P.No.

1 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

Subject: Physics
Unit: Gravitation
Notes Compiled by:
Parvez Ahmad Sheikh.
R/O Trapy (Khag)
Mobile.No.9697474385, 8491096907
Email:[email protected]

Notes compiled and printed by: Parvez Ahmad Sheikh (Trapy-Khag) 9697474385, 8491096907.
P.No. 2 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

Q: Define the following:

a) Gravitation (G)
b) Gravity (g)
c) Centripetal force
Ans. a) Gravitation (G): Gravitation is the phenomenon of attraction between
any two objects in the universe and the force with which two objects attract
each other is called gravitational force. It is denoted by ‘G’. Value of G = 6.67 X
10-11 Nm2 kg-2. Its S.I unit is Nm2//kg2 (or Nm2 kg-2).
Force of gravitation is always the force of attraction. It is never repulsive.
If the masses of the objects (or bodies) are small, then the gravitational force
between them is very small. If, however, one of the objects is very big, then the
gravitational force becomes very large.
The gravitational force of attraction between any two objects is always
mutual.
b) Gravity (g): The gravitational force exerted by earth is called gravity. It is
denoted by ‘g’. Value of g = 9.8 m/s2.
The force of gravity (g) decreases with altitude. It also varies on the surface
of the earth, decreasing from poles to the equator.
c) Centripetal force: The force that causes acceleration and keeps the body
moving along the circular path and which is acting towards the centre is called
the centripetal force (meaning ‘centre – seeking’). For example, the motion of
the moon around the earth is due to the centripetal force, provided by force of
attraction of the earth on the moon.
Q: State the Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation.
Ans. The Newton’s universal law of gravitation states that every object in the
universe attracts every other object with a force which is proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.
Let two objects (or bodies) A and B of masses m1 and m2 lie at a distance ‘r’
from each other. Let the force of attraction between the two objects be ‘F’. Now,
according to the Newton’s universal law of gravitation, (i) the force between the
two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses.
Notes compiled and printed by: Parvez Ahmad Sheikh (Trapy-Khag) 9697474385, 8491096907.
P.No. 3 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

That is, F α m1 x m2 (i)

(ii) And the force between the two objects is inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them.
1
That is, F α (ii)
r2
R2
By combining eq. (i) and (ii) we get,
M 1xx m2
m1 m2
Fα
r2
R2

Mx
m1 1x m2
m2
Or F=G
r2
R2
Where ‘G’ is the constant of proportionality and is called the universal
gravitational constant.
Q. What is the unit and value of universal gravitational constant (G)?
Ans. According to the Newton’s universal law of gravitation,
Gm1m2
Gm1m2
F=
r2
R2
Gm 1m2
Gm1m2
Or =F
r2
R2
Or Gm1m2 = F x r2
𝐹 𝑥 r2
Or G= (i)
m1m2

As S.I unit of force is Newton (N), S.I unit of distance ‘r’ is metre (m) and S.I unit
of masses m1 and m2 is kilogram (kg), therefore, S.I unit of gravitational constant
‘G’ from eq. (i) becomes Nm2/kg2 (or Nm2kg-2).
The value of ‘G’ was found by Henry Cavendish by using a sensitive balance. The
accepted value of G = 6.673 x 10- 11 Nm2kg-2.
The value of ‘G’ does not depend upon masses of two bodies, distance
between the bodies, nature of medium separating the bodies, shape and size of
the bodies, nature of bodies (terrestrial or celestial). That is why ‘G’ is called as
universal gravitational constant.
Though the various objects attract on this earth each other constantly, they
do not cause any motion because the gravitational force of attraction between

Notes compiled and printed by: Parvez Ahmad Sheikh (Trapy-Khag) 9697474385, 8491096907.
P.No. 4 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

them is very small. If however, at least one of the objects is large (like the sun
and the earth) then the gravitational force becomes very large.
Mass of the Sun = 2 x 1030 kg.
Mass of the Earth = 6 x 1024 kg
Mass of the Moon = 7.4 x 1022 kg
See and note the example 4.1 on text book of page no.62
Know about Newton on text book page no. 61
Text Book Questions of Page no.63

Q.No.1: State the universal law of gravitation.

