectifier)
3 3𝑉𝑚
The average output voltage, 𝑉𝑜 = cos 𝛼
2𝜋
3 3𝑉𝑚
The maximum average output voltage at 𝛼 = 00 , 𝑉𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝜋
5𝜋 1/2
1 +𝛼
The rms output voltage, 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = ‫׬‬𝜋
6
𝑉𝑚2 sin2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋/3 +𝛼
6

For resistive load, 𝛼 ≥ 300

3𝑉𝑚 𝜋
𝑉𝑜 = 1 + cos +𝛼
2𝜋 6
1/2
3 𝜋 2 sin2 𝜔𝑡
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = ‫׬‬𝜋 𝑉𝑚 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 6 +𝛼

15
 Lecture 5
Problem 5.1
Q1. A three-phase half-wave controlled converter is operated from 3-
phase, 230 V, 50 Hz supply with load resistance 𝑅 = 10Ω. An average
output voltage of 50% of the maximum possible output voltage is
required. Determine

a) the firing angle,

b) average and rms values of load current,
c) rectification efficiency

16
 Lecture 5
Problem 5.1
Solution
a) For 𝑅 load, voltage is continuous when 𝛼 ≤ 300 and average output
voltage is given by
3 3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = cos 𝛼
2𝜋
3 3𝑉𝑚 3 3×187.7
Its maximum possible value is, 𝑉𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 155.3𝑉
2𝜋 2𝜋

𝑉𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 155.3
Required average output voltage = = = 77.65𝑉
2 2

3 3𝑉𝑚
⇒ 𝑉𝑜 = cos 𝛼 = 𝑉𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 cos 𝛼
2𝜋

Line Voltage 230

Phase voltage = = = 132.8 𝑉𝑚 = 2 × 132.8 = 187.7
3 3

17
 Lecture 5
Problem 5.1
Solution
1
Now, 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 cos 𝛼 [∴ 𝛼 = 600 ]
2 𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥
1
This shows that actual value of 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 77.65𝑉 cannot be
2
obtained for 𝛼 < 300 , but for 𝛼 > 300 . Therefore, average value of
output voltage is obtained as

3𝑉𝑚 3 3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = 1 + cos 𝛼 + 300 = 1 + cos 𝛼 + 300
2𝜋 2𝜋 3
1 0
2𝜋 𝑉𝑜 1
∴ 1 + cos 𝛼 + 30 = 𝑉𝑜 × = =
3 3 3𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 2

∴ 𝛼 = 67.70
18
 Lecture 5
Problem 5.1
Solution
𝑉𝑜 77.65
b) Average load current, 𝐼𝑜 = = = 7.765 𝐴
𝑅 10
3𝑉𝑚 5𝜋 1 1/2
RMS voltage is 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = −𝛼 + sin 2𝛼 + 𝜋/3
2 𝜋 6 2

3×187.7 5𝜋 67.7×𝜋 1
= − + sin 2 × 67.7 + 𝜋/3 = 104.76𝑉
2 𝜋 6 180 2

104.765
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = 10.477𝐴
10

𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 77.65×7.765
c) Rectifier efficiency = = = 0.5493 = 54.93%
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 104.765×10.477

19
 Lecture 5
Problem 5.2
Q2. A three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier is fed from 3-phase,
440 V, 50-Hz ac supply and it is connected with the load resistance
𝑅 = 10Ω. When the firing angle of thyristor is 200 , calculate
a) the dc output voltage,
b) the rms value of output voltage,
c) the form factor,
d) the ripple factor,
e) the average output current,
f) the rms load current,
g) dc output power
h) ac power supplied, and
i) rectification efficiency.

20
 Lecture 5
Problem 5.2
Solution
Line Voltage 440
Phase voltage = = = 254.04𝑉 𝑉𝑚 = 2 × 254.04 = 359.2 V
3 3

Since firing angle is less than 300 , the output voltage as well as load
current will be continuous.
3 3Vm
a) Vo = 2π
cos α = 279.15 V
5π 1/2
1 +α
2
b) VRMS = ‫׬‬
π
6
Vm sin2 ωt d(ωt) = 291.48 V
2π/3 +α
6

VRMS
c) Form factor = = 1.0441
Vo

d) Ripple factor = 𝐹𝐹 2 − 1 = 0.30

21
 Lecture 5
Problem 5.2
Solution
V𝑜 279.15
e) Average load current, 𝐼𝑜 = = = 27.91 𝐴
𝑅 10

V𝑅𝑀𝑆 291.48
f) RMS load current, 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = = 29.14 𝐴
𝑅 10

g) The dc output power, 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 = 7792.47 𝑊

h) AC power supplied, 𝑃𝐴𝐶 = 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 2 𝑅 = 8696.05 𝑊

𝑃𝑜
i) Rectification efficiency, η = = 89.6 %
𝑃𝐴𝐶

22
 Lecture 5
Problem 5.3
Q3. A three-phase full-wave controlled rectifier is used to charge 200
V battery from a 3-phase, 220 V, 50-Hz ac supply. Assume the internal
resistance of battery is 0.5Ω and a inductance is connected in series
with a battery so that the 10 A constant charging current flows. A)
Determine the firing angle of converter and the input power factor. B) If
power flows from battery to ac side, what will be the firing angle of
converter?

23
 Lecture 5
Problem 5.3
Solution
Line Voltage 220
Phase voltage = = = 127.02 𝑉𝑚 = 2 × 127 = 179.63
3 3

a) The output voltage of the rectifier when it is charging battery is

𝑉𝑜 = 𝐸 + 𝐼𝑜 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 200 + 10 × 0.5 = 205 𝑉

At firing angle 𝛼, the average dc output voltage is

3 3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = 205 = cos 𝛼 = 297.25 cos 𝛼 → 𝛼 = 46.390
𝜋
1 2 2𝜋 1/2 1 2 2𝜋 1/2
RMS supply current, 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼 = 10 = 8.164 𝐴
𝜋 𝑜 3 𝜋 3

24
 Lecture 5
Problem 5.3
Solution

a) Power delivered to load, 𝑃𝑜 = 𝐸𝐼𝑜 + 𝐼𝑜 2 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 2050 𝑊

𝑃𝑜 2050
We know that, 3𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜑 = 𝑃𝑜 → cos 𝜑 = = = 0.65
3𝑉𝐼 3×220×8.16

b) If the battery is used to deliver power to ac side, the output voltage

𝑉𝑜 = 𝐸 − 𝐼𝑜 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 200 − 10 × 0.5 = 195 𝑉

The output voltage will be negative.

At firing angle 𝛼, the average dc output voltage is

3 3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = −195 = cos 𝛼 = 297.25 cos 𝛼 → 𝛼 = 130.990
𝜋
25
See you in the next class (April 09th)
Next Lecture on April 09th − Reading Week
All the Best for Lab session – Lab materials
will be uploaded soon!
Week 12 Lecture (May 14th) needs reschedule
– Clash with research conference travel
1

2
3
Week 11 May 06, Monday, 4 ~ 5:30 PM (1)
Possible options May 20, Monday, 4 ~ 5:30 PM (2)
Week 13
May 24, Friday, 2 ~ 3:30 PM (3) 26