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Abstract
This paper designs the cloud service model, the physical framework of cloud service, and the technical
framework based on the intelligent terminal and builds a cloud service construction management system for
the intelligent terminal using B/S technology by combining some demand analysis in the construction
management system. In order to solve some practical problems in the construction management system,
the traditional schedule-cost construction optimization system introduces two major objectives, safety level,
and environmental impact, and constructs a construction schedule-cost-safety-environment multi-objective
optimization model, and adopts the knee point driven evolution (KnEA) algorithm for multi-objective
optimization.
1. Introduction
Construction engineering management theory is a management discipline developed in recent years,
and as today’s society enters the era of information and technology, there are new changes in the methods
and approaches of people to create wealth and welfare, no longer repeating traditional production activities,
but focusing more on project development and project implementation [1-2].
Good construction project management, which has a multiplier effect on the quality and efficiency of
construction projects, is also becoming more and more the main management field of society and will be
continuously adjusted and improved with the increase of productivity level and the application of specific
projects [3-4].
In daily project management, the managers should timely find the problems in construction project
management and analyze the problems scientifically so as to find out the relevant solutions and finally
ensure the construction quality of the project [5-6].
With the need for continuous social development, the service function of the construction engineering
industry is constantly being improved, which provides an important guarantee for improving the production
and economic benefits of the construction industry [7-8].
However, according to the actual development status of existing construction engineering management,
it is known that, at present, there are still some problems in construction engineering management that
affect the construction cost control and construction quality improvement of this project [9-10].
Therefore, this requires the relevant construction engineering managers to adopt scientific and effective
methods to solve and deal with these existing problems in a timely manner, so as to improve the
management level of construction engineering in a comprehensive manner and increase the construction
efficiency of the project [11- 12].
Construction industry could not be achieved without the use of a construction project management
system by obtaining data through a questionnaire approach. And emphasized the importance of the use of
project management systems in the practice process [13]. Firstly, based on big data to collect construction
cost, combined with some computer technology to build a cost management system to achieve the cost
management of construction projects through big data [14].It developed a flexible and portable generic
model based on a hierarchical probabilistic model to study risk management in construction project
management [15].
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In addition, in the literature [16], in order to reduce the risk of casualties in the construction industry, a
safety management system was incorporated into the construction project management system, which was
able to create better working conditions and reduce the worker turnover rate.
The literature [17] proposes a network perspective to reveal how to achieve sustainable construction,
analyzing the relationship between the various organizational structures in the construction process through
a social network approach and quantitative data, thus improving the efficiency of sustainable construction in
construction project management.
Literature [18] proposes that construction management is a complex system, and by organizing and
analyzing some existing literature, construction project management is divided into four aspects: risk
management, waste management, energy management, and construction productivity, thus using system
dynamics to solve the complex problems in construction management.
This paper uses the information technology of combining computer and the Internet to analyze the
needs in the construction engineering management system, builds the framework of the construction
engineering management system using B/S technology and MySQL database, and also designs the
system cloud based on the model of the intelligent terminal to cloud service, physical framework, and
technical architecture.
In order to solve some practical problems in construction project management, the duration-cost-
safety-environment objective function is constructed, where the safety objective function is constructed by
using network system theory to construct duration-safety and cost-safety, functions, and the environmental
objective function considers the direct and indirect impacts of the project on the environment.
Secondly, the construction multi-objective optimization model is constructed by using the number of
days of the construction period and direct cost as input, and the parameters of the KnEA model are set,
and the construction process combination of typical engineering projects is selected.
Finally, the Pareto-optimal solution set for the combination of process execution mode with optimal
duration-cost-safety-environment is obtained by using the KnEA algorithm to solve the construction project
example, and the multi-objective optimization results are analyzed.
2 Framework design of cloud service construction engineering management system for
intelligent terminal
Using information technology combined with computers and the Internet and adopting the idea of
system integration to create a suitable management system for enterprises and enhance their
competitiveness is the current imperative in the construction industry. The design of this system hopes to
improve the comprehensive management ability of enterprises for engineering projects through effective
control of quality, cost, schedule, and safety while considering the ideas of knowledge management and
sustainable development.
2.1 Design of cloud services based on smart terminals
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2.1.1 Cloud service model design
The first key issue that the cloud service management platform needs to solve is to provide PaaS services
through the platform and help users deploy, run and maintain their applications, while being able to handle
requests from intelligent end users to access the applications. For the characteristics of PaaS services,
combined with the functions of Cloud Foundry cloud computing platform, the corresponding PaaS service
model is designed, and the PaaS service model architecture of the cloud platform is shown in Figure 1.