Ans. Already discussed on page no. 02
Q.No.2: Write the formula to find the magnitude of the gravitational force
between the earth and an object on the surface of the earth.
G x Mx m
Ans. Gravitational force, F=
R2
R2
Where G = Gravitational constant
M = Mass of the earth
m = mass of the object
and R = Radius of the earth
Text Book Questions of Page no.66

Q.No.1: What do you mean by free fall?

Ans. Whenever objects fall towards the earth under the action of its force of
gravity alone, we say that the objects are in free fall.
The acceleration produced in the freely falling bodies is same for all the
bodies (or objects) and it does not depend on the mass of the falling body.
Q.No.2: What do you mean by acceleration due to gravity?
Ans. The uniform acceleration produced in a freely falling body due to the
gravitational force of the earth is known as acceleration due to gravity. It is
denoted by the letter ‘g’. The value of g = 9.8 m/s2 (or 9.8 ms-2).
See and note the example 4.2 on text book, page no.65.
Notes compiled and printed by: Parvez Ahmad Sheikh (Trapy-Khag) 9697474385, 8491096907.
P.No. 5 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

See and note the example 4.3 on text book, page no.66.
Q. Derive a relation between the acceleration due to gravity, ‘g’ and the
gravitational constant, ‘G’.
Sol. Suppose a body of mass ‘m’ lying on the surface of the earth. Let the mass
and radius of the earth be ‘M’ and ‘R’ respectively. Now, according to the
universal law of gravitation, the force of attraction between the body and the
earth is given by,
G xx Mx
G M xm
m
F= (i)
R2
R2
The weight of the body on the surface of the earth is equal to the force acting
on the body.
Therefore, F = mass of the body x acceleration due to gravity
Or, F=m x g (ii)
Substitute the value of ‘F’ from eq. (ii) in eq. (i), we get:
GGx xMx
M xmm
mxg=
R2R2

GG
x xMx
Mmxm
Or, g=
R2
R2xx m
m

𝐆𝐌
Or, g=
𝐑𝟐
R2
Where, g = acceleration due to gravity,
G = Universal gravitational constant,
M = Mass of the earth,
and R = Radius of the earth.
Q. Difference between acceleration due to gravity, ‘g’ and the universal
gravitational constant, ‘G’.
Ans.
Acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ Gravitational constant ‘G’
Its value is 9.8 m/s2 on the surface of 1 Its value is 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2
the earth.
Notes compiled and printed by: Parvez Ahmad Sheikh (Trapy-Khag) 9697474385, 8491096907.
P.No. 6 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

Its value varies at the different places 2 Its value remains constant
on the surface of the earth. everywhere.
Its S.I unit is m/s2. 3 Its S.I unit is Nm2/kg2
It is a vector quantity. 4 It is a scaler quantity.
Q. Define the following:
(1) Mass and (2) Weight
Ans. (1) Mass (m): The mass of a body is the quantity of matter (material)
contained in it. Mass is a scaler quantity. The S.I unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
The mass of a body is constant and does not change from place to place. It is
usually denoted by ‘m’. The mass of a body cannot be zero. The mass of a body
is measured by a common beam balance.
(2) Weight: The weight of a body is the force with which it is attracted towards
the centre of the earth.
Or
The force of earth’s gravity acting on a body is known as its weight.
It is denoted by ‘W’. Its S.I unit is Newton. It is a vector quantity.
Weight of a body, W=mxg
Where, m = mass of the body
and g = acceleration due to gravity.
The weight of a body is not constant everywhere. It changes from place to place.
The weight of a body is measured with a spring balance.
1
The weight of an object on the moon will be about one –sixth ( ) of what it is
6
on the earth.
Q. Mas of a body is 5kg. What is its weight?
Sol. Here, mass of the body, m = 5kg
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
We know that, weight of a body, W= m x g
Therefore, weight of the body , W = 5 x 9.8
= 49 N Ans.

