What are the uses of body language and gestures in non-verbal communication?

Gestures and body language are a part of nonverbal communication skills which occupy a
pivotal role in professional communication. Nonverbal communication is the type of
communication that is carried out without the use of words. Nonverbal communication is
usually utilized as an aid to verbal communication. This type of communication employs
gestures, body language, symbols and expressions. Nonverbal communication is useful for
expressing one's mood, opinion or reaction.

Following are the various appropriate uses of gestures and body language:

1. Replacing speech : Gestures and body language are an effective way of communicating
without speaking in both formal and informal settings. Not only can one express a lot without
words through their expressions and gestures but one can also use non-verbal signs to
supplement speaking.

Below are some ways by which gestures and body language can replace or supplement verbal
communication:

• Using hands, legs feet or the whole body to indicate something.

• Using gestures with fingers, hands and arms to express a point.
• Tilting of head such as nodding to say yes or no.

2. Controlling conversation : During a conversation, both parties take turns to speak to express
their thoughts. Therefore, if a conversation requires one to take control such as in a debate,
non-verbal communication can be used to drag the ball into one's court.

Below are some ways by which one can take control of the conversation using gestures and
body language:

• Cutting into speech to take control. Using voice modulation and tone to retain control.
• Pausing between sentences to add dramatic effect.
• Stopping between sentences to allow others to speak.

3. Impression through Appearance

As Non-verbal communication goes beyond bodily actions to anything that sends subtle
messages, one's attire and the way they look in general can affect the audience in many ways.
Thus, one's appearance can be a useful tool to create an impact on the listener.

Below are some things which can be used to create a lasting impression:

• Appropriate attire for a formal or informal setting and proper grooming.

• Personal accessories such as watches, jewelry, etc.
• Organization of workspace such as the setup of desks, chairs and computers.

4. Expressing emotion :

While Verbal communication is useful for expressing thoughts, Non-verbal communication such
as gestures and body language is useful for expressing emotions and subtle feelings. The tone of
one's voice, their expressions and their body language can tell much more about a person than
words can.
What are the techniques for using gestures and body language to present effectively?
Below are some fundamental strategies for using gestures and body language during
presentations
Walk with confidence Have good posture. Stand tall Walk confidently to the presentation
area
Engage in direct eye contact. Look into the eyes of your audience. Don't look at the walls,
floor or ceiling
Using hand gestures to reinforce your message. This is an important one. When using hand
gestures, make sure they look natural. Over-rehearsing gestures makes the speaker look like
a mechanical robot to the audience. Gestures, when they come naturally, are interpreted as
genuine and honest by the audienceAn example. If you have a tendency to scratch your
head when you are thinking and talking, then you don't want to continue scratching and
scratching as sooner or later the audience will start paying more attention to that gesture
and forget about what you are saying.
Move a little. Movement is good for presenters. Too much movement is distracting. If you
walk from the front of the room to the back of the room, that's fine. Do not move around
the entire length of the room or stage as the audience will get tired of adjusting their necks
and chairs to your movement. A little movement is fine. Avoid repetitive movement such as
pacing back and forth as it will have an almost hypnotic effect on you audience. Watching
you walk back and forth again and again in the same motion will most likely make the
audience uninterested in your non-verbal cues Robotic pacing as a death knell to any
presenter
Express yourself! There are more than 100 muscles in the face which must be used to
express all kinds of emotions. If you are sharing declining numbers, show it. If you are
delighted that you exceeded year end quotas, show it. If you are sharing a melancholic
anecdote, show it. Your facial expressions reinforce your message. Just make sure that they
are not in conflict with your message. While saying introductory lines such as, "I'm delighted
to be here today to deliver this presentation" you should smile and show the audience that
you are an emotional being like them, this will help you relate to the audience and make
them feel more open which will in turn allow them to listen to you better
Enhance your image. Your appearance is the first thing people notice when you enter a
room. It speaks volumes about who you are as a person and about your level of
professionalism. Take a long, hard look at your professional attire. Look at the colors you
wear. You want to look current, set dated A good grooming session will also help you look
more prepared and enthusiastic.
Pause and be silent. Well timed pauses, or silence while you are speaking it one of the most
powerful nonverbal strategies that you can use while presenting. There will be certain
points within the presentation that you would like to emphasize, using pause before these
points and silence after is a good technique to let them echo in the minds of the audience.
Why are group discussions important? Explain their functions in detail.
Below are the reasons why group discussions are considered important:
• Better understanding of the subject: GD offers a great opportunity to the
discussants to take a deep dive into the subject, and understand it
profoundly. It expands the horizon of knowledge and learning. In
addition, it extends a chance to the participants to improve their abilities
to think critically and develop their analytical skills.
• Solve problems: Since GD brings together a group of people holding
diverse opinions, it also perceived as one of the sought after ways to
arrive at solutions to problems. Because of the fact that people bring in a
wide range of insights, GDs help in changing the thought process from a
narrow to a wider view, thereby paving the way to solutions.
• Improve listening skills and confidence: Since GDs necessitate the
contribution of ideas and thoughts, the participants are required to be
listen keenly to others observations. In this sense, group discussions are
a fantastic way to enhance listening skills, and also boost the confidence
encouraging them to express their thoughts. of speakers by engaging
them and
• Enhance communication and interpersonal skills: While one aspect of
GDs is that it encourages people to share their knowledge, the other
important aspect is that it gives an opportunity to people to build their
communication skills. The participants, in the process, learn how to
express their ideas while also respecting viewpoints of others. This in
turn contributes to the development of interpersonal skills among the
peer group.
• Team building exercise: GDs help in developing teamwork and
leadership attributed in people, which are extremely important in the
current context. Working in a group helps them increase tolerance and
respect towards others, and also how to unanimously
arrive at conclusions.
What are the modules involved in group discussions?
A group discussion is a communicative situation that consists of more than two
participants who share their views and opinions with other participants. It is an
organized way of exchanging information, views and opinions about a
problem, issue or topic among the members of a group who share some
common objectives. A group discussion is less formal when compared to
meetings as it may have no structured order or specific agenda depending
upon the requirement. The leadership is also less directive in group discussions
as compared to meetings.
Group discussions emphasize process over product. Meaning, the emphasis in
a group discussion is on how the participants interact with each other rather
than the ultimate outcome of the discussion.
Modules of Group Discussion
Given below are the basic Principles for conducting group discussions:
• All members of the group should get a chance to speak about the given
topic freely. They must be allowed to express their thoughts, opinions
and feelings without restraint and also should be allowed to peruse and
finish their thoughts completely without interruptions.
• All members of the group should be able to hear each other's ideas and
thoughts without any hindrance.
• Group members should be allowed to test unformed ideas and explore
new territories.
• All members should be able to receive and provide constructive
feedback. Feedback could be positive, negative or merely a correction of
factual errors but must always be done respectfully.
• A large number of thoughts and ideas should be discussed with different
perceptions on them from all members instead of sticking to only facts.
• No group discussion should be dominated by a single person, all
members should be given an equal chance to speak
• Group discussions must be thought provoking and inspiring. Members
must always feel like they are learning while involved in a
group discussion.
What are the four stages of creating a professional presentation?
A presentation is a formal talk given on a specific set of topics to inform and educate. They
may be short or long, include slides or other visual aids, and be done individually or in a
group.
Below are the four stages to create a successful presentation:
Step 1: Planning:
While planning a presentation, the following questions should be kept in mind:
• What is the aim of your research?
• Why are you presenting it in oral form? What is important about your findings?
• What is the key focus of your presentation?
• To whom are you presenting your findings?
• Are they more or less knowledgeable on the topic than you?
• What does your audience expect to gain from listening to you?
The presentation must be planned in such a way that it answers all these questions first
before moving on to the structuring stage.
Step 2: Structuring the Presentation: Like an essay, an presentation needs an introduction,
body and a conclusion. The introduction may consist of an anecdote or provocative question
to engage the audience right from the start The body will contain the main theme of the
presentation where the ideas introduced earlier are explored thoroughly. The concluding
statement should be a clear summary of what has been said in the main part of the
presentation. It should also point toward further research or conclusive results if possible.
Step 3: Preparation: Preparedness helps in easing nerves nous and boosts confidence. The
following considerations should be kept in mind while preparing for presentations.
Time limits: The presentation must be practiced a number of times to get the pacing right
and to ensure the information can be contained in the time provided. Finishing too early
might make the audience think that you lack proper material or understanding of the topic
whereas finishing too late might make them feel boredom.
Speak from notes: It's preferable to reduce the original paper to bullet points while
presenting so as to not lose eye contact, intonation and good posture.
Body language: Use of gestures and good posture combined with a smile keeps the
audience engaged and interested.
Voice: Loudness should be ample so that the audience can hear you clearly and the pace
should be perfect so they can follow your arguments. Use silence and pauses effectively
when making particular points, also speaking in monotone should be avoided.
Step 4: Presentation: If all of the previous steps are followed carefully, one should be able to
present easily and effectively. Questions should be welcomed and special attention should
be given to the audience's reactions and one's own body language.
What are some useful techniques to keep in mind while doing a formal presentation?
Below are some useful techniques that may help you while presenting:
1. Create note cards. Even if you are asked to "present the paper," do not plan to read the
paper aloud. Explain it on the cards, stating important points. Make sure you know the
sources for all your information. When using presentation software, sources should be
identified on the slide. Otherwise, strip the source to your note cards. You may be called to
your sources for a question-and-answer session.
2. Practice in front of friends - not just a mirror. It's amazing how quickly your brain will
despise the 10 hours of homework you do when dealing with another human being. A real
audience, no matter how small, will help give you a sense of "sensation" to experience and
alert you to hats clearly or to create errors on your slides. Practice keeping eye contact as
much as possible. Practice twice, and notice your progress. If you are spoken lightly, practice
in a very large academic room. Ask your friend to sit in the back row to practice
the voice sequence.
3. Visit the site/location if possible. Introduced on campus, you should be able to visit the
room ahead of time. Note the size of the room and where you will stand. When presenting
in the main lecture hall, check your slides so they can be seen from the back row. Check the
projector and screen controls and schedule technical support if necessary.
4. Remember Murphy's laws. Prepare your laptop to crash, the projector light to explode, so
that your partner cannot be seen. If you are presenting outside the University, prepare a
final program to bring your speech from memory, by handouts.
5. Anticipate questions and challenges. Be prepared to specify each major point. Prepare to
support your sources, methods, and conclusions without coming up in defense. If you don't
know the answer, say so.
8. What are the skills required to become a successful public speaker?
Public speaking can be defined as a presentation which is given in front of a live audience. It
is a performance-based art. The goal of public speaking may be to educate, influence or
entertain the audience. Public speakers often implement visual aids such as power-point
presentations; relevant objects etc. to get their content across more easily.
Public speaking is different to an online presentation is the sense that an online
presentation is made as per the viewer's discretion whereas public speaking is performed at
a specific time and place.
Public speaking consists of five main elements:
• The source of the message - The speaker
• The content or information to be delivered - The message
• To whom the message is addressed-The audience
Why is public speaking important?

It is significant to note that one of the most important rules of public speaking is to know one's
audience. In other words, the speaker must know how to talk to and influence his audience, to know
which words will carry more effect, how his audience will react to a certain idea, what is the
knowledge base or background of his audience etc.

Below are some reasons why the skill of public speaking is important and should be incorporated in
one's skillset: publicly one can overcome their fear of inferiority.

• It is a self-confidence booster. By speaking Public speaking improves speaking skills in

general allowing one to be comfortable around others.
• It can help one make an impression and win over crowds in both formal and informal
settings.
• Influential public speaking can motivate others to change or grow.
• Didactic public speaking can help inform people about various topics and ideas they were
previously unfamiliar with.
• It is one of the most effective ways to get one's message across large audiences.
• One is required to speak publicly at some point in their lives. Therefore, it is advisable to
hone one's skill beforehand. It allows one to demonstrate their knowledge and introduce
radical ideas.
• Public speaking helps one garner people's admiration which can be helpful in one's career
and social life as well. Public speaking can help advance one's career and social life.

How can group discussion skills be developed? Explain briefly.

Below are the areas which are to be kept in mind for developing group discussion skills:

A)Contents: What you say during a conversation is viewed from two perspectives - complementary
and holistic. The participant may have said a lot to GD, but he or she may have deviated from the
topic too much, where the content was considered inappropriate without further scrutiny. If the
content is relevant to the topic, the panel assesses whether your content management is excessive
or in depth, a distinction that we will discuss in more detail in the next few posts.

B) Analytical skills: The panel is confident about your facts, but also likes to see if you can explore
anything 'why' and 'how' about a subject matter. This is put to the strongest test in the case study
article.

C) Consultation Skills: The panel looks at how you support your position, and how you respond to
others, how you can 'strengthen or weaken' the debate, how reasonable you are in your handling of
the topic.

D) Organizational Skills: You can have facts, supports, explanations, but are you able to present them
in the right order to maximize the impact of your good content? The panel wants to explore this.

E) Communication Skills: You may be able to demonstrate all of the above-mentioned skills, but can
you get your point across in a language that is simple (not simple) that they understand, with
relevant images that they can understand?