2.1.2 Intelligent terminal-based cloud service physical framework design The physical framework of cloud
service based on a smart terminal includes three components: Hadoop cluster, smart terminal, and PC
terminal, and the Hadoop cluster, smart terminal, and PC terminal are connected together through the
network, in which the server of the smart terminal-based service platform running on the Hadoop cluster is
the core of the physical framework of cloud service based on a smart terminal. Both the smart terminal and
the PC terminal are connected to the server terminal through the network, and information acquisition and
data interaction are realized through the server terminal.
2.1.3 Cloud service technical architecture design The SOA architecture-based intelligent terminal cloud
service platform adopts a service-oriented modular design with loosely coupled combined services. Table 1
shows the key technical framework scheme of the intelligent terminal cloud level. Cloud services can be
divided into two parts: common service components and user-defined services. Common service
components are common and standard unified services provided by the cloud platform for the use of
intelligent terminals, which are universal for the development of terminal devices. User-defined services are
cloud-based services developed by enterprises for the use of a certain intelligent terminal product. User-
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defined services are highly targeted and can organize their own logic and complete deployment according
to the needs of a certain intelligent terminal product. The user app can be connected to the user-defined
service or directly call the back-end common service components.
2.2 System Outline Design
2.2.1 System Architecture Design
The system is designed in the B/S architecture model. The advantage is that users can access the Internet
to use the management system at any time as the location of the project changes. Users can log into the
management system as long as they are in a place with a network, and they can also connect to the server
through WiFi, WLAN, and other wireless methods. The system is divided into a triple structure, a three-
layer architecture model of a representation layer, a business logic layer, and a data layer, as shown in
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Three-layer architecture model of the system
1) The Representation Layer is a graphical interface for customers to interact with application
services, helping users to understand and efficiently locate application services and presenting
data passed in the Business Logic Layer, which is implemented with ASP.NET pages.
2) The business logic layer is a bridge for data exchange between the data access layer and the
representation layer, calling a combination of methods in the data access layer according to
business requirements and collecting various business rules into a BLL, which is implemented in
the form of a class library.
3) The data access layer uses a strongly typed DataSet as the data access layer, which simply adds,
deletes, changes, queries, and determines the existence of data, and other more general data
access methods are provided by SQL statements, and there should be no “transactions”
2.2.2 System flow design
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In the construction engineering management system, only the personnel of a specific
department can modify the system information, and the personnel of this department appear as the
administrator, and can operate the system content as long as they have obtained the system
administrator identity information.
The other category of personnel is ordinary users, including project managers, and
employees of various functional departments. They are logged into the system as ordinary users,
and can only modify their own relevant information, or subpersonal functions within the scope of
more than designed to the file information, without the right to operate on the system files.
The business flow chart of the system is shown in Figure 3. Ordinary users can only be
involved in the entry of materials, the reporting of engineering information, the modification of their
own password, the submission of project documents, their own related project information query,
and other operations.
The administrator user can manage all users, including adding and deleting operations, as
well as modifying the basic information of users.
Figure 3. System business process design
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2.2.3 System module design
The module design of the construction engineering management system is shown in Figure 4. It is
divided into seven modules, which are staff basic information management, department basic information
management, project basic information management, document basic information management, document
flow information management, unit basic information management, and database basic information
management. The correlation between the modules is low, and the coupling with the overall function of the
system is high, which fully reflects the realization principle of software engineering.
Figure 4. Module design of construction engineering management system
2.3 Database design
An employee holds a corresponding position within the department, and also has to play a
departmental role in the project. There is a one-to-many relationship between the department and the
employee, a one-to-many relationship between the project and the employee, and a many-to-many
relationship between the project and the department. The engineering construction process requires
management personnel, equipment, and materials. The management of engineering projects results in
many documents. There are employees within the department, and employees simultaneously hold jobs
within the department and undertake tasks in the project at the same time. The person who operates the
management system first has to be identified, after which he or she can get certain rights to do his or her
job. Some of the main data tables are as follows:
1) The project structure is shown in Table 2, which mainly stores some information data of the project.
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2) Project personnel information is shown in Table 3, which mainly stores some basic information
data of some project employees
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3) Project material information is shown in Table 4, which mainly stores some material information
data in the construction process of the project.