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P.No. 7 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

Q: What is the weight of an object on the moon?

Ans. The weight of an object on moon is the force with which the object is
attracted towards the centre of the moon.
The weight of an object on the moon is about one – sixth (1/6) of what it
is on the earth,
1
i.e. Weight on moon = x weight on earth
6
1
Or, Wm = We
6

See and note the example 4.4 and example 4.5 on text book, page no.68.
Text Book Questions of Page no.68

Q.No.1: What are the differences between the mass of an object and its
weight?
Ans.
Mass Weight
The mass of an object is the quantity 1 The weight of an object is the force
of matter contained in it. with which it is attracted towards
the centre of the earth.
The mass of an object remains 2 It is not constant at everywhere. It
constant at all the places. changes with the change in
acceleration due to gravity, ‘g’.
The mass of an object can never be 3 Weight of an object becomes zero, if
zero. value of ‘g’ is zero at any place.
It is a scaler quantity. 4 It is a vector quantity.
Its S.I unit is kilogram (kg) 5 Its S.I unit is Newton (N).
It is measured by a common beam 6 It is measured by spring balance.
balance.
𝟏
Q.No.2: Why is the weight of an object on the moon th its weight on the
𝟔
earth?
Ans. Let ‘ME’ be the mass of the Earth and ‘m’ be an object on the surface of the
Earth. Let ‘RE’ be the radius of the Earth. According to the universal law of
gravitation, weight ‘WE’ of the object on the surface of the Earth is given by:

GMEm
GMem
WE =
𝑅𝐸2
RE2
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P.No. 8 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

Let ‘MM’ and ‘RM’ be the mass and radius of the moon respectively. Then,
according to the universal law of gravitation, weight ‘WE’ of the object on the
surface of the moon is given by:
GMMm
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑊𝑀 =
𝐵𝐵2
R M

So, ratio of weight of object on moon to weight on earth is given by,

WM
𝐵𝐵𝐵 MM RE2
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
=
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
WE ME RM2

Where,
ME =5.98 × 1024 𝑘𝑔
MM =7.36 × 1022 𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝐸 = 6.4 × 106 𝑚
𝑅𝑀 = 1.74 × 106 𝑚

W M 7.36 x 1022 x (6.4 x 106)2

𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 1
⇒ = = 0.165 =
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
WE 5.98 x 1024 x (1.74 x 106)2 6

1
Therefore, weight of an object on the moon is of its weight on the Earth.
6

Text Book Questions of Page no.69 and 70

Q.No.1: How does the force of gravitation between two objects change when
the distance between them is reduced to half?
Ans. The force of gravitation between two objects is inversely proportional to
the square of distance between them.
1
i.e. Fα
r2
1
Now, when the distance between two objects is reduced to half, that is made ,
2
then the force between them become,
1
F= =4
69999999
𝟏 2
( )
𝟐

Hence, if the distance is reduced to half, then the gravitational force becomes
four times larger than the previous value.
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P.No. 9 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

Q.No.2: Gravitational force acts on all objects in proportion to their masses.

Why then, a heavy object does not fall faster than a light object?
Ans. All objects fall on ground with constant acceleration, called acceleration
due to gravity (in the absence of air resistances). It is constant and does not
depend upon the mass of an object. Hence, heavy objects do not fall faster than
light objects
Q.No.3: What is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the earth
and a 1 kg object on its surface? (Mass of the earth is 6 × 1024 kg and radius of
the earth is 6.4 × 106 m).
Ans. According to the universal law of gravitation, gravitational force exerted on
an object of mass m is given by
𝐆𝐌𝐦
F=
r2
Where,
Mass of Earth, M = 6 × 1024 kg
Mass of object, m = 1 kg
Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.7 × 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
Since the object is on the surface of the Earth,
r = radius of the Earth (R)
r = R = 6.4 × 106 m
Therefore, the gravitational force
𝐆𝐌𝐦
F=
r2