F) Authorship: Are you able to bring to the table an idea of a passage on a topic? Can you look at the
problem differently from the other ten participants and suggest a solution? Can you translate a
mysterious article in ways that others can? If yes, the panel considers you to be one of the rare
personality symptoms.
Give some guidelines for improving one's public speaking skills?
Guidelines for practicing public speaking:
• Staying True to Oneself: Watching other efficient public speakers is a
good way to learn and practice but everybody is different. That means
that there aren't any rules for what makes an efficient orator. Acting like
yourself instead of trying to imitate somebody else allows you to behave
more organically, which may be a boon when attempting to connect
with an audience.
• Knowing the Purpose of the Speech: One should always know whether
they want to influence, educate or inspire the audience and depending
upon that one should decide how to formulate their speech.
• Expanding Knowledge Base. Presentation tools and Vocabulary: Reading
about various topics is a great way to expand one's horizons. The
speaker should be updated with current affairs and should have a vast
vocabulary to incorporate within his speeches.
• Playing to One's Strengths: Some people are good at storytelling others
are good at using information to influence people. One should find out
his strengths and practice them time and time again.
• Audience is the Center: The speaker is not the focus of the event, the
audience is. All good orates cares more about the audience than
themselves. This can be difficult if one has speech anxiety, which tends
to fill them with bursts of anxiety and self-consciousness.
• Using Body Language and Gestures: Body language and gestures say as
much as the words themselves. One should practice employing gestures
as much as possible while speaking. Smiling and being active in general is
useful for keeping the attention of the audience on the speaker.
• Recording and Reviewing: One of the most effective public speaking
practice techniques is to record oneself while speaking, preferably video
recording. Although few people like their own voice, the audience's
viewpoint is more important
• Practicing in front of Friends and Family: Asking family or friends to be
practice audience members is a good way to know where one is going
right or going wrong. In most cases, these two groups of people know
you better than anyone else in your life.
What do you understand by the term "Leadership"? What are the characteristics of a
good leader?
Leadership can be defined as the art of motivating a group of people to act toward
achieving a common goal. In a professional setting, this can mean directing workers
and colleagues with a strategy to meet the company's needs.
Leadership encapsulates the essential elements of being able and prepared to inspire
others. Effective leadership is based upon ideas-both original and borrowed that are
effectively communicated to others in a way that engages them enough to act as the
leader wants them to act.
A leader inspires others to act while simultaneously directing the way that they act.
They must be personable enough for others to follow their orders, and they must
have the critical thinking skills to know the best way to use the resources at an
organization's disposal.
In a business organisation or a professional setting, leadership refers to performance,
and any leadership definition has to take that into account. Therefore, while
leadership isn't intrinsically linked to profit, those who are viewed as effective
leaders in corporate contexts are the ones who increase their company's bottom
line.
While there are individuals who seem to be naturally blessed with more leadership
abilities than others, anyone can learn to become a leader by improving particular
skills. History is full of people who, while having no previous leadership experience,
have stepped to the fore in crises and persuaded others to follow their suggested
course of action. They were equipped with traits and qualities that helped them to
step into roles of leadership.
Characteristics of a Leader
• Below are the fundamental leadership characteristics:
• It is an inter-personal process which involves a leader who influences and
guides workers and employees towards attainment of goals. It defines a few
qualities to be present in an individual which includes intelligence, maturity
and personality.
• It is a group process. It involves two or more people interacting with each
other.
• A leader is engaged in shaping and moulding the behaviour of the group
towards accomplishment of organizational goals.
What are the roles and responsibilities of a leader in a workplace?
Below are the primary roles and responsibilities of a leader in an organization:
Required at all levels - Leadership is a function which is significant at all levels of
administration. At the highest level, it is important for getting co-operation in
formulation of plans and policies. At the middle and lower level, it is required for
interpretation and execution of plans and programmes framed by the top
management.
Representative of the organization - A leader is said to be the representative of the
enterprise. He has to represent the organisation at seminars, conferences, general
meetings, etc. His role is to communicate the rationale of the enterprise to external
parties. He is also the sole representative of the his own department which he leads.
Integrates personal goals and organizational goals - A leader through his various
leadership skills and qualities helps in integrating the personal goals of the
employees with the organizational goals. He tries to co-ordinate the efforts of people
towards a common purpose and thereby achieves objectives. This can only occur if
he can influence and get willing co- operation and urge to achieve the objectives.
Solicits support - A leader is a person who entertains and invites support and co-
operation of subordinates. This is accomplished by his personality, intelligence,
maturity and experience. In this regard, a leader is always open to suggestions and
tries to implement them into plans and programmes of enterprise. This way, he can
solicit full support of employees which results in willingness to work and thereby
effectiveness in running of a concern.
As a friend, philosopher and guide - A leader can be a friend by sharing the feelings,
opinions and desires with his employees. He can also be a philosopher by sharing his
intelligence and experience and thereby guiding the employees as and when time
requires. And finally, a leader can be a guide by supervising and communicating with
the employees regarding the plans and policies of top management and secure their
co-operation to achieve the goals of a concern. He must also play the role of a
counsellor by counselling and a problem-solving approach. He can listen to the
problems of the employees and try to solve them.
How can one develop leadership skills?
Below are some common methods for developing leadership skills:
• Integrity : The importance of integrity should be obvious. Although it may not
necessarily be a measure in employee evaluations. integrity is essential for the
individual and the organization. It is particularly significant for top-level executives
who are charting the organization's course and making countless other significant
decisions
• Ability to Delegate : Delegating a task can be hefty but it is one of the core
responsibilities of a leader. The goal isn't just to free yourself up it's also to enable
your direct reports, facilitate teamwork, provide autonomy, lead to better decision-
making, and help your direct reports grow. In order to delegate well, you also need
to build trust with your team.
• Communication : Effective leadership and effective communication are intertwined.
You need to be able to communicate in a variety of ways, from transmitting
information to coaching your people. And you must be able to communicate with a
range of people across roles, social identities, and more
• Self-Awareness : While this is a more inwardly focused skill, self-awareness is
paramount for leadership. The better you understand yourself, the more effective
you can be.
• Gratitude: Giving thanks will actually make you a better leader. Gratitude can lead to
higher self-esteem, reduced depression and anxiety, and even better sleep. Few
people regularly say "thank you" at work, even though most people say they'd be
willing to work harder for an appreciative boss.
• Learning Agility : Agility in learning is the ability to know what to do when you don't
know what to do. If you're a "quick study" or are able to excel in unfamiliar
circumstances, you might already be learning agile. All good leaders are great
learners, with strong learning agility.
• Influence : Being able to influence and convince people through logical, emotional,
or cooperative appeals is a core component of being an inspiring, effective leader.
Influence is not the same as manipulation and it should be done authentically and
transparently. It requires emotional intelligence and trust-building.
• Empathy : Empathy is correlated with job performance and a critical part of
emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness. Empathy can be learned, and in
addition to making you more effective, it will also improve work for you and those
around you.
• Courage : It can be hard to speak up at work, whether you want to voice a new idea,
provide feedback to a direct report, or flag a concern for someone above you.
Conflicts to fester, courage enables leaders to step up and move things in the right
direction rather than avoiding problems or allowing conflicts to fester.
• Respect : One of the most important skill a good leader has is his ability to treat
people with respect on a daily basis. A respectful environment will ease tensions and
conflict, create trust, and improve effectiveness. Respect is more than the absence
of disrespect, and it can be shown in many different ways.
Give some techniques for improving negotiation skills. OR
How can one develop negotiation skills?
Below are a few ways to strengthen your negotiation skills:
1. Identify the final goal: What are the minimum terms you need? How much are you
willing to negotiate? It's important to enter negotiations knowing while knowing
exactly what you expect as an outcome of an agreement and how much you're
willing to compromise
2. Practice building rapport: Successful negotiation means effective communication
of not only your own objectives but also the understanding of the other party's
wants and needs as well. Building rapport is essential in order to reach an agreement
3. Be willing to compromise: Without compromise, it can be nearly impossible to
reach an agreement. By preparing ahead of time, you will already have an idea of the
terms you're willing to sacrifice as well as the ones that, if they aren't met, you
should be able to walk away.
4. Consider imposing time restrictions: Set a timeline on the negotiations to motivate
both parties to reach an agreement. If the terms of the negotiation cannot be met in
that time, the two parties can take time to re-evaluate their needs and return at a
later date.
5. Take the multiple offer approach : You can save time in the negotiation process by
presenting multiple offers at once and increase the likelihood that you'll agree on at
least one of your preferred outcomes. If the other party does not come to an
agreement, you can ask for feedback on each one and revise terms until you reach an
agreement that meets everyone's needs.
6. Exercise confidence: It can be challenging to ask for what you want. However,
successful negotiation requires self-assurance. If you exercise confidence during the
negotiation process and stay firm, the other parties can be more inclined to believe
in the benefits of your proposal.
7. Understand your weaknesses: Identify your areas of weakness and focus on
growing those skills by giving time to each individual area. For example, you may
need to improve your ability to build rapport or your power of persuasion.
Understanding your weaknesses is the first step to overcoming them.
8. Practice: Practice makes perfect - One of the best methods of increasing your
comfort in negotiations is to practice often. Consider exercising a mock negotiation
with a trusted friend or colleague on a number of situations.
How can one prepare for a negotiation in their workplace?
Below are some techniques useful for preparing for negotiations.
When preparing for a negotiation, be sure to identify the following:
• What you want to gain
• Where you are willing to compromise
• Terms you refuse to accept
• Potential objections you may face
• All possible outcomes
Do your research: It is essential to evaluate all parties and consider their goals before
entering a negotiation. For example, if you're nearing the end of the hiring process, you may
be preparing to negotiate salary. The employer would probably want to hire an individual
who can complete the required job duties for a competitive salary. However, you would like
to offer your experience and knowledge to a company in return for what you expect to be
fair pay.
Most of the time, it is beneficial to research the person with whom you are negotiating.
Understand the limitations of the negotiator. Do they have the ability to give you what you
want? Sometimes the person you are negotiating with will be unable to meet your
demands. Understanding these limitations can help you strategize.
Know your priorities : Negotiations often require each party to compromise. Setting your
priorities ahead of time can help you evaluate what you refuse to give up as well as where
you're willing to budge.
Consider the opposition: Consider the potential opposition to your negotiations. Will you be
denied a higher starting salary for a position because your requested rate is above the
average range? It may be helpful to note down all the potential oppositions and then gather
the information you can use to argue your case.
Define your BATNA: Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA) is a crucial step
to improving your negotiation skills. For instance, you may ascertain that if you cannot get a
salary increase due to budget cuts, you may be willing to settle for additional vacation days.
Defining these alternatives before the negotiation actually occurs can help you create a
backup plan before the negotiation process.
Keep your timeline in mind: Your position of power in the negotiation process can be
significantly impacted by a timeline. For instance, if you are trying to get a new job quickly,
you may take a position with lower salary than you deserve or expected, or you may
compromise too much on benefits. In cases like these, you may find yourself unsatisfied
with your decision in the long- term.
What are the four basic skills one must possess to negotiate successfully?
A Negotiation can be described as a type of discussion which is used to settle
disputes and reach agreements between two or more parties. Typically, a
negotiation progresses in a compromise where all parties involved make a
concession for the benefit of everyone.
Negotiations and settlements take place frequently within the workplace and may
occur between co-workers, departments or between an employee and employer.
Professionals often find themselves negotiating contract terms, project timelines,
compensation and more. Negotiations are both frequent and significant, therefore, it
is beneficial to understand the types of negotiations you might encounter as well as
how to improve your negotiation skills.
What are negotiation skills?
Negotiation skills are qualities that allow two or more parties to reach a compromise
and a favourable outcome of a specific situation. Negotiation skills comprise soft
skills which include abilities such as communication, persuasion, planning,
strategizing and cooperating. A strong understanding of these skills is necessary to
becoming a stronger negotiator.
Below are the key negotiation skills are applicable to many situations:
• Communication: Essential communication skills often consist of identifying
nonverbal cues and expressing yourself in a way that is engaging and
meaningful. It is imperative to understand and follow the natural flow of
conversation and always solicit feedback. Active listening skills are crucial for
understanding the parties involved in the negotiation. By establishing clear
communication, misunderstandings can be easily avoided that could prevent
you from reaching a compromise.
• Persuasion: The ability to influence and convince others is one of the most
important skill for negotiation. It will help define why your proposed solution
to any given situation is beneficial to all parties engaged and encourage others
to support your point-of-view.
• Planning: In order to reach an agreement or concord that benefits all parties
involved, it is imperative to consider how the consequences will impact
everyone in the long-term. Planning skills are an essential element not only for
the negotiation process but also for deciding how the terms will be carried
out.
• Strategizing: The best negotiators enter any discussion with at least one or
two backup plans, but often more. Considering all possible outcomes, and
being prepared for each of these scenarios is an important negotiating skill.
What is emotional Intelligence? What are its components?
The ability to express and control emotions is essential, but so is the ability to
understand, interpret, and respond to the emotions of others. This ability is referred
to as emotional intelligence. Some experts even suggest that it can be more
important than IQ in your overall success in life.
Components of Emotional intelligence
• Researchers suggest that there are four different levels of emotional
intelligence including emotional perception, the ability to reason using
emotions, the ability to understand emotions, and the ability to manage
emotions.
• Perceiving emotions: The accurate perception of an emotion is the first step
towards understanding it. Most of the time it involves understanding
nonverbal signals such as body language and facial expressions.
• Reasoning with emotions: The second most important component of
emotional intelligence is using emotions to promote thinking and cognitive
activity. Emotions often prioritize what we pay attention and react to; in other
words, we respond emotionally to things that garner our attention.
• Understanding emotions: A wide range of meanings can be carried by the
emotions that we perceive. If someone is expressing angry emotions, the
observer must interpret the cause of the person's anger and what it could
mean. For example, if your boss is acting angry, it might mean that they are
dissatisfied with your work, or it could be because they got a speeding ticket
on their way to work that morning or that they've been fighting with their
partner.
• Managing emotions: Manage emotions effectively is a crucial part of
emotional intelligence and the highest level. Regulating emotions and
responding appropriately as well as responding to the emotions of others are
all important aspects of emotional management.
The four branches of this model are arranged by complexity with the more
basic processes at the lower levels and the more advanced processes at the
higher levels. For example, the lowest levels involve perceiving and expressing
emotion, while higher levels require greater conscious involvement and
involve regulating emotions.
How does emotional intelligence affect day-to-day workplace activities?
While we do use emotional intelligence in all areas of our lives, there are
specific ways we can use this skill at work with our colleagues, clients and
managers. Here are a few examples of scenarios when emotional intelligence
can be helpful:
During a phone call with a client regarding the performance of a campaign,
your contact expresses anger about their unhappiness with your partnership.
You also know that their organization is going through layoffs and your client is
responsible for selecting members of her team to let go. Because of this
knowledge, you understand that simply listening to her complaints with a
calm, empathetic demeanour is the best response. You schedule another call
for a better time.
During a meeting, you notice your employee is being quieter than usual and is
not contributing to the discussion. While it may seem that they are not paying
attention, you decide to have a casual conversation with them to ensure
everything is okay. During the talk, you learn that he did not get good rest the
night before because his mother-in-law who is staying with them was very sick.
During a review of a recent project you put together, you receive professional
criticism about certain ways it can be improved. After the meeting, you are
feeling deflated and anxious. After processing your emotions, you identify that
you are focusing on the negative instead of viewing it as a way to improve your
work because of all the time and effort you put into it. Instead of feeling
disappointed, you decide to feel motivated about the ways you can make your
work better.
What is the subject matter of group dynamics?
Every organization is a group unto itself. A group consists of two or more
people who share a common objective and evaluation of themselves and come
together to achieve common goals. In other words, a group can be referred to
as a collection of people who interact with one another; accept rights and
obligations as members and who share a common identity.
Group dynamics describes the attitudes and behavioural patterns of a group.
Group dynamics are interactions within a group. They describe how groups are
formed, what is their structure and which processes are followed in their
functioning. Therefore, it is primarily concerned with the interactions and
forces operating between groups.
Subject Matter of Group Dynamics
• What is the internal nature of the group?
• How a group is created?
• What is its structure?
• Which processes are followed in its operation?
• How group members interact with one another?
• How it affects members within the group as well as other groups and the
organization?
The essence of group dynamics is the dynamics of the way of communication
between the members of the group, pressures applied by the members of the
group, parameters considered while making decisions, way of performing
tasks, etc.
What are some ways of developing emotional intelligence?
While it can take time and practice, soft skills like emotional intelligence can be
improved. Here are several ways you can work to improve these skills:
• Practice social awareness. Take time during the span of a business week
to pay special attention to the interactions around you, both yours and
others. Observing the way people use and react to emotion can help you
fine-tune your own ability in empathy.
• Look inward (Self Awareness). While observing others and their
interactions can be helpful, monitoring your own emotions and your
response to them can also increase your emotional awareness. For
example, you might notice that when you feel stress you tend to be
short with others. Or when you are feeling sad or disappointed, you
might notice your shoulders slouch or head points downward.
• React and respond to others. Practice addressing and working with
others based on the way you observe they are feeling. A helpful method
when deciding how you should react is to consider how you would like
to be treated under the same circumstances. Sometimes, however,
others may not want the same treatment that may come naturally to
you. For example, while you might enjoy talking about your emotions
with others when you feel anxious or stressed, others might prefer to
process their emotions alone. If you are unsure, you may be able to ask
them about their preference in that moment.
Emotional intelligence is certainly built by trial-and-error as well. If you find
that you misinterpreted a certain emotion or the way you handled someone's
feelings did not work well, learn from your mistakes and treat the situation
differently the next time.
Building relationships through empathy, communication and active listening
can help you be a highly valued team member at an organization. Describing
instances where you have connected with others using emotional intelligence
in your cover letter and during interviews can also help you be a competitive
candidate.
What are the various types of groups?
Groups can be formal and informal; formal groups are created by the organization with the
intent to accomplish its objective, while the informal groups get created spontaneously as
soon as the individuals interact with each other.
The groups can be classified on the basis of the structure of the organization. These are:

• Formal Groups
• Informal Groups
The analytical classification of the groups can be done as follows:
Primary Groups: The primary group refers to the small social group whose members are
closely related to each other and share an enduring relationship. Instances of these groups
include family members, friendship groups and highly influential social groups. Here the
group members have an intimate relationship with each other and is characterized by face
to face association and cooperation.
Secondary Groups: Secondary Groups are more formal groups whose members come
together to perform certain tasks and achieve specific outcomes. Here the group members
are not emotionally associated with each other and do not get affected by the pain and the
pleasure of others. Corporate groups, military, political group, factories, etc. are some
examples of secondary groups. Thus, a secondary group is more institutionalized in nature.
Membership Groups: The membership group is the one to which an individual actually
belongs to. Sometimes the membership fee is to be given to become a member of certain
groups. The club membership is the best example of membership groups.
Reference Groups: A reference group is a type of group with which an individual identify
himself and want to become a member of that group. An individual could be a member of
several groups, but may not participate in all simultaneously and would like to participate in
those groups whose norms are more attractive and gratifying.
Command Groups: A command group is comprised of superiors and subordinates who carry
out orders on the basis of their authority within the group. This type of group is determined
through the hierarchical chart of the organization. For instance, a marketing manager having
the group of sales personnel under his department would fall under this type of group.
Task Groups: Task Group is a group of individuals who come together to accomplish a
certain task or a job assigned them. Generally, these groups are created to capitalize the
expertise of different individuals towards the accomplishment of a particular project. Thus,
task groups may be formed beyond the lines of a hierarchical chart of the company or
organization.
In-groups and Out-groups: The in-group is a type of group mainly composed of the
individuals who holds a dominant position in the social functioning. These members could
be in the majority and carry prevailing values in the society.
What are the principles of group dynamics?
Below are the Principles and Characteristics of Group Dynamics:
Belongingness: A good sense of belongingness must exist or develop in the
members of the group
Perception: Changes can be implemented in the group by creating a common
perception in the minds of the members regarding the need for change.
Conformity: When continuous efforts are made in the direction of removing
individual subparts of the group, it may result in the conformity to the
norms of the group.
Change: All the relevant information concerning the need, plan, strategy and
outcome of change has to be shared amongst the group members.
Readjustment: Changes in a particular part of the group is likely to create
stress in the other parts, which can be reduced either by reversing the change
or introducing readjustments in the related parts.
Common Motives: A group is formed and operated because of common or
shared motives.
Power: The higher the level of the group to its members, the higher will be the
influence which can be exercised on its members.
Continuous Process: Every member who is a part of a certain group is
responsible for its continuous operation, so they must ensure that the
activities and tasks assigned to the group are performed uninterruptedly.
Goal Orientation: The survival of a group is ensured by placing the members
into an operational hierarchy and a goal- oriented action.
In a nutshell, it deals with the constantly changing and adjusting relationship
existing among group members. It encompasses all those affecting actions,
processes and changes, that take place within and between groups over the
period of time.
What are the techniques for improving group dynamics in the workplace?
Below are the strategies to improve group dynamics in a professional setting:
1. Understand the People on Your Team
First and foremost, you need to understand the people on your team. What do they excel at
and what areas could they improve in? What are their personality types? Do you have any
natural negators or attention seekers? As the leader of your group, you'll need to be aware
of these things. There are five of them: the forming, storming, norming, performing, and
adjourning stages. Knowing which stage your team is in is essential. It will serve as a method
for avoiding potential problems and facilitate positive group dynamics.
2. Address Issues as Quickly as Possible
No group is completely free of problems. The key is addressing any issues that arise as
quickly as possible. Have you noticed that a certain team member has recently picked up a
negative personality trait? Talk to them about it before it becomes a massive problem!
While conversations of this sort are never fun, having them is much better than letting
issues fester and watching the productivity of your team plummet. It's also much easier to
have these conversations when problems first arise than after they've become habits.
3. Assign Clear Roles and Responsibilities
A clear sign of poor leadership is a team of people who don't understand their roles and
responsibilities. A lack of clarity in this area also leads to negativity in group dynamics.
Fortunately, you can eliminate this issue by ensuring that everyone on your team knows
what's expected of them and how to do it.
4. Eliminate Any and All Roadblocks
When your team first comes together, there will obviously be trust issues and some level of
discomfort. This is natural. It takes time to get to know people and the way they operate.
Team building exercises can and should be done by teams that have worked together for a
while too especially if group dynamics aren't where you want them to be. These exercises
can be a lot of fun and can help even the most different of colleagues find common ground.
5. Emphasize Clear Communication
Clear, open communication is key. To improve group dynamics in any organization, the team
should be able to communicate effectively. Regardless of the method of communication-
email, face-to-face conversations, video chat, slack groups, etc. it must be effective and
should be easily grasped by all members of the group.
1. Always Stay Alert :
And lastly, you need to constantly be alert and searching for signs of negative group
dynamics. Look for the root causes mentioned above: groupthink, specific personality types,
evaluation apprehension, etc. If and when you see these root causes rear their ugly heads,
address and eliminate them immediately.
What are the essential components of balancing a board room?
Boardroom meetings are an important time, where not only business matters are discussed,
but sometimes company turning points are addressed. If you’re there, you’ll want to take
heed at these meetings.
If you’re not a participant in the boardroom meeting, don’t take this as an opportunity to
mentally drift away. Instead, keep long-term career growth in mind.
This moment with your co-workers can actually be a time to leverage your career and your
work relationships. If you thought you could participate without an invitation, think again.
With some brainstorming and expert advice, this could be a time where you could make a
lasting contribution to your organization while working on a promotion.
Building a Balanced Board
Before a nominating committee gets started on building a well-balanced board, they need
to assess the competencies of the current board. This is the first step toward building a
board matrix that will identify the gaps in skills and abilities on the current board.
A matrix is a valuable tool for nominating committees that want to consider such issues as
diversity, gender and independence as part of the requirements for the board, along with
other board qualities and characteristics such as experience and expertise.
Make an impression – dress the part
A boardroom meeting is an opportunity to become visible to the decision makers and your
peers. How you want to be viewed in front of your peers is strongly influenced based on
how you present yourself.
Awareness – study the agenda
Know what you’re stepping into. Oftentimes, agendas will be submitted before a meeting.
This gives you an opportunity to become familiarized with the material. If you’re confused
about anything in particular, you can study the material and do your research.
If you do have pertinent, valuable information to contribute, practice a few key points
before the meeting. If you’re printing statistics or any sort of documentation, make sure you
bring enough copies for everyone. Becoming an active participant will give you the chance
to be seen, heard and possibly make a lasting impression.
A positive approach
Surviving boardroom meetings begins by adjusting your mindset and taking a positive
approach. Having an optimistic and a results oriented attitude can mark the difference
between surviving and thriving.
With the right approach and attitude, boardroom meetings can take on a different
meaning. If we adjust our attitude to these gatherings, we can think of this time as more
than merely hanging by the side-lines, but as a platform to offer your expert knowledge that
may not have been otherwise heard.
 What are the various types of etiquettes?
Etiquettes are a set of general rules of human behaviour in a respectful society,
usually in the form of a code of conduct that specifies the expected and
accepted code of conduct that conforms to the meetings and norms of the
community, social class, or community group.
Example: Rule of writing a Thank you note.
Different types of Etiquettes:
• Social etiquette.
• Corporate etiquette.
• Bathroom etiquette.
• Wedding etiquette.
• Meeting etiquette.
• Telephone etiquette.
• Eating etiquette.
• Business etiquette.
What are business etiquettes and how can they be developed?

Business etiquette is an unwritten code of conduct regarding communication between members in a

business arrangement. It works in many areas of one's work life including emails, phone calls and
business meetings.

Good business ethics are important because they create a positive, respectful climate and improve
communication, which helps the office function as a productive environment. People feel better
about their jobs when they feel respected, and that translates into better relationships with
customers.

Professional Etiquette is required for the career build up like leadership, quality maintaining,
business and it refines the skills which are needed for services.

Without Etiquette, a person may limit their potential at work and have risk on their image, and may
even damage relationships.

Developing Business Etiquettes

Below are some common techniques to develop business etiquettes useful in professional settings:

Make a Good First impression: People tend to create impressions about others within seconds
they've met, so it's important to make sure you present yourself as an expert. Be aware of your body
language and how others can understand it. A good rule of thumb is to stand upright, maintain eye
contact, and smile! Make sure you recognize your work code and your policies before time. Arrive on
time and get ready for important meetings.

Avoid Gossip: The way you treat people means a lot to you. Do not make decisions about the
importance of people at work or talk negatively about your colleagues, even if you find yourself
frustrated with a particular situation. Think about how you interact together with your managers
(managers), your peers, and your subordinates.

Communication is important: Communication is an important part of the etiquette of the

profession. Sometimes it's not something you say, but the way you say how important it is be careful
how you interact with colleagues at meetings and in one conversation. As for email, make sure your
correspondence inside and outside of your workplace is clearly spelled and has no spelling errors.
Remember, email may be a permanent record of any conversation so never post anything written
that you simply can say on someone's face.