3 Multi-objective optimization algorithm for intelligent terminal-oriented construction engineering
3.1 Duration, cost, and safety objective functions
Under different construction organization modes, the process time of each process of the project will
be different due to the differences in labor, materials, mechanical equipment, and construction plan. The
total time difference of the critical process is 0. According to the principle of critical line, the target function
of the construction period is:
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Where T is the total duration of the construction project, i is the construction process, n is the total
number of construction processes, j is the construction organization method, mi is the construction process
i with m construction organization methods, L is the set of all lines in the project network diagram, l is the
key line in the project network diagram, i l is the set of construction processes consisting of key lines, ij t
is the duration of the construction process i with the j th construction organization method, and ij x is the
index variable. ij x is the index variable, and when 1 ij x = , it means that the i th construction process
performs the j organization method, and when 0 ij x = , it means that the construction process does not
perform the organization method.
The constraints are as follows:
Where Tmax is the maximum acceptable duration of the project. The total cost of a
construction project contains the sum of direct and indirect costs incurred during the entire construction
process from the start of the project to the completion and delivery of the project. The cost objective
function is constructed as follows.
Where C is the total cost of the project, ij zc is the direct cost of the i th construction process when the
j rd construction organization method is used, and jc is the indirect cost rate of the project. The constraints
are as follows.
In equation (7), Cmax is the maximum cost that the project can afford. The established duration-safety level
function relationship is as follows.
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Where, Uit is the safety risk of process i affected by the duration, i is the safety-related coefficient
of the duration, LUit is the safety level of process i affected by the duration, Ui1 is the minimum safety risk
of process i , i1 t is the maximum duration of process i , and ij t is the duration of process i in j the way of
organization. The constraints are as follows:
Where Uis is the highest safety risk for process i and is t is the shortest duration for process i . The cost-
safety level function is related as follows.
Where Uic is the safety risk of cost-influenced process i , LUic is the safety level of costinfluenced process i
, Ceij is the guaranteed safety cost of process i in the j organization method (C C eij ij = 2% ) , and k is the
guaranteed safety cost and safety risk correlation coefficient.
The constraints are:
The duration, cost-safety level function of the work process is related to
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In Eq. (18), is the weighting factor of the safety impact of duration. According to the theory of network
system reliability, the relationship between the total safety level of the project and the safety level of each
process is:
In equation (19), LU is the project safety level, LUi is the safety level of process i , and G is the network
system reliability model. The network output value of safety level of process i is:
In equation (20), in LU j is the safety level of the j rd immediately preceding work of process i , and out LUi
is the safety level of the immediately following work of process i . At i =1, 1 0 in LU = . For the overall
project, the safety level objective function is:
Where out LUn is the safety level of the immediate post-job for Job n . The constraint condition is:
Where, LUmin is the minimum safety level to be achieved by the project.
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3.2 Environmental objective function
Based on the objective function of duration and cost-environmental impact constructed, which considers
the direct and indirect impacts of engineering projects on the environment, the following environmental
objective function relationship is constructed:
Where E is the total environmental impact of the project, d is the linear distance between the project and
the residential area, s is the economic level index of the city where the project is located, taking a city in
central China as a reference, i e is the degree of pollution and damage to the surrounding environment
from process i , M is the environmental impact of energy and resource consumption of the project, Cmin is
the minimum cost of the project, p n is the number of people in the city, and GDP is the gross urban
product Constraints are:
In equation (29), Emax is the highest acceptable environmental impact of the project. 3.3 Integrated
schedule-cost-safety-environment optimization model Considering the schedule, cost, safety and
environmental objectives at the same time, expecting to achieve the minimum schedule, cost, and
environmental impact objectives and maximum safety objectives, the schedule-cost-safety-environment
multi-objective optimization model for engineering projects is constructed as:
The constraint conditions are: {equation (3), equation (4), equation (7), equation (10), equation (11),
equation (12), equation (13), equation (16), equation (17), equation (23), equation (24), equation(29)}
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4 Multi-objective optimization results and system test analysis
4.1 Engineering example and multi-objective optimization analysis
4.1.1 Project examples
Take a local highway construction project as an example, according to the requirements of the target
of duration, quality, and cost, the contract duration is 140 days, the contract price is 118 million, and the
minimum standard of quality reliability is 0.9. By combining our own experience and referring to the data of
related projects, Table 5 shows the names of each process.
Table 6 shows the parameters related to each process of the project. The following parameters are given
for each process considering the influence of manpower, material, material, capital, and environment.