6.7 × 10-11 x 6 × 1024 x 1

4444444444444444
= = 9.8 N Ans.
(6.4 x 106)2

Q.No.4: The earth and the moon are attracted to each other by gravitational
force. Does the earth attract the moon with a force that is greater or smaller
or the same as the force with which the moon attracts the earth? Why?
Ans. The earth attracts the moon with the same force with which the moon
attracts the earth. This is because according to Newton’s third law of motion,
the forces of action and reaction are always equal and opposite.
Q.No.5: If the moon attracts the earth, why does the earth not move towards
the moon?
Ans. Both the earth and the moon attract each other with the same force. But
according to Newton’s second law of motion, acceleration produced in a body
𝐹
by any force is inversely proportional to the mass of the body (a = ). Since, mass
𝑚
of the earth is much more than that of the moon, the acceleration produced in
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P.No. 10 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

the earth is negligible. As a result, it appears as if the earth does not move
towards the moon.
Q.No.6: What happens to the force between two objects, if
(i) the mass of one object is doubled?
(ii) the distance between the objects is doubled and tripled?
(iii) the masses of both objects are doubled?
Ans. According to the universal law of gravitation, the force of gravitation
between two objects is given by:
𝐆𝐌𝐦
F=
r2

(i) F is directly proportional to the masses of the objects. If the mass of one
object is doubled, then the gravitational force will also get doubled (it becomes
2 times)
(ii) F is inversely proportional to the square of the distances between the
objects. If the distance is doubled, then the gravitational force becomes one-
1
fourth ( ) of its original value.
4
Similarly, if the distance is tripled, then the gravitational force becomes one-
1
ninth ( ) of its original value.
9
(iii) F is directly proportional to the product of masses of the objects. If the
masses of both the objects are doubled, then the gravitational force becomes
four times the original value.
Q.No.7: What is the importance of universal law of gravitation?
Ans. The universal law of gravitation has explained several phenomena, e.g.
(i) The gravitational force of the earth is responsible for binding us on the earth.
(ii) The gravitational force of the earth is responsible for holding the atmosphere
around the earth, rainfall, snowfall, flow of water in rivers, motion of the moon
around the earth etc.
(iii) The tides in the oceans are due to the gravitational force of the moon and
the sun.
Q.No.8: What is the acceleration of free fall?
Ans. When objects fall towards the Earth under the effect of gravitational force
alone, then they are said to be in free fall. Acceleration of free fall is 9.8 ms -2,
which is constant for all objects (irrespective of their masses).
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P.No. 11 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

Q.No.9: What do we call the gravitational force between the Earth and an
object?
Ans. Gravitational force between the earth and an object is known as the weight
of the object.
Q.No.10: Amit buys few grams of gold at the poles as per the instruction of one
of his friends. He hands over the same when he meets him at the equator. Will
the friend agree with the weight of gold bought? If not, why? [Hint: The value
of 𝑔 is greater at the poles than at the equator].
Ans. No, Amit’s friend will not agree with the weight of gold bought because
weight is the force with which the earth attracts the object.
Weight of a body on the Earth is given by W = m x g
Where,
m = Mass of the body
g = Acceleration due to gravity
The value of g is greater at poles than at the equator. Therefore, gold at the
equator weighs less than at the poles. Hence, Amit’s friend will not agree with
the weight of the gold bought.
Q.No.11: Why will a sheet of paper fall slower than one that is crumpled into
a ball?
Ans. When a sheet of paper is crumbled into a ball, then its density increases.
Hence, resistance to its motion through the air decreases and it falls faster than
the sheet of paper.
𝟏
Q.No.12: Gravitational force on the surface of the moon is only as strong as
𝟔
gravitational force on the Earth. What is the weight in Newtons of a 10 kg
object on the moon and on the Earth?
𝟏
Sol. Weight of an object on the moon = x Weight of an object on the Earth
𝟔
Weight = Mass × acceleration due to gravity
And, acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
Therefore, weight of a 10 kg object on the Earth = 10 × 9.8 = 98 N ans.
𝟏
And, weight of the same object on the moon = ×98=16.3 N ans.
𝟔

Q.No.13: A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 49 m/s.