Understand your work environment: Pricing, policies, and work processes can be difficult to find in
the first place. In a small work setting, some of that information can come from watching others and
asking questions when needed. Finally, looking at the atmosphere and the actions of others can help
you understand what is right and what is wrong, and how to get better at work while maintaining
your expertise. As the global market grows, the need to understand the international standards of
business self-esteem is also growing. If you are taking a job or internship in a foreign country,
research the ethics, culture and customs of both that country and the organization you plan to work
for.

Be Humane: Sharing information about your private life is your decision, but be careful when it
comes to what you share; some colleagues may be more open than others and may choose to keep
their private life private too. Similarly, you may want to restrict your calls, emails, and other non-
work-related work hours after hours .Finally, getting to know you colleagues is a good thing but
always respect the respect of others
What is the importance of business etiquettes?
Below are some important advantages of having business etiquettes:
• As Corporate Customers:
• It boosts the company profile among peers in the industry
• Provide other marketing tools
• Develops professional skills
• It promotes cultural awareness
• It instils dignity and respect in the workplace
• It gives a positive impact on the code of conduct at work
• Improves internal and external customer relationships
As Individuals:
• It builds confidence and confidence
• It highlights the image
• Develop skills
• It provides a competitive edge for those seeking employment
• It has an impact on career progression
• It promotes cultural awareness
• Creates existing opportunities in a competitive educational environment
As professionals:
• Provides strategies and skills to overcome shyness
• It builds confidence and confidence
• Providing winning strategies for competing educational institutions
• Develop analytical skills
• It creates new learning opportunities
• Develops facial skills
• It teaches social interaction skills
What do you understand by professional ethics and Code of Conduct?
Ethics is defined as a branch of philosophy concerned with the meaning of all
aspects of human behaviour. Professional ethics therefore, can be described as
principles that govern the behaviour of a person or group in a business
environment.
Similar to values, professional ethics provide rules on how an individual should
act towards other individuals and institutions in such a professional
environment. And unlike values, professional ethics are, more often than not, a
defined set of rules, which a particular group of people use. Meaning all those
in a particular group will use the same professional ethics, even though their
values may be unique to each person.
Professional Ethics and Code of Conduct
The norm system governing and regulating professional behaviour is
professional ethics. Certain common principles underlie professional codes and
bodies, e.g. Medical and Dental Council, Police Service Code of Conduct, Estate
Agents Code of Conduct. Codes may not be exhaustive and may not include all
the rules and regulations that apply to every situation. The contents therefore
have to be viewed within the framework of company policies, procedures and
the requirements of the law.
In our society ethical concerns have escalated in the past few years and have
been raised at government level. Organisations have hot lines for employees
to anonymously report unethical behaviour. In our field of engineering issues
of fairness have been legislated and we have a Code of Conduct in place. The
question of ethical practice, however, covers broad ground and encompasses
everything we do as professionals and the way we behave towards each other
and our clients.
Practising engineers must become aware of their ethical responsibility towards
the client as well as being on the lookout for possible areas where ethical
concerns could arise.
Professionals need to understand what values are and examine their own
value system which determines their interactions. What pitfalls regarding
business and professional ethics face Professionals and what standards of
integrity do they need to be aware of and adhere to, i.e. what ideals should
they strive towards?
What are the principles of professional ethics?
Most codes have common fundamental principles which boil down to four universal
fundamental principles:
1. Respect for People’s Dignity and Rights

• Respect the client’s personal integrity (privacy, confidentiality)

• Be non-judgmental of the intrinsic value of the client irrespective of age,
behaviour, culture, gender, race or religion
• If you are not competent to undertake a project/ task refer to another
engineer
2. Responsible Practice
• The critical focus of this principle is to limit your practice to your field of
expertise and competence
• You must have the appropriate knowledge and skill before undertaking an
activity
• Undergo relevant training and adhere to best practice
• Keep abreast of new developments in your field
3. Integrity in Relationships
• The power relationship is unbalanced between the client and the engineer as
most power rests with the engineer (having the knowledge and skill) which
leaves the client vulnerable
• Professional codes expect professionals to act with integrity
• For professionals to be accepted in society and successful in their profession
they need to be trusted. There is a fiduciary relationship whereby one person
(the client), in a position of vulnerability, justifiably reposes confidence, good
faith, reliance and trust in another (the engineer) whose aid, advice or
protection is sought in some matter. In such a relationship good conscience
requires one to act at all times for the sole benefit and interests of another,
with loyalty to those interests.
4. Responsibility
• Clients are clearly the engineer’s first responsibility but professionals also
have a responsibility to society
• Examples of responsible social actions are to:
• to disperse information that can advance the profession
• to protect the public trust in the engineering profession by “blowing the
whistle” on non-professional conduct
What is the significance of professional ethics in an organisation?
The purpose of professional ethics and the Code of Conduct is threefold:
- to increase professional and ethical consciousness among engineers and their sense of
ethical responsibility;
- to guide engineers in making more informed ethical choices; and
- to help the Engineering profession itself function at the fullness of its potential.
As professionals, engineers commit themselves to supporting and acting in accordance with
ethical guidelines covering the following six main areas:
1. Competency
2. Integrity
3. Public Interest
4. Environment
5. Dignity of the Profession
6. Administrative
What is self-motivation? Why is it important?
Developing self-motivation can help give you the push you may need to accomplish a
difficult task. Self-motivation can help you get a sense of achievement and determination to
complete more tasks. In this article, we will explain what self-motivation is, why it's an
important quality to have and how you can apply self-motivation in the workplace.
Self-motivation is what drives you to complete various tasks and duties efficiently. It helps
build your awareness of why you are aiming to complete a certain task and encourages you
to keep going until you successfully complete it. Once you finish a task or accomplish a goal,
you may feel a sense of satisfaction and pride in yourself. Self-motivation is what will push
you to complete tasks like this again.
That rush feeling you get when you accomplish a task is called dopamine. It moves within
your neurons and helps motivate you to work toward certain goals and achievements. To
function properly, dopamine needs to operate in an efficient and purposeful way. This is
where your self-motivation comes in. Pushing and motivating yourself to achieve goals helps
activate this dopamine and can cause you to achieve more.
Importance of Self-Motivation
Various tasks and goals throughout the workday and long-term goals can be achieved with
the help of self-motivation. If you display high levels of self-motivation within the
workplace, it will become noticeable that you're achieving more goals and are working
harder to succeed. Strong self-motivation at work helps increase your productivity and
makes you feel proud of the goals you've accomplished.
What are some techniques to keep oneself motivated?

Self-motivation can begin as a decision with the ability to quickly develop into a habit. Below are
ways you can start practicing self-motivation until it eventually becomes a routine:

1. Set achievable goals for yourself: To start motivating yourself, you can list what you hope to
achieve. This helps you develop self-management skills as you work toward different achievements
and opportunities, then feel accomplished once you reach and finish them. These goals can be large
or small. If they are larger goals, you can split them up into smaller goals or tasks to make them
seem less intimidating and easily achievable. Achieving one goal can often make you want to achieve
more.

2. Build a plan to achieve each goal: After setting goals, you can develop a plan to complete each
one. You can do this by creating a schedule or to-do list for yourself. One of the way, writing down
when you plan to achieve each goal can make you more likely to complete them as it's a way to hold
yourself accountable for completing tasks. If every goal isn't achieved as planned, continue
encouraging yourself to complete the next goals. You can simply move your goal or task to be
completed a different day.

3. Create a reward system for yourself: Another way to effectively activate your dopamine levels is
by rewarding and encouraging yourself to achieve more goals. You can motivate yourself to continue
achieving goals by building a reward system. If you reward yourself in small ways such as this, you'll
push yourself to continue completing goals to receive more rewards.

4. Challenge yourself to learn new things: Your brain may become motivated more easily if you're
constantly challenging it. A way to do this is by challenging yourself to read and learn new things as
much as possible. Reading books, current events and online articles can cause you to strengthen
your skill set and achieve more goals. This will be especially beneficial if you work in an industry
constantly evolving.

5. Encourage yourself to think positively: It's important to remember to stay positive and keep
things from setting you back. Mistakes can be corrected and can help you learn how to improve. To
increase self-motivation, it's best to look at various opportunities with a positive attitude and learn
from them. If someone critiques your work, take it as constructive feedback and let it strengthen
your approach. Thinking positively helps you remain motivated to enhance your performance and
provide impressive results.

6. Maintain a healthy lifestyle: Motivation is driven by your brain. It's usually the main source
encouraging you to accomplish tasks and goals. This means you should keep both your brain and
body healthy so they can continue helping you motivate yourself. You can do this by maintaining an
overall healthy lifestyle. Here are some ways you can keep yourself feeling healthy:

• Exercise two to three times a week

• Eat healthy foods that activate dopamine, like fruits and vegetables
• Take plenty of breaks during work to let your brain rest
• Maintain a healthy work-life balance