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4.1.2 Solution results and analysis of multi-objective optimization
The population size is set to 500, the maximum number of iterations is 200, the crossover probability
is 0.9, the variation probability is 0.1, the population migration is performed at 50 generations of evolution
per iteration, and the population migration scale is 0.5.
The solution is performed in MATLAB. According to the above relevant data using MATLAB to solve
the model, after 200 iterations, the Pareto optimal solutions are sorted by 10%, and the Pareto frontier can
be obtained, and the duration-cost-quality Pareto frontier is shown in Figure 5.
The distribution of each Pareto optimal solution and the level of the non-dominated hierarchy, the
closer to the origin, the lower the non-dominated hierarchy, and the opposite, the higher. The duration and
cost are decreasingly linear, and the cost decreases as the duration increases, while the duration and
quality are increasingly linear, and the quality increases as the duration increases.
The optimal solution has a duration of 96 days, which is 31.43% shorter compared to the contract
duration of 140 days. Cost is 11.015 million yuan, which is 6.65% less compared to the contract amount.
Quality reliability is 0.92, which is 0.2 higher compared to the standard of quality reliability of 0.9.
4.1.3 Analysis of Optimal Solution Results
Since the results of the algorithm runs all have a certain randomness, resulting in different results
for each run, and there is some chance to run once to compare the results, the algorithm in the study is
analyzed for the optimal solution results by performing 20 operations.
The engineering specific optimal solution results are shown in Figure 6. The mean values of the
optimal solution results after several operations are 96.8 for the duration, 11,200 for the cost, and 0.92557
for the quality reliability, which is not much different from the optimal results obtained before. Therefore,
using the method of this paper can maintain the diversity of the population, avoid falling into the local
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optimum, improve the performance of the algorithm, and can ignore the influence of the running time to get
the optimal construction solution.
4.2 System Testing and Analysis
4.2.1 Cloud Service Performance Testing Analysis
The cloud platform uses the Jmeter test tool to complete the experiment, simulate when the number
of users is 100, 200, 500, compare the load balancing mechanism of the platform itself for statistics, the
load balancing situation and response situation of different numbers of users is shown in Figure 7.
As the number of users and user request access increases, the load situation will rise for a period of
time, and finally, it will be stable above 0.9, and the response situation will also rise for a period of time, and
finally, it will be stable at about 0.95, so the cloud platform performance is stable and can realize the
construction of cloud service system.
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4.2.2 System performance testing
By accessing and logging into the system response, followed by the response of viewing
information, then the cloud platform when it uploads application binding services, and finally examining
the intelligent terminal users to access the construction project management platform through the
browser of their terminal devices to use the application.
The system performance test results are shown in Table 7. The functional test of the system
basically meets the functional requirements. The system portal login involved data correctness checking,
but the average response time still met the requirements. Information viewing requires form
generation, but its average response time is slightly more than 2 seconds.
Application uploading involves calling the corresponding interface of the Cloud Foundry cloud
platform and requires binding services, so the average time is the highest, but it is within the acceptable
range. Since the application is deployed on the cloud platform, its average response time is slightly
higher compared to traditional applications, though it is still available to smart end users.
5 Conclusion
This paper uses cloud service technology to combine intelligent sensing technology and construction
engineering management system, and constructs a construction engineering management system for
intelligent terminal platform. In order to achieve the goal of optimization of construction engineering,
this paper constructs a multi-objective optimization algorithm for construction engineering for
intelligent terminal based on knee point driven evolutionary algorithm, uploads the obtained data to the
cloud, and derives the Pareto optimal solution through engineering examples
The distribution and the level of the non-dominated hierarchy, the closer to the origin, the lower the
non-dominated hierarchy, and the opposite, the higher. The duration and cost are decreasingly linear,
and the cost decreases as the duration increases, while the duration and quality are increasingly linear,
and the quality increases as the duration increases. And the average values of the optimal solution
results after several calculations are 96.8 for the duration, 11,200 for cost, and 0.92557 for quality
reliability, which are not much different from the optimal results obtained before. After the system test,
it is concluded that with the increase in the number of users and user request access, the load situation
will rise for a period of time and finally stabilize above 0.9, and the response situation will also rise for a
period of time and finally stabilize at about 0.95, so the cloud platform performance is stable and can
realize the construction of cloud service system, and all aspects of system performance are within the
acceptable range, and can provide data to the intelligent terminal in a timely manner.
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