Calculate
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P.No. 12 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

(i) the maximum height to which it rises,

(ii) the total time it takes to return to the surface of the earth.
Sol. (i) Here, Initial velocity of ball, u = 9.8 m/s
Final velocity of ball, v = 0 m/s (The ball stops at top)
Acceleration due to gravity, a = g = - 9.8 m/s2 (The ball goes up against the gravity)
And, Height, h =?
Now, putting all these values in the formula:
v2 = u2 + 2gh (here a = g and s = h)
We get: (0)2 = (49)2 + 2 x (- 9.8) x h
0 = 2401 – 19.6 h
⇒ 19.6 h = 2401
2401
⇒ h=
19.6

⇒ h = 122.5 ans.
Thus the maximum height to which the ball rises is 122.5 metres.
(ii) Let ‘t’ be the time taken by the ball to reach the height 122.5 m, then
according to the equation of motion,
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑔𝑡 (here a = g)
We get,
0 = 49 + (−9.8)
⇒ 9.8𝑡 = 49
49
⇒ t = = 5 seconds
9.8
But,
Time of ascent = Time of descent
Therefore, total time taken by the ball to return = t + t = 5 + 5 = 10 s ans.
Q.No.14: A stone is released from the top of a tower of height 19.6 m. Calculate
its final velocity just before touching the ground.
Sol. Here, Initial velocity, u = 0 m/s
Final velocity, v =?
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
And, height, h = 19.6 m
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P.No. 13 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

Now, putting all these values in the formula:

v2 = u2 + 2gh (here a = g and s = h)
We get: v2 = (0)2 + 2 x 9.8 x 19.6
⇒ v2 = 19.6 x 19.6
⇒ v2 = (19.6)2

⇒ v = √33333
(19.6)2
⇒ v = 19.6 m/s ans.
Thus, the velocity of stone just before hitting the ground will be 19.6 m/s.
Q.No.15: A stone is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 40 m/s.
Taking g = 10 m/s2, find the maximum height reached by the stone. What is
the net displacement and the total distance covered by the stone?
Sol. Here, Initial velocity, u = 40 m/s
Final velocity, v = 0 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity, g = - 10 m/s2
And, height, h =?
Now, putting all these values in the formula:
v2 - u2 = 2gh (here a = g and s = h)
We get:
(0)2 – (40)2 = 2 x (- 10) h
⇒ 0 – 1600 = - 20 h
⇒ 20 h = 1600
𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎
⇒ h= = 80 m ans.
𝟐𝟎
Displacement: Net displacement during its upward and downward journey = 80
+ (−80) = 0 m.
Distance: Total distance covered by the stone during its upward and downward
journey = 80 + 80 = 160 m.
Q.No.16: Calculate the force of gravitation between the earth and the Sun,
given that the mass of the earth = 6 × 1024 kg and of the Sun = 2 × 1030 kg. The
average distance between the two is 1.5 × 1011 m.
Sol. According to the universal law of gravitation, the force of attraction
between the Earth and the Sun is given by:

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P.No. 14 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

G x m1 x m2
GGGGGGGGG
F=
R2

Where, Gravitational constant, G = 6.7 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2