7. Push yourself outside your comfort zone: One of the best ways to increase self-motivation is to
push yourself to achieve new goals and opportunities. By going outside your comfort zone and
encouraging yourself to accomplish new achievements, you can witness unique experiences. These
experiences can help you learn more and reach for higher goals that may feel more rewarding in the
end.
What is the importance of keeping a positive attitude in the workplace?
Maintaining a positive attitude in any situation is one of the most important
things you can do if you want to lead a happy life and achieve your desired
level of professional success. When you have a positive attitude, dealing with
personal and professional obstacles will be a lot easier, and you will be able to
keep moving forward in the face of adversity.
If you want to keep a positive attitude there are a number of strategies that
you may want to implement. A good attitude will allow you to find more
success in your career and satisfaction in your personal life.
Importance of Keeping a Positive Attitude
Before learning how to keep a positive attitude, it is important to know the
benefits of positivity. Being positive can help you in a number of areas, both in
your personal relationships and in your pursuit of professional success. The
benefits of keeping a positive attitude include:
Identifying and seizing opportunities. Imagine a new position opens up in your
company. An individual with a negative attitude would see everything wrong
with the position, such as an unimpressive salary or too heavy a workload. On
the contrary, one who has a positive attitude will see an opportunity in the
position. Maybe the job would provide you the ability to move up in the
company or you would learn new skills that could aid your career.
Viewing failures as motivation. If you don’t have a positive attitude, it can be
easy to see personal or professional failures as a reason to avoid trying for
success in the future. However, If you have a positive outlook, you can view
failures as opportunities for improvement and use them as motivation to keep
striving for your goals. Sometimes failing at one thing will open up an
opportunity for something better or will at least teach you something new
about yourself.
Overcoming obstacles in your path. People who encounter hardship and have
a negative attitude can find it difficult to move forward, which may cause them
to miss out on something great in the future. If you have a positive mindset, it
will be easier for you to see a way past your obstacles, giving you the
motivation to carry on in the face of adversity.
What are some strategies to maintain a positive attitude in the workplace?
Below are methods for how to keep a positive attitude:
1. Be aware of the good things in your life: Focusing on the negative in your life instead of
the positive is one of the biggest obstacles you may have in keeping a positive attitude.
Fortunately, you can easily start changing your mindset by writing a gratitude journal. A
gratitude journal is a notebook in which you keep track of all the good things in your life. At
the end of every day, write down five things that you’re thankful for that day so that you
can focus on the good in your life instead of the bad. Most people have a lot more to be
thankful for than they realize.
2. Push yourself to do more each day: One of the main aspects of a positive attitude is
believing in yourself and your capabilities. If you want to keep a positive attitude, you
should try to test your limits every single day. Do more work today than you did yesterday,
and do more work tomorrow than you did today.
3. Describe yourself and your life with positive words: Changing the language you use
when you talk about yourself is one of the simplest solutions for keeping a positive attitude.
Your language has a lot of power on your mindset, and if you frequently use negative
language, it can cause you to view your life in a negative light. Use positive language
whenever you can. Eventually, the language that you use will become part of your mindset,
and you’ll find it much easier to stay positive.
4. Surround yourself with positive people: You tend to imitate the people you spend the
most time with, even if you’re doing it unconsciously. You should surround yourself with
positive people, if you want to maintain a positive attitude both at work and at home. Spend
as much time as you can with co-workers who enjoy working and take obstacles in stride,
and try to make friends who are encouraging and rarely complain. When your professional
and social network is filled with positive people, your attitude and behaviours will be a lot
more positive than they would be otherwise.
5. Start meditating every day: Your breathing can have a big impact on your emotions. If
you’re breathing rapidly, it can make you feel anxious or even angry, depending on the
circumstance. On the other hand, when your breaths are slow and deep, you’ll be able to
remain calm and focus on the positive when things seem at their worst. Meditation is all
about controlling your breath so that you can control your emotions
6. Try not to expect results: Unmet expectations can be a big reason for a negative
attitude. For instance, imagine that you have improved your output at work and expect that
your increased performance will result in a raise. If you don’t receive that raise, it can be
easy to give in to negativity, which will impact your performance. If you want to stay
positive, you should avoid expecting results when you take action.
What are the four basic negotiation skills?
A Negotiation can be described as a type of discussion which is used to settle
disputes and reach agreements between two or more parties. Typically, a
negotiation progresses in a compromise where all parties involved make a
concession for the benefit of everyone.
Negotiations and settlements take place frequently within the workplace and may
occur between co-workers, departments or between an employee and employer.
Professionals often find themselves negotiating contract terms, project timelines,
compensation and more. Negotiations are both frequent and significant, therefore, it
is beneficial to understand the types of negotiations you might encounter as well as
how to improve your negotiation skills.
Negotiation skills are qualities that allow two or more parties to reach a compromise
and a favourable outcome of a specific situation. Negotiation skills comprise soft
skills which include abilities such as communication, persuasion, planning,
strategizing and cooperating. A strong understanding of these skills is necessary to
becoming a stronger negotiator.
The application of negotiation skills depends upon the environment, intended
outcome and the parties involved. Below are the key negotiation skills are applicable
to many situations:
Communication: Essential communication skills often consist of identifying
nonverbal cues and expressing yourself in a way that is engaging and meaningful. It is
imperative to understand and follow the natural flow of conversation and always
solicit feedback. Active listening skills are crucial for understanding the parties
involved in the negotiation. By establishing clear communication, misunderstandings
can be easily avoided that could prevent you from reaching a compromise.
Persuasion: The ability to influence and convince others is one of the most important
skill for negotiation. It will help define why your proposed solution to any given
situation is beneficial to all parties engaged and encourage others to support your
point-of-view.
Planning: In order to reach an agreement or concord that benefits all parties
involved, it is imperative to consider how the consequences will impact everyone in
the long-term. Planning skills are an essential element not only for the negotiation
process but also for deciding how the terms will be carried out.
Strategizing: The best negotiators enter any discussion with at least one or two
backup plans, but often more. Considering all possible outcomes, and being prepared
for each of these scenarios is an important negotiating skill.
What are the skills required for impeccable decision-making in the workplace?
Decision-making is the ability or skill that shows your proficiency in choosing between two
or more alternatives. You can make decisions once you process all the information available
to you and speak with the right points of contact involved in a certain situation. Overall, it's
important to identify processes that help you make the right decision on behalf of the
organization and make a concerted effort to uncover biases that may affect the outcome of
it.
Skills Required for Decision Making
Below are some of the skills required for the decision-making process and how to develop
them:
Problem-solving: Leaders can employ their problem-solving skills to make critical decisions
for their company. You need to factor in different viewpoints to consider the numerous
variables required to make a thoughtful decision. It's a necessity that you separate the
emotions from the conversations you have with people that'll influence your decision-
making. The essence of having adept problem-solving skills is that you can formulate
decisions quickly and effectively, so you need to do your research and pay close attention to
detail to match the facts with the situation you're addressing.
Leadership: Leadership is defined as the act of organizing several employees within your
organization, and good leadership can establish a consensus about a particular decision. In
cases like these, leadership would involve working with people to evaluate the present and
motivate them to achieve their goals once a decision is made. The more engaged and
personable you are, the higher the likelihood there is to work cohesively with your team and
making productive choices that have a long-term impact.
Reasoning: Reasoning is one of the primary skills needed to be informed about the decision
you can make in any given situation. Make sure that you review all the advantages and
disadvantages of the decisions that you're considering taking action on. This is the best way
to reason with the present and plan for the future while staying objective and grounded
during this process. Make sure you consider all available and relevant data to help you guide
your decision-making and take a stance about who you're making it with
Teamwork: You must collaborate with your co-workers at some point to make a sound
decision. Your ability to work with a team will decide the results you earn and the number of
people affected by the decision your team made.
Emotional intelligence: Emotional intelligence makes you critically aware of your emotions,
and you can express them in a way that encourages action. Your emotions should lay the
groundwork for your inspiration regarding a specific cause or mission that motivates you
Creativity: Creativity is the process of harnessing your logical and emotional thinking to
generate a unique solution. You need to have trusted employees within your organization to
exchange ideas to come up with short and long-term solutions.
How can one strengthen their decision-making skills?
Below are some techniques for improving your decision-making skills:
• Identify the situation
• Note potential solutions or actions
• List the advantages and disadvantages of each option
• Choose the appropriate decision to proceed with and measure the
results
1. Identify the situation
Problems can be recognized by any member of the organization. All problems
must be reported to a department manager or human resources depending on
the seriousness and nature of it. The executive team may also be informed if
it's tied to the long-term goals they set out. Schedule a meeting with all parties
involved first before proceeding with informing the rest of the organization.
2. Note potential solutions or actions
Document all possible solutions for the problem in front of you and keep a
record of them. List them in front of your team during a meeting, so they can
actively participate in this process. They should also be sent an email to keep a
record of it for themselves. Once you have made a loss of all potential
solutions, list potential action items to all team members to execute the
decision agreed upon.
3. List the advantages and disadvantages of each option
Ascertain the pros and cons of the situation extensively to see which options
can be proceeded to the decision-making stage. Take your time and calculate
the pros and cons wisely to see if it matches your goals and KPIs that measure
its success.
4. Choose the appropriate decision to proceed with and measure the results
Think of the decision you make as one with a short and long-term impact. The
good news is that you'll always learn from the decisions you make, so track
the performance of this decision to align the outcome with the pros and cons
you listed.
What is team-work? Why is team work important in an organisation?
A Team has a small number of talented pairs that are dedicated to a common
goal, goals of service, and a common commitment to their goals In a team,
people are dependent on each other, may or may not work in the same
physical space, and come together to accomplish work together.
Teamwork is an essential element to achieve success at work, no matter your
industry or job title. Working in unison with clients, colleagues, managers and
other people in your workplace can help you complete tasks efficiently while
creating an enjoyable environment both for yourself and others. An
organization is that emphasizes good teamwork skills is typically a healthy,
high-functioning workplace.
Teamwork skills are the abilities and qualities that will allow you to work with
others during formal conversations, projects, meetings or other collaborations.
Teamwork skills are thoroughly dependent on your ability to communicate
well, actively listen and be responsible and honest.
Importance of team-work
In every industry at every level in your career, you will be required to work
alongside others. Doing so in an empathetic, efficient and responsible manner
can help you accomplish career goals, grow your resume and contribute
positively to your organization. It can also help you build rapport with others.
Building rapport can lead to deeper working relationships, new connections
and possibly new opportunities.
What are the primary components of team-work?
Teamwork consists of many skills you can work to develop over time. Here are just a
few examples of qualities that can help you improve your teamwork skills:
1. Communication: One of the most critical teamwork elements is the ability to
communicate in a clear, efficient way. When working with others, it is important that
you share relevant thoughts, ideas and key information. There are many different
types of communication skills including both verbal and nonverbal.
2. Responsibility: Within the dynamic of teamwork, it is essential that the parties
involved both have a complete understanding of the work they are responsible for
and make the effort to complete said tasks on time and up to the expected standard.
With the entire team functioning properly by taking responsibility for their own
work, they can work together towards a common goal.
3. Honesty: Practicing honesty and transparency at work might mean working
through a disagreement, explaining that you were not able to complete a certain task
on time or sharing difficult updates. It can be difficult for a team to develop trust and
therefore work together efficiently without transparency.
4. Active listening: Much like communication, active listening skills can help a
team to understand and trust each other. Active listening is the act of making an
effort to focus intently on one person as they share their ideas, thoughts or feelings.
You might also ask follow-up questions to dig deeper into what they are
communicating.
5. Empathy: Having empathy for your teammates can allow you to better
understand their motives and feelings. Taking the time to listen and understand how
others think and work can help you to communicate with them in the right ways.
6. Collaboration: Teamwork means group of individuals with a diverse set of skills
and talents can work together towards a common goal. Therefore, It is crucial to
work with other teammates to share ideas, improve each other’s work and help one
another to form a good team.
7. Awareness: In teamwork, it is important that you hone your ability to be aware
of the team dynamic at all times. For example, if one person is dominating the
conversation or does not allow others to share ideas, it is important that balance is
restored for each teammate to contribute evenly. Alternatively, if one person tends
to be coy and more hesitant to share their ideas, it is important to create space so
that all teammates feel comfortable to contribute their unique skills and abilities.
How can team working skills be developed?

Here are a few steps you can take to improve your teamwork skills:

Get honest feedback. It can be difficult to identify your own areas of improvement. Finding a
friend, or a trustworthy colleague or respectable mentor that can offer you honest feedback
about your teamwork strengths and weaknesses can help you improve them.

Set personal goals. Using both your own observations and feedback from others to form
achievable, relevant and time-constrained goals can help you improve one teamwork skill at a
time.

Practice. It takes time and practice to see improvements in your skillset. Pay close attention to
your teamwork interactions throughout the day both in and out of work. Take mindful steps to
practice the specific qualities you are trying to build.

Mimic others with strong teamwork skills. When you see examples of great teamwork, take
note and identify why the interaction stood out to you. Apply those qualities in your own
interactions when working with others.
What do you understand by the term “people-skills”?

People skills are the skills one uses while communication with individuals or groups in their
everyday lives. Professionals with good people skills often tend to be more successful than
people who lack them. People skills are vital in all areas of one’s life. People with good people
skills are able to work well with other people and are also good with social interactions.

Though they are more targeted towards communication, people skills also include
understanding body language, active listening, using gestures to express thoughts and feelings,
and also dealing with different attitudes. They also include the skills and attributes associated
with emotional intelligence, or being able to understand and manage your own as well as
others’ emotions. People skills are extensively useful in work environments, they help maintain
good social relationships among colleagues and also help mitigate employer-employee affairs.

Some of the most common people skills are:

1. Active listening

2. Collaboration

3. Problem-solving

4. Conflict resolution

5. Empathy

6. Diplomacy

7. Adaptability

8. Leadership

9. Mediation

10. Patience
What are the various types of people skills?
People skills determine how far one can go not only in their career but also in
their social life, therefore it is essential to hone one’s skills to perfection.
People often assume that communication is a simple and natural thing but it is
in fact a very complex process that involves a lot of learning. Hence it is said
that there is a difference between communication and effective
communication.
The development of people skills requires dedication and effort. The following
are some of the ways in which one can improve their people skills:
• Clarity- Clarity is one of the most essential requirements of
communication. While writing, it is necessary to write in good
handwriting with proper grammar and sentence formation. While
speaking one should use proper vocabulary and speak each word clearly
and carefully along with proper inflections.
• Active Listening- One should listen carefully what the speaker is saying in
order to understand properly and provide feedback. One should be
attentive while listening, ask open ended questions and should be able
to summarize the information provided by the speaker.
• Maintaining Eye-Contact- While conversing one should maintain eye
contact with the speaker as this shows the speaker that the message is
being received by the listener.
• Non-Verbal Communication- One’s body language often speaks as loud
as his words. While communication one should show one’s reactions
and interests through their body language.
• Avoid Interruptions- It is essential to let the speaker finish talking before
conveying one’s own thoughts. Interrupting is not only rude but also can
be disadvantageous as one may not totally grasp the meaning of the
speaker. If an interruption is absolutely necessary, one must use polite
words like “pardon me” or “excuse me” instead of cutting the speaker in
the middle of their thought process.
• Thinking before Speaking- It is said one must think twice before they
speak. One must always consider the opinions and feelings of others
before speaking their mind.
• The Message- The message one wishes to convey must always be clear
and concise, there should be no doubts in one’s mind while speaking.
What are the effective techniques for developing people skills?
There are 5 basic steps to develop people skills:
1. Always Be Self-aware
Self-awareness implies being aware of one’s own thoughts, feelings and emotions.
This activity helps in gaining emotional intelligence which in turn helps in effective
communication. Every individual is projecting subconscious messages throughout the
day that might affect other people around them, therefore it is essential that one is
mindful of their thoughts and only share what they want to.
2. Being Respectful and Empathetic Towards Others
Everyone is entitled to their own opinions no matter how different or abstract they
may be. To be a good communicator one must always respect another’s opinion with
no judgment or condemnation. Empathy is a quality every great thinker and
communicator throughout history, if one cannot be empathetic towards others one
cannot understand how they feel or what they think in any given situation, therefore
it is necessary that one should be compassionate and empathetic towards others.
3. Actively Listening to others
Listening is probably the most underrated and overrated skill among the 4 basic
communication skills. But much like the other skills it has to be honed and
developed. Only when one listens clearly can one respond to a given message. It is
easy to passively keep on hearing the speaker but it is difficult to actively listen as it
requires total attention on the receiver’s part.
4. Avoiding Talking Over Others
While listening one tends to convey his thoughts as soon as he thinks of them
without considering whether the speaker has finished speaking or not, this leads to
being perceived as rude and hasty. To avoid this one must let the speaker finish first
and then convey their thoughts as clearly as possible.
5. Saying “Yes” Before Saying “No”
It is essential to not outright reject new ideas and thoughts without listening to them
or acting upon them. If one does not hear a topic that appeals to his own ideals or
opinions, he tends to reject the new without even listening to it. This process
inhabits one’s ability to expand one’s horizons and should not be continued.
What are the 4 A’s of stress management?
During a stressful situation, you have four options to deal with the stress
caused by it, which are commonly referred to as the four A’s, they are as
follows:
Avoid: You have the ability to eliminate a lot of stressors by avoiding them. For
example, avoid taking on too much, individuals that cause you to stress, places
or activities (such as the news) that make you tense and/or remove items from
your to-do list that are unnecessary or unimportant.
Alter: If there’s a stressful situation that is impossible to avoid, try changing
the way you interact with it. Practice compromise and express your feelings if
someone’s behaviour is adding to your tension.
Adapt: When a stressor can’t be changed, adapt to it by changing your attitude
and expectations. Reflect on things that you’re thankful for, set manageable
standards for yourself and others and keep the situation in perspective.
Accept: Some stressful situations are unchangeable. For these scenarios,
acceptance is often the only way to cope. Remember to express your feelings,
forgive yourself and others, search for the opportunities for growth in the
situation and stop trying to control the uncontrollable.
How can one manage stress effectively? Provide effective techniques.
Below are some steps that may be used for effective stress management:
1 Track your stressors: To identify the circumstances that are contributing to your stress
levels, it’s helpful to keep a journal for a week or two. In it, make note of the situations that
you find most stressful, as well as the circumstances surrounding it, such as the:

• Environment or physical setting

• People involved
• Thoughts and feelings, you had
By recording your stressors for a set period of time, you can identify patterns and your
coping mechanisms. This information allows you to evaluate how you can handle these
situations better in the future.
2. Establish boundaries: Technology allows us to have constant access to work, but it’s
important that you create work-life boundaries for yourself. These boundaries are different
for everyone but usually come in the form of limiting work activities during certain days or
times. For example, you could make a rule that you only check your work email during
normal business hours or refrain from answering your phone during dinner.
3. Practice relaxation techniques: Intentionally relaxing is a great tool for overcoming
stress. There are a number of ways that you can do this, including:

• Deep breathing: Dedicate time to focus on your breath without distraction.

