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Structure Notes

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9 views

Structure Notes

Uploaded by

Islam Mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Static structures

1. Definitions: coordinates, forces, moments.


2. Types of structures and supports.

3. Types of simple loads: Axial, Shear, bending moment & torsion.

Sign convention
4. Idealization of ship structures: Line diagram.

5. Equations of equilibrium:

6. Free-body diagrams.

7. Determinacy and stability (structure):


8. Principle of superposition:

Static Trusses
A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined together at their end points by pin
connections and only loaded by normal forces (tension and compression).

1. Determinacy and Stability (truss):

b + r = 2j statically determinate.
b + r > 2j statically indeterminate.
If b + r <2j, a truss will be unstable.
if b + r ≥ 2j, a truss can be unstable if all its reactions are concurrent or parallel.
Where:
b number of bars
r support reactions
j number of joints
2. The method of joints

Note: Start with a joint having at least one known force and at most two unknown
forces. For support joints, reaction forces should be calculated first.
3. Zero-force members
Some members in a truss support no loading. These zero force members can be
determined by inspection and occur in two cases.
a. Case 1:

The same applies if we look at joint A.


b. Case 2:
4. The method of sections
If the forces in some members only are to be found, the method of sections is used. It
consists of passing an imaginary section through the truss, cutting it into two parts.
Each of the two sections must be in equilibrium. Three equations of equilibrium are
applied to either one of the two parts. The section should not pass through more than
three members at a time.

The three forces FBC, FGC and FGF can be obtained from equilibrium of the part in Fig.
3.14b. If the part in Fig. 3.14c is used the reaction forces must be determined first.
CHAPTER 4 INTERNAL LOADINGS DEVELOPED IN STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

This chapter covers the methods to find internal forces and moments along a member's axis and to
show their variation by drawing the shear force diagram (S.F.D.) and the bending moment diagram
(B.M.D.).
Sign Convention

1. Internal loadings at a specified point:

Internal loadings in 2-D structures consist of normal force N, shear force V and bending moment M.
After the internal loadings are found, the stresses can be determined.
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS –
Support reactions
• Determine the support reactions.
• For pin-connected structures, pin reactions can be found according to § 2.6.
Free-body diagram
• Pass an imaginary section through the member, perpendicular to the axis at the required point.
• Draw a free-body diagram of the segment with minimum number of loads. Indicate the unknowns N,
V and M acting in the positive directions.
Equilibrium Equations
• Sum moments at centroid of section to eliminate N and V and find M.
• If the answer is negative, the direction is opposite to that assumed.

Free-body diagram
If we take segments to the right of the points C and D, we don't need to calculate the support reactions
at A. The free-body diagrams are shown below.
2. Normal force, shear force and bending moment functions

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS –

The method of sections is used to obtain variations of V and M as a function of the position x. Here, the
beam is cut at a distance x from one end of the beam.
Support reactions
• Determine the support reactions on the beam and resolve applied forces into components
perpendicular and parallel to the axis.
Shear and moment functions
• Specify coordinates and their origins in the regions of the beam between concentrated forces or
moments or at discontinuities of distributed loads.
• Cut the beam at each x and using the free-body diagram of the segments find V and M as functions of
x. These should be shown acting in their positive directions.
• V is obtained from vertical equilibrium and M is obtained by summing moments at the cut section S.
• The results can be checked by noting that: dM/dx = V and dV/dx = w.

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