Mass of the earth, m1 = 6 x 1024 kg
Mass of the sun, m2 = 2 x 1030 kg
And, Average distance between the Earth and the Sun, R = 1.5 × 1011 m
Now, putting all these values in the above formula, we get:
6.7 x 10-11 x 6 x 1024 x 2 x 1030
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
F=
(1.5 x 1011)2
⇒ F = 3.57 x 1022 N ans.
Hence, the force of gravitation between the Earth and the Sun is 3.57 x 1022 N
Q.No.17: A stone is allowed to fall from the top of a tower 100 m high and at
the same time another stone is projected vertically upwards from the ground
with a velocity of 25 m/s. Calculate when and where the two stones will meet.
Sol. Here, height of the tower, h = 100 m
Let the two stones meet after a time, t seconds at a point ‘P’ which is at a height
‘x’ above the ground as shown in figure.
(i) For the stone falling from top of tower:
Height, h = (100 - x)
Initial velocity, u = 0 m/s
Time, t =?
And, acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/2 (stone falls down)
Now, Now, putting all these values in the formula:
1
h = ut + gt2 (here a = g and s = h)
2
We get.
1
100 – x = 0 x t + x 9.8 x t2
2
⇒ 100 – x = 4.9 t2 ------------ (1)
(ii) For stone projected vertically upwards:
Height, h = x m
Initial velocity, u = 25 m/s
Time, t =?
And, acceleration due to gravity, g = - 9.8 m/2 (stone goes up)
Now, Now, putting all these values in the formula:
1
h = ut + gt2 (here a = g and s = h)
2
We get.
1
x = 25 x t + x (- 9.8) x t2
2
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P.No. 15 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

⇒ x = 25 t – 4.9 t2 ……………… (2)

On adding equations (1) and (2), we get:
100 – x + x = 4.9 t2 + 25 t – 4.9 t2
⇒ 100 = 25 t
100
⇒ t= =4s ans.
25
Thus, the two stones will meet after a time of 4 seconds.
Now, from equation (1) we have:
100 – x = 4.9 t2
Putting t = 4 in this equation we get:
100 – x = 4.9 x (4)2
⇒ 100 – x = 78.4
Or 100 – 78.4 = x
Or x = 21.6 m ans.
Thus, the two stones will meet at a height of 21.6 metres from the ground.
Q.No.18: A ball thrown up vertically returns to the thrower after 6 s. Find
(a) the velocity with which it was thrown up,
(b) the maximum height it reaches, and
(c) its position after 4 s.
Ans. (a) Time of ascent is equal to the time of descent. The ball takes a total of
6 s for its upward and downward journey.
Hence, it has taken 3 s to attain the maximum height.
Final velocity of the ball at the maximum height, v = 0 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity, g = −9.8 ms2
Using equation of motion, v = u + at, we have
0 = u + (−9.8 × 3)
⇒ u = 9.8 × 3 = 29.4 m/s ans
Hence, the ball was thrown upwards with a velocity of 29.4 m/s.
(b) Let the maximum height attained by the ball be h.
Initial velocity during the upward journey, u = 29.4 m/s
Final velocity, v = 0 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity, g = −9.8 m/s
Using the equation of motion,
1
s = ut + at2
2
1
⇒ h = 29.4 x 3 + x (- 9.8) x (3)2
2
= 44.1 m ans.
Hence, the maximum height is 44.1 m.
(c) Ball attains the maximum height after 3 s. After attaining this height, it will
start falling downwards.
In this case,
Notes compiled and printed by: Parvez Ahmad Sheikh (Trapy-Khag) 9697474385, 8491096907.
P.No. 16 Unit: Gravitation Class: 9th Session: 2017-2018

Initial velocity, u = 0 m/s

Position of the ball after 4 s of the throw is given by the distance travelled by it
during its downward journey in 4 s − 3 s = 1 s.
Using the equation of motion,
1
s = ut + at2
2
1
So, s = 0 x 1 + x 9.8 x (1)2
2
⇒ s = 4.9 m ans.
Now, total height = 44.1 m
This means, the ball is 39.2 m (44.1 m − 4.9 m) above the ground after 4 seconds.

Notes are compiled and printed by:

Parvez Ahmad Sheikh.
R/O Trapy (Khag)
Beerwa, Budgam, J&K.
Contact no. 9697474385- 8491096907

Notes compiled and printed by: Parvez Ahmad Sheikh (Trapy-Khag) 9697474385, 8491096907.