• Meditation: This practice combines both mindfulness and deep breathing to help
you relieve stress and restore balance.
Regardless of what strategy you use, practice it regularly so you can become better at it and
then apply it to different situations and aspects of your life.
4. Take time off: It’s important that you take advantage of times when you can avoid
engaging in and thinking about work-related activities. Use your vacation days and set aside
intentional time when you are able to turn off your phone and focus your attention on
something other than work. Taking time off allows you to return to work feeling refocused
and reinvigorated.
5. Develop healthy habits: It’s essential to develop healthy strategies for handling your
work-related stress. Whenever you begin to feel tension, having a strategy in place to
combat it allows you to overcome it in a way that is sustainable and beneficial. These stress-
relieving habits can come in many forms, such as:

• Reading
• Exercising
• Doing a hobby
• Listening to music
What are the causes of stress?
Stress is your body’s response to changes in your life. Because life involves
constant change—ranging from every day, routine changes like commuting
from home to work to adapting to major life changes like marriage, divorce, or
death of a loved one—there is no avoiding stress.
Causes of Stress
Stress can come from many sources, which are known as "stressors." Because
our experience of what is considered "stressful" is created by our unique
perceptions of what we encounter in life (based on our own mix of personality
traits, available resources, and habitual thought patterns), a situation may be
perceived as "stressful" by one person and merely "challenging" by someone
else.
In other words, one person's stress trigger may not register as stressful to
someone else. Although there are certain situations that tend to cause more
stress in most people and can increase the risk of burnout.
For example, when we find ourselves in situations where there are high
demands on us but we little control and few choices, we are likely to
experience stress. We might also feel stress when we don't feel equipped;
where we may be harshly judged by others; and where consequences for
failure are steep or unpredictable.
Many people are stressed by their jobs, relationships, financial issues, and
health problems, as well as more mundane things like clutter or busy
schedules. Learning skills to cope with these stressors can help reduce your
experience of stress.
What are the stages of effective planning?
Companies often have goals, both broad and specific, of how they want to achieve success
in certain ways. Effective planning helps businesses set objectives and timelines to
accomplish those goals. It provides a focus for how a company operates and makes
decisions.
Effective planning creates achievable goals through several factors, such as time
management and resource allocation. Done well, effective planning improves operations,
provides focus, sets priorities and increases collaboration. It can mould the future of an
organisation.
If a company is new or experiencing significant change, team members may work together
to create or update the plan. Decision-makers may be managers, department leaders or
team leaders.
Creating an Effective Plan
Below are the steps you may follow to create an effective plan:
1. Clarify the company’s vision: One of the first steps in effective planning is defining the
vision, values and mission for the organization. The vision is the long-term objective of the
business, and you should base it on ambitious but realistic goals. Values create the
foundation and stepping stones for the company, and affect every part of the business, from
marketing strategies to workplace culture.
2. Make an outline : An outline must be formed that would include everything you want to
discuss during your planning session. The outline guides you through a series of steps,
including the assessment stage, formulating the strategy and communicating the actions
necessary to advance the company toward the effective vision. Department heads should
research and gather information about their respective departments to contribute to the
outline. While planning, you must understand the current status of the business as well as
factors that will affect it in the future
3. Create detailed goals: Once the main objective and outline are defined, discuss the goals
the team wants to set. These small term goals must be specific with established deadlines
and metrics.
4. Decide how to track your progress: An essential part of the effective planning process is
creating a system for tracking your progress. This can be accomplished by regularly creating
and reviewing reports. You may already create reports that apply to your planning. These
documents can be used to measure your progress and connect your work to your strategy.
5. Involve all employees: Each individual contributes to the success of a company. Your
team should communicate the mission and outline with all team members and ask for their
input. Employees may have a better understanding of what the company can and can’t do.
Communication with all employees also ensures that everyone is working toward the same
objectives and gives them an active role in planning the company’s future.
 How can perform effective time-management in the workplace?
Time management, at its core. is not actually about managing time at all – it’s about
managing yourself. We all have the same 24 hours each day, but how well we use them is
completely down to us.
The best time management techniques should improve the ways you work, help control
distractions and enhance your concentration. While there are lots of them floating about on
the internet, here are the five time-management techniques and their associated tools –
that make the biggest difference.
1. Be intentional: keep a to-do list
Drawing up a to-do list might not seem like a ground-breaking technique, but it’s one of the
most powerful ways to become more productive Having a set list of tasks helps keep you
intentional about what you work on. It will create a layout for the tasks you must complete
– all tasks that pop up outside of it are secondary – and if your mind does wander, a quick
glance at your list reminds you of what you should be doing
2. Be prioritized: rank your tasks
If writing a to-do list is the first step towards better time management, prioritising your
tasks is the next. It guides you through the day’s activities in order of importance, ensuring
that the tasks that matter most are dealt with first. When ranking your tasks, you should
always prioritize what’s most important to you. Ascertain which tasks and activities are
high-value, which will have the most positive effect on you, your work, and your team.
3. Be focused: manage distractions
Despite our best intentions, we all get distracted. From social notifications to talkative
colleagues – and the very human problem of procrastination – actually sitting down and
getting things done is almost always harder than it should be. Given that it takes about 23
minutes to refocus after an interruption, the productive cost of our daily distractions quickly
adds up. So you need to effectively manage your distractions in order to protect your flow
and focus.
4. Be structured: time block your work
A structured schedule is crucial for delivery of achievable goals that you have set for
yourself. It will provide you enough space for your work and sets a healthy pressure to
actually complete it. One of the most productive ways of doing this is time-blocking, as it
prevents one task from overtaking your entire day and stops you from multi-tasking.
5. Be self-aware: track your time
Ultimately, you can’t improve how you use your time, without understanding how you
actually use it in the first place. Tracking your time is fundamental here as it provides the
insight and self-awareness to make effective changes, surfacing hidden time drains,
highlighting inefficient processes and laying out your productive patterns.
 Write a short note on how one can become a successful entrepreneur.
Below are the techniques or to be adopted to become a successful entrepreneur:
1 Passion: Passion is what drives entrepreneurs. They usually love what they do,
and this helps them invest their time in their projects. To become a more
passionate entrepreneur, focus on the meaning of your work. Remember that
you contribute to finding solutions that will help many people. Knowing that
your commitment makes an impact may give you the drive you need to
continue when doubt settles in or when the business gets difficult. Passion is
what keeps you focused on your objective.
2 Motivation; Motivation is the will to accomplish certain things. Entrepreneurs
are driven to make their business a success and push themselves. To increase
motivation, you can start by setting small goals. Small goals can help you
reach larger ones and encourage you to aim higher. Recognize the work
already accomplished and celebrate your results, even minor ones. Also, keep
a positive mind-set. Turn your mind away from negativity and daily obstacles
to focus on what you want to achieve and the positive aspects of your life.
3 Ability to network; The ability to connect with people and to recognize
opportunities for partnership is crucial to successful entrepreneurship.
Meeting new people might facilitate access to resources or knowledge that
your business needs. It allows you to learn from the success of others,
4 Optimism; Entrepreneurs are dreamers with a plan in place: They see the
positive side of the situation and always move forward. Optimism supports
creativity, so it helps business leaders finding new ideas for their products or
services and increases their chances of success. To develop your optimism,
you can consider challenges as opportunities to grow instead of problems that
could stop you. Keep the end goal in mind, and don't dwell on past issues.
5 Persuasiveness: Entrepreneurs know their business and how to talk about it
to people. They need to persuade others to believe in their idea. To improve
your persuasion skills, learn about your listeners and adapt to their
personality. You can share a story to reach them on an emotional level and
show your passion.
6 14. Money management: Entrepreneurs need to understand the financial
situation of their business. Even if they hire a specialist like an accountant,
they are the decision-maker and must know their situation to run the business
successfully. You can improve your basic money management skills by
preparing a budget and committing to it and investing available funds rather
than spending them. You can also acquire more financial knowledge by taking
classes or training programs.
What is entrepreneurship? What are its various types?

Entrepreneurship can be defined as the process by which individuals or a group of individuals exploit
a commercial opportunity, either by bringing a new product or process to the market, or by
substantially improving an existing good, service, or method of production. This process is generally
organized through a new organization, but may also occur in an established small business that
undergoes a significant change in product or strategy

An entrepreneur is a person who organizes the means of production to engage in entrepreneurship,

often under considerable uncertainty and financial risk. Entrepreneurs may partner with other
entrepreneurs to jointly found companies (co-founders), or with an existing organization (e.g.,
corporate or university spin-outs).

Types of Entrepreneurships

Entrepreneurship is the overall process of developing, launching and running a business consisting of
many different types of entrepreneurship.

Below are the various types of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs:

A. Large Company Entrepreneurship: Large company entrepreneurship is when a company has a

finite amount of life cycles. This type of entrepreneurship is particular to advanced professionals
who knows how to sustain innovation. They are often a part of a large team of C-level executives.
Large companies promptly create new services and products depending on consumer preferences to
meet market demand. Small business entrepreneurship may evolve into large company
entrepreneurships when the organization rapidly grows. This can also happen when a large company
acquires them. Companies such as Microsoft and Google are instances of this kind of
entrepreneurship.

B. Scalable Start-up Entrepreneurship: In this type of entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurs believe

that their company can make a difference in the world. They often acquire their capital from venture
capitalists and hire specialized employees. Scalable start-ups look for things that are missing in the
market and create solutions for them. They seek rapid expansion and big profit returns. Examples of
scalable start-ups are Facebook, Instagram and Uber.

C. Social Entrepreneurship: This type of entrepreneurship involves an entrepreneur who wants to

solve social problems with their products and services. Their main goal is to make the world a better
place. They don't work to make big profits or wealth. Most of the time, these kinds of entrepreneurs
tend to start as non-profits or companies that dedicate themselves to working toward social good.

D. Innovative Entrepreneurship: Innovative entrepreneurs are individuals who are constantly

trying to come up with new ideas and inventions. They evolve ideas and execute them as business
ventures. Innovators tend to be very motivated and passionate people. They find ways to make their
products and services unique and stand out from other things on the market. Entrepreneurs like
Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are examples of innovative entrepreneurs.

E. Hustler Entrepreneurship: Individuals who are willing to work hard and put in constant effort
are considered hustler entrepreneurs. They often lack capital in their start-ups and work toward
growing a bigger business with hard work. Their aspirations are what motivates them, and they are
willing to do what it takes to achieve their goals. They do not give up easily and are willing to
experience challenges to get what they want. For example, a hustler entrepreneurship would be
willing to cold call many people in order to make one sale.
What is the project management life cycle? Explain each component in detail.

There is no single framework for project management. Factors like changing business needs and
goals, new or different staff and expertise, evolving or new technology are often among reasons why
processes have to change. But what is most important is that an organization or team has a basic
framework for how projects operate. As you research project management processes, you will find
that most models identify three basic phases to organize activities:

1. The Initiation Phase: The initiation phase is the first step in of the entire project management life
cycle. The goal of this phase is to define the project, develop a business case for it, and get it
approved. Below are the functions needed to be performed by the project manager during this
stage:

• Perform a feasibility study

• Create a project charter
• Identify key stakeholders

2. Research, Discovery, and Planning Phase: Typically, an organization will perform some level of
research to determine the validity of a project. This could be performed in the form of market
research, user research, competitive analyses, among many other activities. The planning phase is
critical to creating a project roadmap the entire team can follow. During this phase, project
managers will typically:

• Create a project plan

• Develop a resource plan
• Define goals and performance measures

3. Execution Phase: Once the project is planned, it’s time to execute. The execution can play out in
several different ways, using different processes like waterfall, agile, or variants therein. Essentially
what you will find in this phase is time for collaboration, creation, review, and iteration phase where
the PM is most active.

Tasks completed during the Execution Phase include:

• Develop team
• Assign resources
• Execute project management plans

4. Testing, measuring, monitoring: After a project has launched, it’s time to make sure it’s tracking
well against its goals. In an agile project, a minimum viable product (or MVP) will be launched to gain
early feedback to iterate.

