(Update) Manmade Process Structure

STRUCTURE – PROCESS
A. Introduction
❖ Một số mẫu câu mở bài tham khảo:
The diagram shows each stage of/in NOUN/VING • The diagram demonstrates how SVO.
• The diagram demonstrates/shows the
• The diagram shows NOUN/VING procedures/the various stages/steps in N/VING.
Ex: The diagram demonstrates how plastic bottles are recycled to make various products in detailed stages.
B. Overview: (The number of steps + most remarkable step)

❖ Overall, there are … steps in this process, beginning with … and ending with ….
❖ There is a total of … steps in the process, beginning with … and ending with ….
❖ Noun undergoes a …. -stage process to become…., in which …. steps are the most remarkable.
❖ Overall, this man-made process can be divided into …. main stages: A,B,C. In terms of equipment, it
requires …. (Thiết bị máy móc).
C. TRANSITIONAL PHRASES
❖ Bước đầu tiên trong Process

• Initially, SVO
• At the first stage of the process, SVO

• The first step/stage is/involves NOUN/ VING
• The process commences/begins with NOUN/ VING
❖ Các bước tiếp theo trong Process

• Next, SVO.
• Then, SVO.
• Afterwards, SVO.
• Subsequently, SVO.
• At the next stage/ in the third/forth stage of the process,
• Following this, SVO.
• This is followed by NOUN/ VING

Ex: This stage is followed by the heating process of the brick, where …
➢ Liên kết giữa các thân bài

1. Chuẩn bị + Xử lý
• In the preparation phrase …. During the process stage
2. Địa lý: Trong – Ngoài/ Trên- dưới
• Underground, … Overground,…
3. Thời gian
• In (số năm/tháng), …. After (số năm/tháng)
➢ TƯ DUY LIÊN KẾT THÔNG TIN QUY TRÌNH (RHEME-THEME & THEME-THEME)
❖ Phân tích Theme và Rheme trong câu:
1. Schools (Theme) have been cutting funding for art programs (Rheme).
2. Celebrities (Theme) have a significant influence on public opinion (Rheme).
❖ Quy tắc chung:

Organize your sentences so that you open them with old information in the SUBJECT. Then follow the subject
with a verb that expresses a crucial action. Move complex information to the end of your sentence.
#1: Liên kết Rheme → Theme:

• Schools have cut funding for art programs (Rheme 1); however, this cut funding (Theme 2) may hinder the
development of future generations of artists and thinkers. → R1 = T2
• Since celebrities have a significant influence on public opinion (Rheme 1), this impact/influence (Theme 2)
can be used to support and promote social causes. → R1 = T2
#2: Liên kết Theme → Theme:

• Schools have cut funding for art programs; however, they may hinder the development of future
generations of artists and thinkers.
• Since celebrities have a significant influence on public opinion, their’ active involvement in
environmental support can raise environmental awareness among the followers.
➢ CÁC DIỄN ĐẠT 7.0 + WRITING PROCESS
STRUCTURE S1: BẮT ĐẦU + TIẾP DIỄN + KẾT THÚC
• The process commences with NOUN being V3/ed (BY machines)

• The first / following /final step takes place in a (nơi chốn) where Noun (đối tượng) be V3/ed
• The process begins / continues / ends with NOUN being V3/ed (BY machines)
Ex: The process commences with wastepaper being collected.

Ex: The process begins with wastepaper being collected.
Ex: The process continues with olives being washed by a rinsing machine.
Ex: The next step takes place in a sorting factory in which bottles are sorted based on their colors.
Ex: The final step takes place in supermarkets where recycled bottles are sold to customers again.
➢ S3: VẬN CHUYỂN/ DI CHUYỂN đến nơi chốn/thiết bị
Noun (Đối tượng) be sent/transported to a (equipment/place) in which they/ it be V3/ed
Ex: Glass pieces are sent to a furnace in which they are melted.
Ex: Plastic waste is transported to a factory in which it is treated with chemicals.
➢ S4:
The subsequent step of the process involves VING Noun.
The first/ second/ next/ final step of the process involves động từ -ing + đối tượng.
*Lưu ý: Ở cấu trúc này động từ mang nghĩa chủ động
Ex: The fourth step of the process involves cleaning and sorting the collected bottles.
Ex: The first step of the process involves harvesting ripe orange
➢ S5: Cấu trúc phân nhánh (2 hành động KHÁC NHAU xảy ra CÙNG LÚC)
While NOUN 1 (Đối tượng 1) be V3/ed, NOUN 2 (Đối tượng 1) be V3/ed
*Ý nghĩa: Trong khi đối tượng 1 được xử lý 1, đối tượng 2 được xử lý 2.

