RAINFALL - RUNOFF

RELATIONSHIP
CE_3K_GROUP 8
MEMBERS:
BELLO, WINDY LOU
DAMO, LUIGE
OYAN, VINCES
SOGOC, JYLIAN
OBJECTIVES
WHAT IS RAINFALL AND RUN0FF
TYPES OF RUNOFF
FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF
METHODS OF RUNOFF COMPUTATION
RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH
COMPONENTS OF HYDROGRAPH
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SHAPE OF HYDROGRAPH
BASE FLOW SEPARATION OF HYDROGRAPH
WHAT IS WHAT IS
RAINFALL? RUNOFF?
Rainfall is the primary Runoff is the flow of
source of water for water across the earth,
runoff generation over and is a major
the land surface. component in the
hydrological cycle.
TYPES OF RUNOFF
01 SURFACE
RUNOFF
it is that portion of
rainfall, which
enters the stream
immediately after
the rainfall.
TYPES OF RUNOFF
02 SUB -SURFACE
RUNOFF
part of rainfall, which
first leaches into the
soil and moves laterally
without joining the
water table, to the
streams, rivers, and sea
TYPES OF RUNOFF
03 BASE FLOW
it is delayed flow,
defined as that part of
rainfall, which after
falling on the ground
surface, infiltrate into
the soil and meets to
the water table.
 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN SUB-SURFACE
FLOW AND GROUNDWATER
FLOW?
FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF
The runoff rate and its volume from an
area, mainly influenced by following two
factors:
CLIMATIC FACTORS
PHYSIOGRAPHIC FACTORS
 CLIMATIC
01
TYPE OF PRECIPITATION
02
RAINFALL INTENSITY
03
DURATION OF RAINFALL

It is the most important factor If rainfall intensity is greater

Rainfall duration is
for runoff. than infiltration rate of the
soil, the surface runoff takes
directly related to the
Runoff depends on the type of
storm and its duration caused place very shortly, while in volume of runoff, due to
by precipitation. Cases where cases of low intensity the fact that infiltration
if precipitation is snow, then rainfall, there is fund a rate of the soil goes on
less runoff. reverse trend to the same. decreasing with the
Runoff depends on intensity of Thus, high intensities rainfall duration of rainfall, till it
rainfall. More rain would mean yield higher runoff. attains a constant rate.
more runoff.
 CLIMACTIC
04
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION
05
DIRECTION OF THE PREVAILING
WIND
Runoff from a watershed depends
If the direction of the prevailing wind
very much on the distribution of
is same, as the drainage system then
rainfall, the rainfall distribution
it has a great influence on the
for this propose can be expressed
resulting peak flow and also on
by the term of distribution
duration of surface flow, to reach the
coefficient, which my be defined
outlet. A storm moving in the
as the ratio of max. rainfall at
direction of stream slope, produces a
appoint to the mean rainfall of the
higher peak in shorter period of time,
watershed. The greater value of
than the storm moving in opposite
the distribution coeff., grater the
direction
peak runoff..
 PHYSIOGRAPHIC
the different characteristics of watershed and channel, which affect the
runoff, are listed below:
size of watershed soil moisture
shape of watershed soil type
slope of watershed topographic
orientation of characteristic
watershed drainage density
land use
 PHYSIOGRAPHIC
brief definitions to the previous list:
SHAPE AND SIZE OF TOPOGRAPHY AND ORIENTATION
CATCHMENT
Runoff depends on surface
Runoff depends upon size, shape smoothness and slope.
and location of the catchment. If slope is steep, flow will be quick
Generally more rainfall on small with less evaporation and absorption,
areas result in a greater runoff. resulting to greater runoff.
Types of Catchment. If catchment is in mountainous area
Fan Shaped and on the windward side of the
Fern Leaf mountain, the more rainfall will go
through this area resulting to more
runoff.
METHOD OF RUNOFF:
RATIONAL METHOD
WHAT IS RATIONAL METHOD?
The rational method is a straightforward way to estimate how much rainwater
will flow into drainage systems during a storm. It's a commonly used technique
in hydrology, which is the study of water and its movement on Earth's surface
The rational method is like a simple math formula for predicting how much
rainwater will flow into drains during a storm. It combines three things:.
1. HOW HARD IT'S RAINING: THIS TELLS US HOW MUCH RAIN IS FALLING
PER HOUR.
2. THE SIZE OF THE AREA GETTING RAINED ON: THIS IS LIKE MEASURING
THE SPACE WHERE RAINDROPS ARE LANDING.
3. HOW MUCH OF THE RAIN ACTUALLY ENDS UP IN THE DRAINS: SOME
RAIN GETS SOAKED UP BY THE GROUND, SO WE NEED TO ESTIMATE
HOW MUCH MAKES IT TO THE DRAINS.
RATIONAL METHOD
Q = Cf CiA

Where:
Q = Peak Flow (Cubic feet/sec)
Cf = Runoff coefficient adjustment factor
C = Runoff coefficient
i = Rainfall intensity
A = Drainage Area
ASSUMPTION AND LIMITATIONS:
Applies to small urban watersheds with drainage
areas not larger than 200 acres (80.94 hectares).
The peak flow is assume to occur when the entire
watershed is contributing runoff.
The rainfall intensity is assumed to be uniform over
a time duration.
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. A small urban watershed has an area 70
hectares and is generally composed of light
industrial areas. Calculate the peak runoff
equivalent to a 25-year return period at its
outlet if the observe rainfall intensity is
5mm/hr.
SOLUTION:

Given:
i = 5mm/hr(1m/1000mm) = 0.005m/hr
A = 70Ha(10000 m^2/1ha) = 70000m^2
Q = CfCiA
Q = (1.1)(0.50)(0.005m/hr)(70000m^2)x(1hr/3600s)
Q = 107 m^3/s
SAMPLE PROBLEM:

2. A park and cemetery area has a drainage area of

3 hectares and experiences a rainfall intensity of 5
millimeters per hour during a storm event. The
runoff coefficient for park and cemetery areas is
typically 0.4. Calculate the peak runoff rate for this
area.
SOLUTION:

Q = CiA
Q = 0.10(0.005m/hr)x(3ha(10000m^2/1ha)(1hr/3600s)
Q= 4.17 m^3/s
RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH
Hydrograph is a graphical or tabular representation of
instantaneous runoff/discharge rate against time.
A hydrograph represents the total runoff (direct + base
flow), occurring at a given time. It also shows the time
distribution of total runoff at a certain point of
measurements.
RAINFALL-RUNOFF HYDROLOGIC MODEL
DEVELOPMENT IN CDO
The hydrologic model of Cagayan de Oro River Basin was
developed using Watershed Modeling System (WMS)
version 9.1. The software was developed by Aquaveo, a
water resources engineering consulting firm in United
States. WMS is a program capable of various watershed
computations and hydrologic simulations.
COMPONENTS OF HYDROGRAPH
01 RISING LIMB
also known as
“concentration curve” it
represents the increase in
discharge due to the gradual
building up of storage in
channels and over the
catchment surface.
COMPONENTS OF HYDROGRAPH
02 CREST SEGMENT
one of the most
important parts of a
hydrograph as it
contains the peak
flow
COMPONENTS OF HYDROGRAPH
03 FALLING LIMB
also known as “depletion curve”
It extends from the point of
inflection at the end of the
crest to the beginning of the
natural groundwater flow,
represents the withdrawal of
water from the storage built up
in the basin
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SHAPE OF
HYDROGRAPH
Climatic factor
type of precipitation
intensity of rainfall
duration of rainfall
direction of rainfall
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SHAPE OF
HYDROGRAPH
Physiographic factors
basin characteristics
shape, size, slope, nature of the
valley, elevation, land use pattern,
soil characteristics of the basin
channel characteristics
cross section of the channel,
roughness of the channel, storage
capacity, drainage density
 BASEFLOW SEPARATION METHODS

Straight Line
Fixed Base
Variable Slope
HYDROGRAPH COMPONENTS
STRAIGHT LINE METHOD
In this method the separation of the base flow is
achieved by joining with a straight line the beginning
of the surface runoff to a point on the recession
limb representing the end of the direct runoff.
Approach: Draw a horizontal line from the start of the rising limb (assuming a constant
baseflow)
Steps:
Identify when direct runoff begins (i.e., end of the baseflow-only
period).
Assume baseflow remains constant afterwards
EXAMPLE

Compute the baseflow and

direct runoff at
t = 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 hrs. using
straight line method
 SLOPE AB = 140 - 150
8
= 4.375 cfs/hr
Baseflow and Direct Runoff
B5 = 140 - 2(4.375)
= 131.25
DRH = 350 - 131.25 = 218.75
B7 = 140 - 4(4.375)
= 122.5
DRH = 350 - 122.5 = 227.5
B9 = 140 - 6(4.375)
= 113.75
DRH = 250 - 113.75 = 136.25
B11 = 140 - 8(4.375)
140 131.25 122.5 113.75 105
0 218.75 227.5 136.25 0 = 105
DRH = 0
FIXED BASE METHOD
In this method the base flow curve existing prior to
the commencement of the surface runoff is extended
till it intersects the ordinate drawn at the peak. This
point is joined to point B by a straight line. Segment
AC and CB demarcate the base flow and surface
runoff.
Approach
FIND A
Runoff ends N days after Qpeak (B)
Connect C-B
EXAMPLE
Compute the baseflow and direct runoff at t = 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 hrs. using fixed
base method
 Baseflow
B4 = 130 | B5 = 120 | B6 = 110 at C
SLOPE CB = 175 - 110
4
= 16.25 cfs/hr

B5 = 120
DFH = 350 - 120 = 230
B7 = 110 + 16.25
= 126.25
DFH = 350 - 126.25 = 223.75
B9 = 110 + 3(16.25)
140 120 126.26 158.75 105 = 158.75
0 230 227.5 91.25 0 DFH = 250 - 158.75 = 91.25
VARIABLE SLOPE METHOD
In this method the base flow recession curve
after the depletion of the flood water is
extended backwards till it intersects the
ordinate at the point of inflection. This method
of base-flow separation is realistic in situations
where the groundwater contributions are
significant and reach the stream quickly.
EXAMPLE
Compute the baseflow and direct runoff at t = 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 hrs. using variable slope
method
 SLOPE AC = 140 - 110
3
= 10 cfs/hr
SLOPE BD = 120 - 105
3
= 5 cfs/hr
BASEFLOW
@C = 110
@B = 120
B7 = 115
140 120 115 115 105
0 230 235 135 0
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