• Manage resources
• Monitor project performance
• Risk management

5. Project Closure: The closing phase is last phase in the project management life cycle. It signals the
official end of the project and gives the time to reflect, wrap-up, and organize materials.

Project managers can:

• Take inventory of all deliverables

• Tie up any loose ends
What are the fundamental components of project management?
Project management can be defined as the planning, organizing and managing
the effort to accomplish a successful project. A project is a one-time activity
that is temporary in nature and has a beginning and an end while producing a
specific output and or outcome, for example, a building or a major new
computer system. This is in contrast to a programme which is 1) an ongoing
process, such as a quality control program, or 2) an activity to manage a
number of multiple projects together.
The process of project management includes the development of a project
plan, which involves defining and confirming the project goals and objectives,
how they will be achieved, identifying tasks and defining and collecting the
resources needed, and determining budgets and timelines for completion
Projects often follow major phases or stages (with various titles for these), for
example: feasibility, definition, planning, implementation, evaluation and
realisation.
The fundamental components of project management are:
• defining the reason why a project is necessary;
• describing project requirements, specifying quality of the deliverables,
estimating resources and timescales;
• preparing a business case to justify the investment;
• securing corporate agreement and funding;
• developing and executing a management plan for the project;
• leading and motivating the project delivery team;
• managing the risks, issues and changes on the project;
• monitoring progress against plan;
• managing the project budget;
• maintaining communications with stakeholders and the project
organisation;
• provider management;
• closing the project in a controlled manner when appropriate.
What are the roles and responsibilities of a project manager?
The role of the project manager involves many tasks and responsibilities
including:
• Traditional approaches
• Agile methodologies
• Change management methodologies
• Process based methodologies
• Planning and defining scope
• Setting and managing expectations
• Crafting process
• Creating project plans
• Managing tasks
• Resource planning
• Time/cost estimating
• Analysing and managing risks and issues
• Monitoring and reporting project status
• Team leadership
• Strategic influencing
• Facilitating communications and collaboration
• Planning and facilitating meetings
That is a lot to include in one job description—one that does not actually hold
any operational or management responsibility for the team working on the
projects. Often, you will find Project Manager in a tough position of trying to
make things happen, but without the authority to truly push an issue. In order
for that to happen, the Project Manager has to gain the trust
What are the principles of professional ethics in the workplace?
Ethics is defined as a branch of philosophy concerned with the meaning of all aspects of
human behaviour. Professional ethics therefore, can be described as principles that govern
the behaviour of a person or group in a business environment.
Professional Ethics and Code of Conduct
The norm system governing and regulating professional behaviour is professional ethics.
Certain common principles underlie professional codes and bodies, e.g. Medical and Dental
Council, Police Service Code of Conduct, Estate Agents Code of Conduct. Codes may not be
exhaustive and may not include all the rules and regulations that apply to every situation.
The contents therefore have to be viewed within the framework of company policies,
procedures and the requirements of the law.
Professionals need to understand what values are and examine their own value system
which determines their interactions. What pitfalls regarding business and professional ethics
face Professionals and what standards of integrity do they need to be aware of and adhere
to, i.e. what ideals should they strive towards?
Most codes have common fundamental principles which boil down to four universal
fundamental principles:
1. Respect for People’s Dignity and Rights

• Respect the client’s personal integrity (privacy, confidentiality)

• Be non-judgmental of the intrinsic value of the client irrespective of age, behaviour,
culture, gender, race or religion
• If you are not competent to undertake a project/ task refer to another engineer
2. Responsible Practice

• The critical focus of this principle is to limit your practice to your field of expertise
and competence
• You must have the appropriate knowledge and skill before undertaking an activity
• Undergo relevant training and adhere to best practice
3. Integrity in Relationships

• The power relationship is unbalanced between the client and the engineer as most
power rests with the engineer (having the knowledge and skill) which leaves the
client vulnerable
• Professional codes expect professionals to act with integrity
4. Responsibility

• Clients are clearly the engineer’s first responsibility but professionals also have a
responsibility to society
• Examples of responsible social actions are to:
• to disperse information that can advance the profession
Give some points on how to design guest lectures.
A Guest Lecture is a way of enriching students with the latest updates of the Industries and
Technicalities. During a guest lecture, the students are bestowed with knowledge regarding
industry needs, latest technical updates, avenues for Higher studies etc.
The role of guest lecturer is a vital one in the education process. In a guest lecture, one is
called upon to share their knowledge, expertise and real-life experiences with students
Design for Guest Lectures
1. When you are planning your guest lecture start with what is expected of you. Find out
what the topic is and what the objectives or specific learning outcomes for the lecture are.
2. Familiarize yourself with the content to be covered. Most of the times, you will be called
upon to give a guest lecture where you are an expert.
3. Clarify if there are any expectations for assignment/exam marking or setting as a result of
guest lecturing.
4. Try to get a sense of who your learners are. This is a key principle of learning design and it
will enable you to better meet the needs of your students. When planning your lecture
focus on the students and their academic progress.
5. Develop some specific learning outcomes for your lecture. These should be objectives
that comprise statements that define the knowledge, capability or skill a student will be able
to demonstrate after your lecture. It is beneficial to write learning outcomes in the second
person (‘you’) and describe what could be done (‘will be able to...’).
6. Once you know the curriculum/content that your lecture is covering, give consideration
to how you might deliver it.
Because you are a guest lecturer, you can probably break with any conventions of providing
a lecture that is a didactic delivery of course content to a passive audience. Instead,
consider:

• extending students’ learning by weaving in supplementary material;

• sharpening their learning by focusing on selected core concepts or skills;
• linking what is being taught with wider social, economic, scientific or commercial
contexts.
7. Even when there is a water-tight case for sticking pretty close to the curriculum, there are
ways of doing so which may:

• make it more stimulating for all concerned. For example, you can:
• change the pace in our classes by combining different media (voice, video, etc.)
• make the connections between course content and the ‘real’ world more explicit.
What are the techniques involved in presenting effective guest lectures?
Below are some useful techniques for giving comprehensive and effective guest lectures:
1. Locate and read supplemental sources. You may procure interesting and useful
examples, supporting research, or organizing themes. Be sure you have clear goals in mind
so that you read efficiently for what you need.
2. Prepare a good outline. A one-page summary will help you ascertain the total coverage
and coherence of your initial plan. Usually, 3-4 major sections (sub-sections for an
exhaustive topic) is the right amount for a 50-75-minute lecture. You may want to share
this outline with the professor to get feedback and to check how much flexibility you have
when presenting the material.
3. Carefully plan visual aids. You can use power-point presentations as a well-designed
visual aid which should clearly reinforce the main ideas and be coordinated with what you
say. Make sure that all text in the presentation slides is large enough to be seen from the
back of the room (usually 18-24 point for transparencies).
4. Plan ways to interact with students. Try to acquire ongoing feedback on the students'
comprehension. Define beforehand how much interaction, discussion, or practice is
appropriate for the goals of the lecture. A good way to achieve this is by being consistent
with the class atmosphere established by the professor. Write out for yourself beforehand
at least a few of the questions you plan to ask, to make sure they are clearly worded and
answerable.
5. Review your notes thoroughly. Make sure you feel comfortable and confident in
presenting the material. Many lecturers find it useful to include reminders to themselves in
the form of cue cards and bullet notes (e.g., “write student’s responses on this
transparency” or “pause for questions”) to make the presentation smooth. Although you
might have very good notes from the professor or are familiar with the content, you need to
make sure that the level of detail in the notes is satisfactory.
6. Mentally rehearse the lecture at least once. In this mental rehearsal, check to make
sure that the introduction sets clear goals, that there is a logical transition that connects the
major sections, that visual aids highlight your main arguments, and that the summary
emphasizes the most important points. Researchers have found it helpful to practice in front
of a mirror.
7. When planning your next guest session:
Consider referring back to your reflections and the feedback you received from your
colleague and students. This serves as a reminder of what worked well last time and what
you can work on this time.
Pondering over these reflections and evaluations will show how your teaching has improved
over time. They will also provide evidence that might be useful as part of an application for
a teaching position or for promotion.
What are some things to be kept in mind while delivering a technical
presentation?
Public speakers, politicians, and professional actors get nervous before they
get on stage, why shouldn't you? Ironically, a certain level of 'nervousness'
works to your advantage because it keeps you alert and boosts your
performance. However, learning to channel that energy takes time and
practice. Delivery can make or break a presentation, so start planning it early.
Prepare your delivery as follows:
1. Create note cards. Even if you are asked to “present the paper,” do not
plan to read the paper aloud. Explain it on the cards, stating important points.
Make sure you know the sources for all your information. When using
presentation software, sources should be identified on the slide. Otherwise,
strip the source to your note cards. You may be called to your sources for a
question-and-answer session.
2. Practice in front of friends - not just a mirror. It's amazing how quickly your
brain will despise the 10 hours of homework you do when dealing with
another human being. A real audience, no matter how small, will help give you
a sense of "sensation" to experience and alert you to hats clearly or to create
errors on your slides. Practice keeping eye contact as much as possible.
Practice twice, and notice your progress. If you are spoken lightly, practice in a
very large academic room. Ask your friend to sit in the back row to practice the
voice sequence.
3. Visit the site/ location if possible. Introduced on campus, you should be
able to visit the room ahead of time.
Note the size of the room and where you will stand. When presenting in the
main lecture hall, check your slides so they can be seen from the back row.
Check the projector and screen controls and schedule technical support if
necessary.
4. Remember Murphy's laws. Prepare your laptop to crash, the projector light
to explode, so that your partner cannot be seen. If you are presenting outside
the University, prepare a final program to bring your speech from memory,
by hand-outs.
5. Anticipate questions and challenges. Be prepared to specify each major
point. Prepare to support your sources, methods, and conclusions without
coming up in defence. If you don't know the answer, say so.
How to make effective use of visual aids in technical presentation?
Spoken words are ephemeral: as soon as they come out of our mouth they
evaporate into air. Because of this limitation, speeches often need strong
visual support – hand-outs, chalkboards, flip chart, slides, computers, charts,
tables, film, etc.
The importance of visual aids:
• increase audience interest
• illustrate key points
• signal transition from one part of the presentation to the next
• increase impact of message
• help listeners retain information
• help you; present ideas without depending on notes
• for those not familiar with your language or accent, turn the
incomprehensible to understandable.
Guidelines to make effective visuals:
• If you feel that the audience needs explanations for your visual aids
explain to them lest they should misunderstand it.
• Organize the visual aids as a part of the presentation. Fit them into the
plan.
• Emphasize the visual aids. Point to them with bodily action and with
words.
• Talk to the audience, not to the visual aids. Make sure that lecterns,
pillars, charts, and such don’t block anyone’s view. Take care not to
stand in anyone’s line of vision.
• Refrain from removing the aid before the audience has an opportunity
to absorb the material.
• Don’t talk about the visual aid after you have put it aside.
• Use enough visuals to make your points clear, but don’t overdo it.
• Don’t use too many lines or figures on one aid, make sure that it’s visible
to one and all from all the corners of room.
• It should not be very light that the audience finds it too hard to see. Too
small an illustration will not be visible to those in the back of the
audience.
• Keep them at an inconspicuous place, if aids are too many, or they may
distract the attention of the audience.
What is the structure of a technical presentation?
Most technical presentations have three different sections: Introduction, The
Middle, and Conclusion.
1. Draft the Introduction: Think of it as a journalist: the introduction should
explain "in your research, who, when, when, and why. The Middle Ages will
explain" how. " Your title slider will convey most of this information. foreign
currency for your research, your slide title should identify the source of your
support. In this section, see your Introduction as a bad draft.
2. Concentrate on the Middle and Conclusion: Visualize yourself at the end of
the presentation. What do you really want the audience to learn, or take
away? Engineering experts recommend that you focus on 3-5 points per
presentation. But in a busy conference, most of us can remember exactly the
main point of each speaker . Organize your points in order of importance.
Make sure that all the information you put in the Middle on your presentation
gives your most important point; many unnecessary details will reveal
important details. Select the most convincing visual data to use as supporting
evidence.
3. Organize your argument and support: First, protect your computer (Grant,
2010). Instead write your points on note cards and arrange the cards, so that
you can see the whole structure where you look and then make quick changes.
When you start this project on presentation software, you run the risk of
wasting time with the slide design details. This process will also help remove
unnecessary information that does not support your main points. Pre-empting
the notecard you have written instead of deleting the slide took an hour to
complete. Repetition helps you emphasize important details. If you want the
audience to remember the point, give it a go in advance, present the
information as clearly as possible, and repeat your point in conclusion.
4. Finally, return to your introduction: Review all of your draft content,
including your title. Make sure that your introduction explains why your work
is important - and why it should pay attention to you. Also explain the main
context of your work (or "big picture") of a very small member with expert
audience experience; that person may have the power or money to help you. If
your presentation will last longer than 5 minutes, provide an overview slide to
present the content. You can use the overview to define your rating: what to
discuss and what not to do.
How can one create a perfect outline for a technical presentation?
While defining the scope of a technical presentation, it is essential to know what is to
be included in the main content and what isn't. One way to achieve this objective is
by making a preliminary outline of the key content in the presentation.
To create an outline for a technical presentation:
1. Note down all the topics that are to be covered in the presentation
2. Brainstorm each topic for 10-15 minutes and come up with key points which can
be put into a mind map.
3. Do not spend more time on this activity because you will very quickly hit
diminishing returns
4. If you remember a certain key point later you can always add it to the list.
Using a mind-map can be very advantageous at the outlining stage of a presentation.
Mind maps allow you to make associations, form links and group similar topics
together.
A presentation Outline comprises of several stages:
● State your purpose and main idea and then use these elements to guide the rest
of your
planning.
● Organize your major points and sub-points in logical order, expressing each major
point as a single, complete sentence.
● Identify major points in the body first, then outline the introduction and close.
● Identify transitions between major points or sections, then write these transitions
● Choose a compelling title. It should be brief, action oriented, and focused on how
the audience can benefit from the presentation.
● Add delivery cues, such as places where you plan to pause for emphasis or use
visuals.
● Arrange your notes on numbered cards or use the notes capability in your
presentation software.
What are the various sources for collecting materials for technical presentation?
The various sources from which you can obtain materials for you presentation are as
follows:
LIBRARY CATALOGUES: A key tool you need to familiarize yourself with is the library
catalogue. Today’s modern library has replaced the card catalogue system with a computer
that can search several databases for the information you are looking for. It will also usually
tell you if this resource is available or already signed out by someone. This computerized
system is very similar to those used in your large bookstores today. The process is the same.
The library electronic catalogue will also allow you to search other libraries if your local
library does not have the information you are looking for.
PERIODICALS; Another wonderful resource available to you is the periodical database. This
database contains hundreds of thousands of articles and publications from a large variety of
journals, magazines, and publications. Much of the recent and past research done within
universities is published in a number of journals, each specific to a particular type of
industry. When you are looking to find some good published material to reference for your
presentation, this is great place to look.
NEWSPAPERS: Your local library will also have a section with several of the various local and
national newspapers. They usually have the current paper along with some of the recent
and past newspaper publications. On the morning of all my presentations, you can look at
some of the local newspapers in your area (or the area you may be speaking at). You will be
amazed how many times you will find a timely article related to your presentation. This not
only serves as a good visual aid and prop, it also visually adds credibility to the information
you read from the publication. When your audience sees you read from a source, they more
readily accept that information. If that newspaper happens to be that morning’s newspaper,
then you automatically have shown you have used the most current data.
REFERENCE WORKS: Several types of reference works are available. All of these sources
have information collected and organized in an easy-to-use and easy-access format. Two of
the most popular types of reference work are: Encyclopaedias. Finding just the right
quotation for your presentation can add that special flare you are looking for.
THE INTERNET: The amount of information available to you today on the Internet is
staggering. You can find the exact information you are looking for with a few clicks of your
mouse. The Internet has changed how people do research and has had a big impact on your
local library. You are actually able to search your local library’s database online without
leaving your house. In fact, you can search libraries from all over the world and then request
to have the book or resource sent to your local library, where you can pick it up. There are
many Internet tools you can use, such as search engines, online databases, virtual libraries,
and even private publications. Like any other resource, you need to verify and validate the
information you find; there is a lot of incorrect information online as well.
How can one define the scope and purpose of their technical presentation?
A technical presentation is a formal talk given on a specific set of topics to inform and
educate. They may be short or long, include slides or other visual aids, and be done
individually or in a group.
Planning and structuring a technical presentation is similar to the process of writing an
essay, except the speaker needs to be conscious of a live audience and use spoken language
instead of written.
Importance of the Subject of Presentation
The first thing that must be kept in mind while making a technical presentation is the
subject. Since content is central to any presentation, your content must be accurate, factual,
and well-organized before there comes any kind of ornamentation to the main content. In
an ideal world, you would have a thorough knowledge of your subject matter before you
start to present, but we all know that doesn't happen every time. Our clients and
supervisors give us assignments just outside our comfort zones, or we change jobs and have
to learn new product lines, or a new issue comes up that we have to quickly learn, digest,
and be able to explain to someone else.
The Scope of the Presentation
After the subject of a presentation is defined, the second step is defining the scope of the
presentation. The scope of a presentation refers to how much of the subject is covered in
the presentation or how much detail the presentation will encompass.
Depending upon the objectives of your presentation and the time you have been allotted,
the scope of your presentation can be divided into two types:
1) A broad scope with less detail, or
2) A narrow scope allowing for greater detail.
The broader the scope of a presentation, the harder it becomes to go into detail of each
specific topic. Similarly of the scope of the presentation is narrow, it allows you to go in
depth regarding specific topics. Depth and scope of a presentation to be decided before
starting to create the actual presentation, otherwise a lot of time would be wasted.
Depth and scope decide a duration of the presentation, it is essential to have a balance of
depth and scope as the audience often tends to find longer presentations tedious and
boring.
Know Your Purpose: The purpose of a presentation is a key factor in deciding the content
and style of a presentation. Depending upon your purpose – to inform, to analyse, or to
persuade – you can create a presentation that will elicit your required response from the
audience and eliminate possibilities of unexpected output from them.
What are some ways in which you can prepare for an interview?
Preparing for an interview can be a difficult task, but it’s not impossible. With the help of a
few basic interview techniques, it should be fairly simple to crack
Visualizing the Interview: Visualizing the interview is an excellent way of working out what
areas one needs to work on. One should imagine as if they were in a interview where the
interviewer is looking at their resume for the first time. One should then imagine the most
difficult questions that the interviewer could ask them,
Self-Reflection and Selling Oneself: It’s worth making a list of one's values, interests,
strengths and weakness with accompanying examples or evidence to back up each one. One
needs to sell these attributes to the interviewer and give examples of times when they have
been shown in everyday life. One also needs to think about why they want the job or
position and what you have to offer the organization. What would one change or what ideas
would one bring to the role? It might also be worth thinking about one's short-term and
long-term career goals.
Asking Questions: One should not be afraid to ask the interviewer to clarify a question.
Questions should also be asked by the interviewee during the interview and not just at the
end. The key here is to position oneself so it looks that, whilst they are interested and
enthusiastic about the job, they have a sense of their own self-worth. However, it is
important that this should not seem as arrogance to the interviewer.
Body Language: Body language is very important. Slouching with one's arms crossed won’t
exactly make them look like a model employee. The head should be straight up and the eyes
should meet the interviewer’s line of sight at all times. Making eye contact with the
interviewer while speaking to them is almost as important as saying the right words during
an interview.
Paying attention: It’s extremely important to keep one's concentration levels up during the
interview and to make sure one listens attentively. Interviewers tend to go on long rants
about their organizations but the interviewee must never lose focus and always show the
interviewer that he is listening attentively by nodding and smiling.
Speaking correctly: During an interview the most important thing is to choose one's words
carefully. The pronunciation, intonation and syntax must all be appropriate and the words
should be spoken as clearly as possible. One should be articulate in expressing one's
thoughts and opinions but at the same time it is essential to be cautious of others opinion's
and feelings and should try not to hurt them.
Whom to Speak to: In many cases the interview is conducted by more than one person.
One needs to make sure they pay attention to all of the different interviewers. So while
answering a question, they should all be given proper attention, so as not to exclude
anyone. Although, if an interviewer asks a direct question, it’s important to address the
answer solely to them.
What some frequently asked questions (FAQs) during an interview?
Below are the ten most frequently asked questions in interviews:
• Tell me a little about yourself.
• What experiences have led you here?
• Why are you a good fit for this position?
• What will you bring to our team?
• What are your strengths and weaknesses?
• Where do you see yourself in five years?
• How would your boss describe you?
• Tell me about your work ethic.
• Why do you want to work here?
• What questions do you have for us?
Your answers should always come back to how your experiences and
education prepared you to succeed in this job. If a potential boss says, "tell me
a little about yourself," you can start with some personal details, but don't lose
track of the goal.
Figuring out what you have to offer will help you prepare for most interviews.
You need to be able to confidently and competently tell your story: Who you
are, what you're about, how you got to where you are, what is important to
you and how that aligns with that organization."
Some of these questions may seem to have obvious or simple answers, but it's
still essential to practice answering them out loud. But don't overdo it. You
shouldn't over-rehearse, which can lead to a robotic feel in an interview.
What are the various types of personal interviews?
A personal or face to face interview is one that employs a standard structured questionnaire
(or interview schedule) to ensure that all respondents are asked the same set of questions
in the same sequences.
Types of Interviews
Here are seven of the most popular interview types, as well as how to prepare for each of
them.
1. Traditional Job Interview: A traditional interview is an in-person style of interview held
with the hiring a manager of a company for a position within an organization. In addition to
finding out if you have the right experience for the job, they want to see that you're well-
prepared, enthusiastic and a good fit for the team. A traditional interview may be the first in
a series of interviews. If the hiring manager is impressed by you, they might invite you back
for a panel interview, or to meet one-on-one with other people on the team.
2. Behavioral Interviews: Behavioral interviews focus on getting to know who you are, how
you think and how you'll act in certain situations. Behavioral interview questions might be
broad ("Tell me about a time when you handled a stressful situation at work"), or they might
be specific ("You received an email from a client asking an urgent question, but you're
unsure of the answer and your boss is on a plane, away from email. What would you do?").
3. Video Interview: With the advent of technology, video interviews have become
increasingly common (for ex. Skype Interviews). Presentation and preparation are vital for
video interviews, as the combination of technology and distance means it's easy for issues
to arise..
4. Panel Interview: Panel interviews are the most common type of interviews. You should
always ask with whom you'll be meeting. Therefore, if you're interviewing with a group of
people (as in the case of a panel interview), you won't find yourself surprised upon arrival.
it is essential to address everyone in the room during a panel interview. Begin your answers
by making eye contact with the person who asked the question and then pulling back your
scope to make "soft eye contact" with other members of the group. (Learn more about that
technique here.)
5. Case Interview: Prevalent in the fields of management consulting and marketing, a case
interview presents a prospective employee with a series of questions or scenarios to answer
or solve. Most of the time, these questions center on business cases or markets. It's vital to
practice for these interviews, as succeeding in a case interview is all about mastering a way
of thinking.
6. Informational Interview: Informational interviews are usually less formal than traditional
interviews and most of the times are conducted before you've even applied. It's a chance
for you to ask questions about what entry-level jobs are like in the field, learn about
possible career trajectories and discuss other aspects of work life with someone in the
profession.
How is a Resume different from a CV? What are the guidelines for writing a captivating
Resume?
A resume is a short document used to summarize the job search and qualifications of the
prospective employer. The resume includes contact details for the job seeker, work
experience, education, and the appropriate skills to support the job application.
Your renegotiation is a critical part of today's job application process. Writing a good
resume is more important than ever now that online job posts tend to attract hundreds if
not thousands of applicants. A refurbished, ready-to-start application will increase your
chances of getting an interview while poorly written resumes may be lost at sea of
applicants.
Resume vs. CV
Sometimes you will see the words go on and the CV is used interchangeably. They are not
the same. The resume is a short documentary designed to market your professional skills
while the cv contains an informative list of your expertise, of your courses, and other
information.
C.V stands for curriculum ("course of life"). CVS are separate by design. Think of them as an
encyclopaedia version of your professional life, taking your career history, education,
credentials, relationships, publication and professionalism. They can extend well over three
or four pages.
In the united states, CV’s are usually limited to professions with general positions where
deep expertise is critical, such as academics, science and medicine. These CV’s are filled with
extended education categories, work history, internships, gigs talk, teaching appointments,
magazine publishing and other information that establishes trust.
Re-use across many industries and very short on just one or two pages. That's because the
resume is not intended to capture all the details of your previous experience. Your resume
should be designed and updated based on the details of each activity you use. Negative jobs
in past jobs can be eliminated to save space and attract more attention to your used and
accessible skills.
How to write the resume:
1. Select the resume format and the categories you need
2. Always include contact details, work experience, and education
3. Use traditional topics for high compliance
4. Apply practical skills directly to the job description
5. Replace basic tasks with impactful performance
6. Do not include an old goal statement or reference section
7. Preview and double-check what you wrote
8. Save as docx file (optional) or pdf.
What are the elements of a good Resume?
Elements of a Resume and Techniques to Write them
Contact information:
The title of your startup should include the following information:

• Name
• Phone number
• Location (city, country, zip code)
• Email address
• Linked profile url
It may seem obvious, but job seekers sometimes forget an important piece of
contact information in this section. Double check and make it as easy as possible for
employers to contact you for job interviews.
Phone number: Enter a personal phone number, not a work number. Enter your city, state,
and zip code. This is important as other applicant tracking systems allow employers to filter
the candidates based on location.
Email address: Use a valid email address. An email address based around your name is
correct.
Linked Profile url: If the employer is surprised by your qualifications, they will look at your
online profiles. All job seekers should create a strong linkedin profile and include a url in
their resume.
Work experience: Part of the work experience is the heart of your resume. Separate this
category from a clear, existing topic, such as "work experience," "work experience," or
"employment history."
Under the main heading, list each activity in chronological order. Each function should have
its own sub-heading that includes the following information:
Education: When you have a few years into your career, your education level may also be
reduced under your resume:
Historical and free: Some restart forms allow space for some optional components. Only
use the category of awards or honors in your resume if it makes sense for the job you work
for.
Soft skills: When it comes to your resume, soft skills are not nearly as important as
technical skills. That is because it is difficult to demonstrate within the context of a restart.
For example, an employer will not take your name from you if you say "you work hard" or
"you solve a problem." in fact, it looks like it's short.
Length of your resume:
While a one-page start-up is sometimes considered to be the best, a two-page resume may
be required after five or ten years of staffing, especially if all of your experience is relevant
to the job you are pursuing. Managers sometimes have three or more pages running.