Ex: While bottles are transported to a cleaning factory, other kinds of waste are buried in landfills.
➢ S6: Cấu trúc phân nhánh 2

Noun 1 (đối tượng 1) be V3/ed, with NOUN 2 (đối tượng 2) being V3/ed
Ex: Olives are smashed into olive paste, with olive seeds being eliminated.
➢ S7: Hai bước liên tiếp nhau trong quy trình.

- Noun (đối tượng) be V3/ed, and then/ after which SVO
After being V3/ed, Noun (đối tượng) be V3/ed >< Noun (đối tượng) be V3/ed, before being V3/ed
- Noun be V3/ed, followed by NOUN 2 being V3/ed
Ex: The ripe pineapples are harvested, and then they are transported to a factory.
Ex: The apples are cut into slices, after which they are canned.
Ex: After being packaged, the rice is distributed to supermarkets.
Ex: Before being distributed to local retailers, the rice is packaged

Ex: The preparation process begins with clay being extracted from the earth using an industrial digging
machine, followed by a step of transportation using trucks with the destination being the factory
➢ Từ vựng miêu tả hành động dạng process
• Make: làm ra
=> The diagram below shows how solar panels make electricity.
(Biểu đồ dưới đây cho thấy các tấm pin mặt trời tạo ra điện như thế nào).
• Produce/ manufacture (quy mô lớn): sản xuất

=> The diagram depicts how chocolate is produced.
• Create: tạo ra
=> The diagram below illustrates how electricity is created by wind energy.
• Generate: làm sản sinh ra

=> The diagram below shows the process by which a power station generates electricity.
➢ Động từ mô tả quy trình
• Begin: bắt đầu
=> The life of a caterpillar begins as an egg.

• Continue: tiếp tục
=> The plant continues to generate power in the next 30 years.

• Follow: theo sau
=> The trend follows a pattern.

• Repeat/ recur/ loop: lặp lại
=> The cycle tends to repeat itself.

• End: kết thúc
=> The end result is crude oil.
➢ Từ vựng miêu tả khoảng thời gian

• between … and … (days/months/years): từ… đến… (ngày/ tháng/ năm)
=> The term lasts between 2 and 3 months.

• a certain period of time: một khoảng thời gian nhất định
=> The chart illustrates the distribution of food over a ten-year period starting in 2000 and finishing in
2010.
• a few days/ months/ years later: một vài ngày/ tháng/ năm sau.
=> The price rose to 5 million VND 5 months later.
• over the course of … days/weeks: trong bao nhiêu ngày / tuần

=> The young fish develops into adult salmon over the course of 3 weeks.

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STRUCTURE – PROCESS

• The diagram shows NOUN/VING procedures/the various stages/steps in N/VING.

B. Overview: (The number of steps + most remarkable step)

❖ Bước đầu tiên trong Process

• At the first stage of the process, SVO

• The process commences/begins with NOUN/ VING

❖ Các bước tiếp theo trong Process

• This is followed by NOUN/ VING

➢ Liên kết giữa các thân bài

2. Celebrities (Theme) have a significant influence on public opinion (Rheme).

❖ Quy tắc chung:

#1: Liên kết Rheme → Theme:

development of future generations of artists and thinkers. → R1 = T2

#2: Liên kết Theme → Theme:

• The process commences with NOUN being V3/ed (BY machines)

Ex: The process commences with wastepaper being collected.

➢ S3: VẬN CHUYỂN/ DI CHUYỂN đến nơi chốn/thiết bị

Noun (Đối tượng) be sent/transported to a (equipment/place) in which they/ it be V3/ed

Ex: Plastic waste is transported to a factory in which it is treated with chemicals.

*Lưu ý: Ở cấu trúc này động từ mang nghĩa chủ động

*Ý nghĩa: Trong khi đối tượng 1 được xử lý 1, đối tượng 2 được xử lý 2.

➢ S6: Cấu trúc phân nhánh 2

➢ S7: Hai bước liên tiếp nhau trong quy trình.

- Noun be V3/ed, followed by NOUN 2 being V3/ed

Ex: Before being distributed to local retailers, the rice is packaged

➢ Từ vựng miêu tả hành động dạng process

• Produce/ manufacture (quy mô lớn): sản xuất

• Generate: làm sản sinh ra

=> The life of a caterpillar begins as an egg.

=> The plant continues to generate power in the next 30 years.

=> The trend follows a pattern.

=> The cycle tends to repeat itself.

=> The end result is crude oil.

➢ Từ vựng miêu tả khoảng thời gian

=> The term lasts between 2 and 3 months.

• over the course of … days/weeks: trong bao nhiêu ngày / tuần

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